Beyond fairness: the ethics of inclusion for transgender and intersex athletes

References

• Abrams, R. I. 2010. Sports Justice: The Law and Buisness of Sport. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bermon, S., M. Ritzén, A. L. Hirschberg, and T. H. Murrayc. 2013. “Are the New Policies on Hyperandrogenism in Elite Female Athletes Really out of Bounds? Response to “out of Bounds? A Critique of the New Policies on Hyperandrogenism in Elite Female Athletes”.” American Journal of Bioethics 13 (5): 63–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billman, J. 2004. “Michelle Raises Hell.” Outside Magazine, April 1.
   Google Scholar
• Bostwick, J. M., and M. Joyner. 2012. “The Limits of Acceptable Biological Variation in Elite Athletes: Should Sex Ambiguity Be Treated Differently from Other Advantageous Genetic Traits?” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 87 (6): 508–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, J. 1999. Gender Trouble : Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Buzuvis, E. 2012. “Including Transgender Athletes in Sex-Segregated Sport.” In Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Sport, edited by G. Cunningham, 23–34. College Station, TX: Center for Sport Management Research and Education.
   Google Scholar
• Cahn, S. K. 1994. Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Women’s Sport. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Camporesi, S., and P. Maugeri. 2010. “Caster Semenya: Sport, Categories and the Creative Role of Ethics.” Journal of Medical Ethics 36 (6): 378–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan, A. 2010. “Fairer Sex: The Ethics of Determining Gender for Athletic Eligibility: Commentary on ‘beyond the Caster Semenya Controversy: The Case of the Use of Genetics for Gender Testing in Sport’.” Journal of Genetic Counseling 19: 549–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coggon, J., N. Hammond, and S. Holm. 2008. “Transsexuals in Sport-Fairness and Freedom, Regulation and Law.” Sports, Ethics and Philosophy 2 (1): 4–17.
   Google Scholar
• Devries, M. 2008. Do Transitioned Athletes Compete at an Advantage Or Disadvantage as Compared With Physically Born Men and Women: A Review of The Scientific Literature. Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women and Sport and Physical Activity: Ottawa.
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin, S., and C. Cooky. 2012. “Sport, Sex Segregation, and Sex Testing: Critical Reflections on This Unjust Marriage.” American Journal of Bioethics 12 (7): 21–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englar-Carlson, M., and M. Kiselica. 2013. “Affirming the Strengths in Men: A Positive Masculinity Approach to Assisting Male Clients.” Journal of Counsling and Development 91 (October): 399–409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• English, J. 1978. “Sex Equality in Sports.” Philosophy & Public Affairs 7 (3): 269–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felt, H. 2014. “Transgender Mma Fighter Fallon Fox Faces Toughest Opponent Yet: Prejudice.” The Guardian. November 14. http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/nov/14/transgender-mma-fighter-fallon-fox-joe-rogan.
   Google Scholar
• Foddy, B., and J. Savulescu. 2011. “Time to Re-Evaluate Gender Segregation in Athletics?” British Journal of Sports Medicine 45: 1184–1188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geertz, C. 2005. “Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight.” Daedalus 134 (4): 56–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, S. J. 2008. The Mismeasure of Man. ( Rev. and Expanded, with a New introduction ed.) New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Guttmann, A. 2004. From Ritual to Record : The Nature of Modern Sports. ( Updated with a New afterword ed.) New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ha, N. Q., S. L. Dworkin, M. J. Martínez-Patiño, A. D. Rogol, V. Rosario, F. J. Sanchez, A. Wrynn, and E. Vilain. 2014. “Hurdling over sex? Sport, science, and Equity.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 43: 1035–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutto, D. 2014. “Narrative Self-Shaping: A Modest Proposal.” Phenomenology And The Cognitive Sciences 1–21. doi: 10.1007/s11097-014-9352-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahrl, C. 2015. “Ioc Opening Field of Competition to Trans Athletes With New Policy.” ESPN, January 28. http://espn.go.com/olympics/story/_/id/14626858/olympics-opening-field-competition-transgender-athletes-updated-policy.
   Google Scholar
• Karkazis, K., R. Jordan-Young, G. Davis, and S. Camporesi. 2012. “Out of Bounds? A Critique of the New Policies on Hyperandrogenism in Elite Female Athletes.” The American Journal of Bioethics 12 (7): 3–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loland, S. 2002. Fair Play in Sport: A Moral Norm System. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas-Carr, C., and V. Krane. 2011. “What is the T in Lgbt? Supporting Transgender Athletes through Sport Psychology.” The Sport Psychologist 25: 532–548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macintyre, A. C. 1984. After Virtue : A study in Moral Theory. 2nd ed. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
   Google Scholar
• McDonagh, E. L., and L. Pappano. 2008. Playing with the Boys : Why Separate is Not Equal in Sports. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mirk, S. 2010. “Molly Cameron: Bike Racer And Owner of Veloshop.” Portland Mercury. http://www.portlandmercury.com/portland/molly-cameron-cyclocross-racer-veloshop-and-portland-bicycle-studio-owner/Content?oid=2594005.
   Google Scholar
• Nanda, S. 2000. Gender Diversity : Crosscultural Variations. Prospect Heights, IL.: Waveland Press.
   Google Scholar
• NPR. 2012. “Transgender Athlete Competes for Olympic Spot.” National Public Radio, May 24. http://www.npr.org/2012/05/24/153589689/transgender-athlete-competes-for-olympic-spot.
   Google Scholar
• Sailors, P. 2014. “Mixed Competition and Mixed Messages.” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 41 (1): 65–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sailors, P., S. Teetzel, and C. Weaving. 2012. “The Complexities of Sport, Gender, and Drug Testing.” The American Journal of Bioethics 12 (7): 23–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schechtman, M. 2011. “The Narrative Self.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Self, edited by S. Gallagher, 394–416. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, J. 2011. “Caster Semenya and the “Question of Too”: Sex Testing in Elite Women’s Sport and the Issue of Advantage.” Quest 63 (2): 228–243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvaggi, G., and J. Bellringer. 2011. “Gender Reassignment Surgery: An Overview.” Nature Reviews Urology 8 (5): 274–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieczkowski, C. 2014. “Why Transgender Athlete Chloie Jonsson is Suing Crossfit Over Discrimination.” Huffington Post, March 7. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/07/transgender-chloie-jonsson-sues-crossfit_n_4921038.html.
   Google Scholar
• Sykes, H. 2006. “Transsexual and Transgender Policies in Sport.” Women in Sports and Physical Acitivity Journal 15 (1): 3–13.
   Google Scholar
• Tamburrini, C., and T. Tännsjö. 2005. “The Genetic Design of a New Amazon.” In Genetic Technology and Sport: Ethical Questions, edited by C. Tamburrini, and T. Tännsjö, 181–198. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tännsjö, T. 2000. “Against Sexual Discrimination in Sports.” In Values in Sport: Elitism, Nationalism, Gender Equality and the Scientific Manufacture of Winners, edited by T. Tännsjö, and C. Tamburrini, 101–115. London: E & FN Spon.
   Google Scholar
• Teetzel, S. 2006. “On Transgendered Athletes, Fairness and Doping: An International Challenge.” Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics 9 (2): 227–251.
   Google Scholar
• Wahlert, L., and A. Fiester. 2012. “Gender Transports: Privileging the ‘Natural’ in Gender Testing Debates for Intersex and Transgender Athletes.” The American Journal of Bioethics 12 (7): 19–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar