Alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine consumption in adolescents: hair analysis versus self-report

References

• James JE, Kristjansson AL, Sigfusdottir ID. Adolescent substance use, sleep, and academic achievement: evidence of harm due to caffeine. J Adolesc 2011;34:665–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kponee KZ, Siegel M, Jernigan DH. The use of caffeinated alcoholic beverages among underage drinkers: Results of a national survey. Addict Behav 2014;39:253–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuRant RH, Smith JA, Kreiter SR, Krowchuk DP. The relationship between early age of onset of initial substance use and engaging in multiple health risk behaviors among young adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153:286–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacArthur GJ, Smith MC, Melotti R, Heron J, Macleod J, Hickman M, Kipping RR, et al. Patterns of alcohol use and multiple risk behaviour by gender during early and late adolescence: the ALSPAC cohort. J Public Health (Oxf) 2012;34:i20–i30. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fds006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonkman H, Steketee M, Tombourou JW, Cini K, Williams J. Community variation in adolescent alcohol use in Australia and the Netherlands. Health Promot Int 2014;29:109–117. doi: 10.1093/heapro/das039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James JE, Paull I, Cameron-Traub E, Miners JO, Lelo A, Birkett DJ. Biochemical validation of self-reported caffeine consumption during caffeine fading. J Behav Med 1988;11:15–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James JE, Bruce MS, Lader MH, Scott NR. Self-report reliability and symptomatology of habitual caffeine consumption. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1988;27:507–514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramo DE, Hall SM, Prochaska JJ. Reliability and validity of self-reported smoking in an anonymous online survey with young adults. Health Psychol 2011;30:693–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lintonen T, Ahlstrom S, Metso L. The reliability of self-reported drinking in adolescence. Alcohol Alcohol 2004;39:362–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needle R, McCubbin H, Lorence J, Hochhauser M. Reliability and validity of adolescent self-reported drug use in a family-based study: a methodological report. Int J Addict 1983;18:901–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boscolo-Berto R, Viel G, Montisci M, Terranova C, Favretto D, Ferrara SD. Ethyl glucuronide concentration in hair for detecting heavy drinking and/or abstinence: a meta-analysis. Int J Legal Me 2013;127:611–619. doi: 10.1007/s00414-012-0809-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viel G, Boscolo-Berto R, Cecchetto G, Fais P, Nalesso A, Ferrara SD. Phosphatidylethanol in blood as a marker of chronic alcohol use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2012;13:14788–14812. doi: 10.3390/ijms131114788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Politi L, Mari F, Furlanetto S, Del Bravo E, Bertol E. Determination of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair by GC-MS and application in a population of cocaine users. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011;54:1192–1195. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertol E, Del Bravo E, Vaiano F, Mari F, Favretto D. Fatty acid ethyl esters in hair: correlation with self-reported ethanol intake in 160 subjects and influence of estroprogestin therapy. Drug Test Anal 2014;6:930–935. doi: 10.1002/dta.1595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2014 Consensus for the Use of Alcohol Markers in Hair for Assessment of both Abstinence and Chronic Excessive Alcohol Consumption. Available from: http://www.soht.org/images/pdf/2014%20Alcohol%20markers%20revision%2013JUN14%20FINAL.pdf [ last accessed Feb 2016].
   Google Scholar
• Boscolo-Berto R, Favretto D, Cecchetto G, Vincenti M, Kronstrand R, Ferrara SD, Viel G. Sensitivity and specificity of etg in hair as a marker of chronic excessive drinking. Pooled analysis of raw data and metaanalysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ther Drug Monit 2014;36:560–575. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertol E, Rensi R, Vaiano F, Gualco B, Mari F. Analytical toxicological study on the behavioral use of not scheduled drugs on hair of a large group of young students: Comparison with a self-report study, Italian Journal of Criminology 2014;43:61–75. ( in Italian)
   Google Scholar
• Pragst F, Balikova MA. State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse. Clin Chim Acta 2006;370:17–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kharbouche H, Steiner N, Morelato M, Staub C, Boutrel B, Mangin P, Sporkert F, Augsburger M. Influence of ethanol dose and pigmentation on the incorporation of ethyl glucuronide into rat hair. Alcohol 2010;44:507–514. doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2010.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pragst F, Rothe M, Moench B, Hastedt M, Herre S, Simmert D. Combined use of fatty acid ethyl esters and ethyl glucuronide in hair for diagnosis of alcohol abuse: interpretation and advantages. Forensic Sci Int 2010;196:101–110. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertol E, Argo A, Procaccianti P, Vaiano F, Di Milia MG, Furlanetto S, Mari F. Detection of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in hair: validation of GC-MS and LC-MS/MS methods and application to a real case. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012;70:518–522. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.07.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florescu A, Ferrence R, Einarson T, Selby P, Soldin O, Koren G. Methods for quantification of exposure to cigarette smoking and environmental tobacco smoke: focus on developmental toxicology. Ther Drug Monit 2009;31:14–30. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181957a3b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzatzarakis MN, Vardavas CI, Terzi I, Kavalakis M, Kokkinakis M, Liesivuori J, Tsatsakis AM. Hair nicotine/cotinine concentrations as a method of monitoring exposure to tobacco smoke among infants and adults. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012;31:258–265. doi: 10.1177/0960327111422401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Office of Applied Studies. Summary of National Findings, NHSDA Series H-17, DHHS Publication No. SMA02-3758. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services. 2002.
   Google Scholar
• National Sleep Foundation. 2006 Sleep in America poll: Summary of findings. Washington, DC: National Sleep Foundation; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Cotter BV, Jackson DA, Merchant RC, Babu KM, Baird JR, Nirenberg T, Linakis JG. Energy drink and other substance use among adolescent and young adult emergency department patients. Pediatr Emerg Care 2013;29:1091–1097. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182a6403d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruenewald PJ, Johnson FW.The stability and reliability of self-reported drinking measures. J Stud Alcohol 2006;67:738–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strunin L. Assessing alcohol consumption: developments from qualitative research methods. Soc Sci Med 2001;53:215–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasoloharimahefa-Rasamoela M, Greindl A, Jacob L, Bouland C, Lagasse R, De Brouwer C. Smoking among children aged 10-11 years in Brussels. Public Health 2013;127:872–874. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2013.06.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland B, Toumbourou JW, Satyen L, Tooley G, Hall J, Livingston M, Williams J. Associations between alcohol outlet densities and adolescent alcohol consumption: A study in Australian students. Addict Behav 2014;39:282–288. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Cathail SM, O’Connell OJ, Long N, Morgan M, Eustace JA, Plant BJ, Hourihane JO. Association of cigarette smoking with drug use and risk taking behaviour in Irish teenagers. Addict Behav 2011;36:547–550. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuntz B, Lampert T. Educational differences in smoking among adolescents in Germany: what is the role of parental and adolescent education levels and intergenerational educational mobility? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013;10:3015–3032. doi: 10.3390/ijerph10073015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin CA, Cook C, Woodring JH, Burkhardt G, Guenthner G, Omar HA, Kelly TH. Caffeine use: association with nicotine use, aggression, and other psychopathology in psychiatric and pediatric outpatient adolescents. ScientificWorldJournal 2008;8:512–516. doi: 10.1100/tsw.2008.82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temple JL, Bulkley AM, Briatico L, Dewey AM. Sex differences in reinforcing value of caffeinated beverages in adolescents. Behav Pharmacol 2009;20:731–741. doi: 10.1097/FBP.0b013e328333b27c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaminer Y. Problematic use of energy drinks by adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2010;19:643–650. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2010.03.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price SR, Hilchey CA, Darredeau C, Fulton HG, Barrett SP. Energy drink co-administration is associated with increased reported alcohol ingestion. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010;29:331–333. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00163.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velazquez CE, Poulos NS, Latimer LA, Pasch KE. Associations between energy drink consumption and alcohol use behaviors among college students. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012;123:167–172. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.11.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman RD. Caffeinated energy drinks in children. Can Fam Physician 2013;59:947–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midanik LT, Hines AM. ‘Unstandard’ ways of answering standard questions: protocol analysis in alcohol survey research. Drug Alcohol Depend 1991;27:245–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan M. EMCDDA Instrument Bank: cores scales, sources and guidelines. Lisbon, Portugal: EMCDDA, 1997
   Google Scholar
• The 1995 ESPAD report. Alcohol and Other Drug Use Among Students in 26 European Countries. Available from: http://www.espad.org/Uploads/ESPAD_reports/1995/The_1995_ESPAD_report.pdf (last accessed Feb 2016)
   Google Scholar
• Tagliaro F, Bortolotti F, Viel G, Ferrara SD. Caveats against an improper use of hair testing to support the diagnosis of chronic excessive alcohol consumption, following the ‘ Consensus’ of the Society of Hair Testing 2009 [Forensic Science International 196 (2010) 2]. Forensic Sci Int 2011;207, e69–e70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincenti M, Salomone A, Gerace E, Pirro V. Application of mass spectrometry to hair analysis for forensic toxicological investigations. Mass Spectrom Rev 2013;32:312–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barroso M, Gallardo E. Hair analysis for forensic applications: is the future bright? Bioanalysis 2014;6:1–3. doi: 10.4155/bio.13.291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gareri J, Rao C, Koren G. Examination of sex differences in fatty acid ethyl ester and ethyl glucuronide hair analysis. Drug Test Anal 2014;6 Suppl 1:30–36. doi: 10.1002/dta.1653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastedt M, Büchner M, Rothe M, Gapert R, Herre S, Krumbiegel F, Tsokos M, Kienast T, Heinz A, Hartwig S. Detecting alcohol abuse: traditional blood alcohol markers compared to ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) measurement in hair. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2013;9:471–477. doi: 10.1007/s12024-013-9416-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2014 Recommendations for hair testing in forensic cases. Available from: http://www.soht.org/images/pdf/Consensus_on_Hair_Analysis.pdf (last accessed Feb 2016).
   Google Scholar