408
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Effect of chronic γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) administration on GHB toxicokinetics and GHB-induced respiratory depression

, PharmD, PhD, , PhD, , PhD, , BS & , PhD
Pages 686-693 | Received 31 Jan 2017, Accepted 14 May 2017, Published online: 29 Jun 2017

References

  • Caldicott DG, Chow FY, Burns BJ, Felgate PD, Byard RW. Fatalities associated with the use of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and its analogues in Australasia. Med J Aust 2004;181:310–313.
  • Liechti ME, Kupferschmidt H. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL): analysis of overdose cases reported to the Swiss Toxicological Information Centre. Swiss Med Wkly 2004;134:534–537.
  • Knudsen K, Jonsson U, Abrahamsson J. Twenty-three deaths with gamma-hydroxybutyrate overdose in western Sweden between 2000 and 2007. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010;54:987–992.
  • Galicia M, Nogue S, Miro O. Liquid ecstasy intoxication: clinical features of 505 consecutive emergency department patients. Emerg Med J 2011;28:462–466.
  • Krul J, Blankers M, Girbes AR. Substance-related health problems during rave parties in The Netherlands (1997–2008). PLoS One 2011;6:e29620.
  • Zvosec DL, Smith SW, Porrata T, Strobl AQ, Dyer JE. Case series of 226 gamma-hydroxybutyrate-associated deaths: lethal toxicity and trauma. Am J Emerg Med 2011;29:319–332.
  • Boscolo-Berto R, Viel G, Montagnese S, Raduazzo DI, Ferrara SD, Dauvilliers Y. Narcolepsy and effectiveness of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev 2012;16:431–443.
  • Caputo F, Vignoli T, Tarli C, Domenicali M, Zoli G, Bernardi M, et al. A Brief Up-Date of the Use of Sodium Oxybate for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016;13E290. doi:10.3390/ijerph13030290.
  • Carter LP, Pardi D, Gorsline J, Griffiths RR. Illicit gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and pharmaceutical sodium oxybate (Xyrem): differences in characteristics and misuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009;104:1–10.
  • Wood DM, Brailsford AD, Dargan PI. Acute toxicity and withdrawal syndromes related to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its analogues gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD). Drug Test Anal 2011;3:417–425.
  • Schep LJ, Knudsen K, Slaughter RJ, Vale JA, Megarbane B. The clinical toxicology of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012;50:458–470.
  • Bhattacharya I, Boje KM. GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate) carrier-mediated transport across the blood-brain barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004;311:92–98.
  • Morris ME, Hu K, Wang Q. Renal clearance of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in rats: increasing renal elimination as a detoxification strategy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;313:1194–202.
  • Wang Q, Darling IM, Morris ME. Transport of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in rat kidney membrane vesicles: role of monocarboxylate transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;318:751–761.
  • Lam WK, Felmlee MA, Morris ME. Monocarboxylate transporter-mediated transport of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2010;38:441–447.
  • Morse BL, Morris ME. Effects of monocarboxylate transporter inhibition on the oral toxicokinetics/toxicodynamics of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-butyrolactone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013;345:102–110.
  • Halestrap AP, Wilson MC. The monocarboxylate transporter family: role and regulation. IUBMB Life 2012;64:109–119.
  • Halestrap AP. The SLC16 gene family - structure, role and regulation in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2013;34:337–349.
  • Wang Q, Wang X, Morris ME. Effects of L-lactate and D-mannitol on gamma-hydroxybutyrate toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2008;36:2244–2251.
  • Roiko SA, Vijay N, Felmlee MA, Morris ME. Brain extracellular gamma-hydroxybutyrate concentrations are decreased by L-lactate in rats: role in the treatment of overdoses. Pharm Res 2013;30:1338–1348.
  • Cuff MA, Lambert DW, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Substrate-induced regulation of the human colonic monocarboxylate transporter, MCT1. J Physiol 2002;539:361–371.
  • Hashimoto T, Hussien R, Oommen S, Gohil K, Brooks GA. Lactate sensitive transcription factor network in L6 cells: activation of MCT1 and mitochondrial biogenesis. FASEB J 2007;21:2602–2612.
  • Van Sassenbroeck DK, De Paepe P, Belpaire FM, Boon PA, Buylaert WA. Tolerance to the hypnotic and electroencephalographic effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in the rat: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003;55:609–615.
  • Bhattacharya I, Raybon JJ, Boje KM. Alterations in neuronal transport but not blood-brain barrier transport are observed during gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) sedative/hypnotic tolerance. Pharm Res 2006;23:2067–2077.
  • Raybon JJ, Boje KM. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid during tolerance in rats: effects on extracellular dopamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007;320:1252–1260.
  • Bania TC, Ashar T, Press G, Carey PM. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid tolerance and withdrawal in a rat model. Acad Emerg Med 2003;10:697–704.
  • Nicholson KL, Balster RL. GHB: a new and novel drug of abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001;63:1–22.
  • Gianutsos G, Moore KE. Tolerance to the effects of baclofen and gamma-butyrolactone on locomotor activity and dopaminergic neurons in the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1978;207:859–869.
  • Nowycky MC, Roth RH. Chronic gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) treatment: a potential model of dopamine hypoactivity. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1979;309:247–254.
  • Carter LP, Koek W, France CP. Behavioral analyses of GHB: receptor mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 2009;121:100–114.
  • Eckermann KA, Koek W, France CP. Chronic 1,4-butanediol treatment in rats: cross-tolerance to gamma-hydroxybutyrate and (+/-)-baclofen. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;484:259–262.
  • Gianutsos G, Suzdak PD. Evidence for down-regulation of GABA receptors following long-term gamma-butyrolactone. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1984;328:62–68.
  • Morse BL, Vijay N, Morris ME. gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-induced respiratory depression: combined receptor-transporter inhibition therapy for treatment in GHB overdose. Mol Pharmacol 2012;82:226–235.
  • Felmlee MA, Wang Q, Cui D, Roiko SA, Morris ME. Mechanistic toxicokinetic model for gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: inhibition of active renal reabsorption as a potential therapeutic strategy. AAPS J 2010;12:407–416.
  • Wang Q, Morris ME. Flavonoids modulate monocarboxylate transporter-1-mediated transport of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in vitro and in vivo. Drug Metab Dispos 2007;35:201–228.
  • Tsuji A. Small molecular drug transfer across the blood-brain barrier via carrier-mediated transport systems. NeuroRx 2005;2:54–62.
  • Ferrara SD, Zotti S, Tedeschi L, Frison G, Castagna F, Gallimberti L, et al. Pharmacokinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in alcohol dependent patients after single and repeated oral doses. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992;34:231–235.
  • Borgen LA, Okerholm RA, Lai A, Scharf MB. The pharmacokinetics of sodium oxybate oral solution following acute and chronic administration to narcoleptic patients. J Clin Pharmacol 2004;44:253–257.
  • Itzhak Y, Ali SF. Repeated administration of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) to mice: assessment of the sedative and rewarding effects of GHB. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;965:451–460.
  • Carai MA, Colombo G, Brunetti G, Melis S, Serra S, Vacca G, et al. Role of GABA(B) receptors in the sedative/hypnotic effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Eur J Pharmacol 2001;428:315–321.
  • Bowery NG. GABAB receptor: a site of therapeutic benefit. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2006;6:37–43.
  • Rudolph U, Knoflach F. Beyond classical benzodiazepines: novel therapeutic potential of GABAA receptor subtypes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011;10:685–697.
  • Benke D, Honer M, Michel C, Bettler B, Mohler H. gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor splice variant proteins GBR1a and GBR1b are both associated with GBR2 in situ and display differential regional and subcellular distribution. J Biol Chem 1999;274:27323–330.
  • Foster JD, Kitchen I, Bettler B, Chen Y. GABAB receptor subtypes differentially modulate synaptic inhibition in the dentate gyrus to enhance granule cell output. Br J Pharmacol 2013;168:1808–1819.
  • Hensler JG, Advani T, Burke TF, Cheng K, Rice KC, Koek W. GABAB receptor-positive modulators: brain region-dependent effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012;340:19–26.
  • Sauter K, Grampp T, Fritschy JM, Kaupmann K, Bettler B, Mohler H, et al. Subtype-selective interaction with the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) regulates cell surface expression of GABA(B) receptors. J Biol Chem 2005;280:33566–33572.
  • Emery MJ, Groves CC, Kruse TN, Shi C, Terman GW. Ventilation and the response to hypercapnia after morphine in opioid-naive and opioid-tolerant rats. Anesthesiology 2016;124:945–957.
  • Mohammed W, Alhaddad H, Marie N, Tardy F, Lamballais F, Risede P, et al. Comparison of tolerance to morphine-induced respiratory and analgesic effects in mice. Toxicol Lett 2013;217:251–259.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.