References
- Scholl L, Seth P, Kariisa M, Wilson N, Baldwin G. Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths — United States, 2013–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. [Internet]. 2019;67. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm675152e1.htm
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Drug Overdose Deaths [Internet]. 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/statedeaths.html
- Christie C, Baker C, Cooper R, Kennedy PJ, Madras B, Bondi P. The president’s commission on combating drug addiction and the opioid crisis. [Internet]. 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/images/Final_Report_Draft_11-1-2017.pdf
- Compton WM, Jones CM, Baldwin GT. Relationship between nonmedical prescription-opioid use and heroin use. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:154–63. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1508490.
- Palamar JJ, Shearston JA, Dawson EW, Mateu-Gelabert P, Ompad DC. Nonmedical opioid use and heroin use in a nationally representative sample of us high school seniors. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;158:132–38. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.005.
- Kelley-Quon LI, Cho J, Strong DR, Miech RA, Barrington-Trimis JL, Kechter A, Leventhal AM. Association of nonmedical prescription opioid use with subsequent heroin use initiation in adolescents. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173:e191750. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1750.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heroin Overdose Data [Internet]. CDC. 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/heroin.html
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 18-5068, NSDUH Series H-53). [Internet]. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2018. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/
- Meier EA, Troost JP, Anthony JC. Extramedical use of prescription pain relievers by youth aged 12 to 21 years in the United States: national estimates by age and by year. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166:803–07. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.209.
- Austic E, McCabe SE, Stoddard SA, Ngo QE, Boyd C. Age and cohort patterns of medical and nonmedical use of controlled medication among adolescents. J Addict Med. 2015;9:376–82. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000142.
- McCabe SE, Schulenberg JE, O’Malley PM, Patrick ME, Kloska DD. Nonmedical use of prescription opioids during the transition to adulthood: a multi-cohort national longitudinal study. Addiction. 2014;109:102–10.
- Miech R, Johnston L, O’Malley PM, Keyes KM, Heard K. Prescription opioids in adolescence and future opioid misuse. Pediatrics. 2015;136:e1169–e1177.
- Johnston L, Miech R, O’Malley P, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE. Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2015: overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research: The University of Michigan; 2019.
- Chan GCK, Kelly AB, Carroll A, Williams JW. Peer drug use and adolescent polysubstance use: do parenting and school factors moderate this association? Addict Behav. 2017;64:78–81.
- Dunn MS, Kitts C, Lewis S, Goodrow B, Scherzer, GD. Effects of youth assets on adolescent alcohol, tobacco, marijuana use, and sexual behavior. J Alcohol Drug Educ. 2011;55:23–40.
- Goldstick JE, Heinze J, Ngo Q, Hsieh H-F, Walton MA, Cunningham RM, Zimmerman MA. Perceived peer behavior and parental support as correlates of marijuana use: the role of age and gender. Subst Use Misuse. 2018;53:521–31. doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1342660.
- McDonough MH, Jose PE, Stuart J. Bi-directional effects of peer relationships and adolescent substance use: a longitudinal study. J Youth Adolesc. 2016;45:1652–63. doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0355-4.
- Seedall RB, Anthony JC. Risk estimates for starting tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use in the United States: male-female differences and the possibility that “limiting time with friends” is protective. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;133:751–53. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.06.035.
- Dishion TJ, McMahon RJ. Parental monitoring and the prevention of child and adolescent problem behavior: a conceptual and empirical formulation. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 1998;1:61–75. doi:10.1023/A:1021800432380.
- McLeroy KR, Bibeau D, Steckler A, Glanz K. An Ecological Perspective on Health Promotion Programs. Health Educ Q. 1988;15:351–77. doi:10.1177/109019818801500401.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health. Services Administration. Preventing Prescription Drug Misuse: Overview of Factors and Strategies. [Internet]. 2016. https://www.samhsa.gov/capt/sites/default/files/resources/preventing-prescription-drug-misuse-overview.pdf
- Hyde JS. Gender similarities and differences. Annu Rev Psychol. 2014;65:373–98. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115057.
- Witt SD. Parental influence on children’s socialization to gender roles. Adolescence. 1997;32:253–59.
- Serdarevic M, Striley CW, Cottler LB. Sex differences in prescription opioid use. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2017;30:238–46. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000337.
- Osborne V, Striley CW, Nixon SJ, Winterstein AG, Cottler LB. Sex differences in patterns of prescription opioid non-medical use among 10–18 year olds in the US. Addict Behav. 2019;89:163–71. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.009.
- Cottler LB, Striley CW, Lasopa SO. Assessing prescription stimulant use, misuse, and diversion among youth 10–18 years of age. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2013;26:511–19. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283642cb6.
- Muhib FB, Lin LS, Stueve A, Miller RL, Ford WL, Johnson WD, Smith PJ. A venue-based method for sampling hard-to-reach populations. Public Health Rep. 2001;116:216–22. doi:10.1093/phr/116.S1.216.
- Groenewald CB, Rabbitts JA, Gebert JT, Palermo TM. Trends in opioid prescriptions among children and adolescents in the United States: a nationally representative study from 1996 to 2012. Pain. 2016;157:1021–27.
- Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? 1965. J R Soc Med. 2015;108:32–37. doi:10.1177/0141076814562718.
- Herbert A, Gilbert R, González-Izquierdo A, Pitman A, Li L. 10-y risks of death and emergency re-admission in adolescents hospitalised with violent, drug- or alcohol-related, or self-inflicted injury: a population-based cohort study. PLoS Med. 2015;12:e1001931.
- Jacobus J, Squeglia LM, Sorg SF, Nguyen-Louie TT, Tapert SF. Cortical thickness and neurocognition in adolescent marijuana and alcohol users following 28 days of monitored abstinence. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014;75:729–43. doi:10.15288/jsad.2014.75.729.
- Liang W, Chikritzhs T. Age at first use of alcohol predicts the risk of heavy alcohol use in early adulthood: a longitudinal study in the United States. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26:131–34. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.06.002.
- Palamar JJ, Fenstermaker M, Kamboukos D, Ompad DC, Cleland CM, Weitzman M. Adverse psychosocial outcomes associated with drug use among US high school seniors: a comparison of alcohol and marijuana. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2014;40:438–46. doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.943371.
- Mason MJ, Golladay G, Jiranek W, Cameron B, Silverman JJ, Zaharakis NM, Plonski P. Depression moderates the relationship between pain and the nonmedical use of opioid medication among adult outpatients. J Addict Med. 2016;10:408–13. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000253.
- Zullig KJ, Divin AL. The association between non-medical prescription drug use, depressive symptoms, and suicidality among college students. Addict Behav. 2012;37:890–99. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.05.016.
- Magaard JL, Seeralan T, Schulz H, Brütt AL, Montazeri A. Factors associated with help-seeking behaviour among individuals with major depression: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0176730. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176730.
- Wahto R, Swift JK. Labels, gender-role conflict, stigma, and attitudes toward seeking psychological help in men. Am J Mens Health. 2016;10:181–91. doi:10.1177/1557988314561491.
- Young A, McCabe SE, Cranford JA, Ross-Durow P, Boyd CJ. Nonmedical use of prescription opioids among adolescents: subtypes based on motivation for use. J Addict Dis. 2012;31:332–41. doi:10.1080/10550887.2012.735564.