References
- NORML. State info. Available from: https://norml.org/states [last accessed 20 June 2019].
- National Conference of State Legislatures. Marijuana Overview. Available from: http://www.ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-justice/marijuana-overview.aspx#Expungement [last accessed 16 June 2019].
- Intercambios Asociacion Civil. The “Arriola” ruling of the Supreme Court of Argentina on the possession of drugs for personal consumption; 2009. Available from: https://www.tni.org/en/countries/argentina/item/235-the-arriola-ruling-of-the-supreme-court-of-argentina [last accessed 2 Oct 2019].
- Alaska marijuana legalization, ballot measure 2; 2014. Available from: https://ballotpedia.org/Alaska_Marijuana_Legalization,_Ballot_Measure_2_(2014) [last accessed 26 June 2019].
- California proposition 64, marijuana legalization; 2016. Available from: https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_64,_Marijuana_Legalization_(2016) [last accessed 25 June 2019].
- Article XVIII, section 16: personal use and regulation of marijuana, Colorado Constitution. Available from: https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Initiatives/titleBoard/filings/2011-2012/30Final.pdf [last accessed 16 June 2019].
- Washington D.C. marijuana legalization, initiative 71; full text. Nov 2014. Available from: https://ballotpedia.org/Washington_D.C._Marijuana_Legalization,_Initiative_71_(November_2014),_full_text [last accessed 26 June 2019].
- Cannabis regulation and tax act. IL HB1438; 2019. Available from: https://www.billtrack50.com/BillDetail/1040983 [last accessed 2019].
- An act to implement a regulatory structure for adult use marijuana. Available from: https://legislature.maine.gov/bills/display_ps.asp?paper=HP1199&snum=128&PID=1456 [last accessed 16 June 2019].
- Massachusetts marijuana legalization, question 4; 2016. Available from: https://ballotpedia.org/Massachusetts_Marijuana_Legalization,_Question_4_ [last accessed 25 June 2019].
- Michigan: initiative text: coalition to regulate marijuana like alcohol. Available from: https://www.regulatemi.org/initiative/ [last accessed 25 June 2019].
- Nevada marijuana legalization, question 2; 2016. Available from: https://ballotpedia.org/Nevada_Marijuana_Legalization,_Question_2_(2016) [last accessed 25 June 2019].
- Oregon legalized marijuana initiative, measure 91; 2014. Available from: https://ballotpedia.org/Oregon_Legalized_Marijuana_Initiative,_Measure_91_(2014) [last accessed 25 June 2019].
- Washington marijuana legalization and regulation, initiative 502; 2012. Available from: https://ballotpedia.org/Washington_Marijuana_Legalization_and_Regulation,_Initiative_502_(2012) [last accessed 25 June 2019].
- Jordan E. Marijuana legalisation in Uruguay. Available from: https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/case-study/marijuana-legalisation-in-uruguay/ [last accessed 15 June 2019].
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Cannabis policy: Status and recent developments. Available from: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/topic-overviews/cannabis-policy/html_en [last accessed 9 June 2019].
- Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development and Others v Prince CCT108/17 2018. Available from: https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/judgement/260-minister-of-justice-and-constitutional-development-and-others-v-prince-cct108-17.
- Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nacion. Reiterates first hall unconstitutionality of the absolute prohibition of recurring consumption of marijuana and integrates jurisprudence (Google translation); 2018. Available from: http://www.internet2.scjn.gob.mx/red2/comunicados/noticia.asp?id=5785 [last accessed 30 Dec 2018].
- Kilmer B, Kruithof K, Pardal M, Caulkins JP, Rubin J. Multinational overview of cannabis production regimes. Rand Europe. 2013. Available from: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR500/RR510/RAND_RR510.pdf [last accessed 9 June 2019].
- The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research. Support for marijuanal egalization continues to rise; 2019. Available from: http://www.apnorc.org/projects/Pages/Support-for-Marijuana-Legalization-Continues-to-Rise.aspx [last accessed 9 June 2019].
- Donnelly G. Cannabis investments nearly quadrupled in 2018; 20 Dec 2018. Available from: http://fortune.com/2018/12/20/cannabis-investments-2018/ [last accessed 9 June 2019]..
- Kovacevich N. Cannabis is a tax bonanza for states. 20 Dec 2018. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/nickkovacevich/2018/12/05/cannabis-is-a-tax-bonanza-for-states/#5ca06a3b2514 [last accessed 9 June 2019].
- Budgetary implications of marijuana prohibition in the United States: An open letter to the president, congress, governors, and state legislatures. Available from: http://web.archive.org/web/20110718081238/http:/www.prohibitioncosts.org/endorsers.html [last accessed 20 June 2019].
- Miron JA. The budgetary implications of marijuana prohibition; 2005. Available from: http://web.archive.org/web/20110718081437/http://www.prohibitioncosts.org/MironReport.pdf [last accessed 19 June 2019].
- Beckett K, Herbert K. The consequences and costs of marijuana prohibition; 2008. Available from: https://lsj.washington.edu/research/publications/katherine-beckett-and-steve-herbert-2008-consequences-and-costs-marijuana [last accessed 20 June 2019].
- Baum D. Smoke and mirrors: The war on drugs and the politics of failure. New York: Little, Brown and Company; 1997.
- Alexander M. The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York: The New Press; 2010.
- Drug Policy Alliance. Race and the drug war; 2019. Available from: http://www.drugpolicy.org/issues/race-and-drug-war [last accessed 23 June 2019].
- Tate K, Taylor JL, Sawyer MQ. Something’s in the air: Race, crime and the legalization of marijuana. New York; London: Routledge; 2013.
- American Civil Liberties Union. The war on marijuana in black and white; 2013. Available from: https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/1114413-mj-report-rfs-rel1.pdf [last accessed 15 May 2019].
- United States Department of Justice. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform crime reporting program data series: Arrests by age, sex, and race, summarized yearly, United States, 2001-2010. Ann Arbor (MI); 2013. Available from: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/series/57#
- 2017 crime in the United States; 2019. Available from: https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2017/crime-in-the-u.s.-2017/topic-pages/persons-arrested [last accessed 9 June 2019].
- Eastwood N, Shiner M, Bear D. The numbers in black and white: ethnic disparities in the policing and prosecution of drug offenses in England and Wales. Release Legal Emergency & Drugs Service Ltd; 2019. Available from: https://www.release.org.uk/publications/numbers-black-and-white-ethnic-disparities-policing-and-prosecution-drug-offences [last accessed 9 June 2019].
- Browne R. Black and Indigenous people are overrepresented in Canada’s weed arrests; April 18, 2018. Available from: https://news.vice.com/en_ca/article/d35eyq/black-and-indigenous-people-are-overrepresented-in-canadas-weed-arrests [last accessed 10 June 2019].
- Rankin J, Contenta S. Toronto marijuana arrests reveal ‘startling’ racial divide; 6 July 2017. Available from: https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2017/07/06/toronto-marijuana-arrests-reveal-startling-racial-divide.html [last accessed 10 June 2019].
- Texas Department of Public Safety. Drug or controlled substance offenses; 2018. Available from: https://www.dps.texas.gov/driverlicense/drugoffenses.htm [last accessed 15 Sept 2019].
- Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). Federal student aid and consequences of a drug conviction; 2018 https://www.getsmartaboutdrugs.gov/consequences/federal-student-aid-and-drug-use [last accessed 21 June 2019].
- Curtis MA, Garlington S, Schottenfeld LS. Alcohol, drug and criminal history restrictions in public housing. Cityscape. 2013;15:37–52.
- Caulkins JP, MacCoun RJ, Pacula RLReuter P. Design considerations for legalizing cannabis: lessons inspired by analysis of California’s Proposition 19. Addiction 2012; 107 (5), 865-871.
- Report of the Senate Special Committee on Illegal Drugs. Cannabis: Our position for a Canadian public policy; 2002. Available from: https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/committee/371/ille/rep/summary-e.htm [last accessed 9 Sept 2019].
- Marijuana Policy Project. Top 10 reasons to end marijuana prohibition; 2019. Available from: https://www.mpp.org/issues/legalization/top-ten-reasons-to-end-marijuana-prohibition/ [last accessed 13 Sept 2019].
- Frederique K. Ending marijuana arrests is a racial justice issue (Drug policy alliance). Available from: https://www.drugpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Marijuana-Arrests-NYC–Unjust-Unconstitutional–July2017_2.pdf [last accessed 13 Sept 2019].
- Doctors for Cannabis Regulation. Declaration of principles. Available from: https://dfcr.org/declaration-of-principles/ [last accessed 13 Sept 2019].
- Canadian Government Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs. The report of the Canadian government commission of inquiry into the non-medical use of drugs; 1972 Available from: http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/Library/studies/ledain/ldc6a.htm [last accessed 12 Sept 2019].
- Government of Canada. A framework for the kegalization and regulation of cannabis in Canada: the final report of the Task Force on Cannabis Legalization and Regulation; 2016 Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/task-force-cannabis-legalization-regulation/framework-legalization-regulation-cannabis-in-canada.html#a1.5 [last accessed 9 Sept 2019].
- Southern Poverty Law Center. Alabama’s war on marijuana; 2018. Available from: https://www.splcenter.org/20181018/alabamas-war-marijuana#Thousands%20Arrested%20E [last accessed 13 Sept 2019].
- Huffman A. Why Prop. 64 is the right way to legalize pot in California; 2 Nov. 2016. Available from: https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article111980147.html [last accessed 13 Sept 2019].
- Title S. Top ten equity must-haves in any legalization bill; 2019. Available from: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/top-ten-equity-must-haves-any-legalization-bill-shaleen-title/ [last accessed 28 June 2019].
- United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; 1966. Available from: https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx [last accessed 22 June 2019].
- Soo-Ryun Kwon AS, Isaac DM. Cruel & unusual: U.S. sentencing practices in a global context. University of San Francisco: School of Law; 2012. Available from: https://www.usfca.edu/sites/default/files/law/cruel-and-unusual.pdf [last accessed 22 June 2019].
- Colorado Court of Appeals. People v. Boyd. No. 12CA2607. 2015.
- Marijuana policy project: state policy. Available from: https://www.mpp.org/states [last accessed 16 June 2019].
- Quinton S. In these states, past marijuana crimes can go away. 20 Nov 2017. Pew Stateline. Available from: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2017/11/20/in-these-states-past-marijuana-crimes-can-go-away [last accessed 21 June 2019].
- Proposition 64 data summary report. Available from: www.courts.ca.gov/documents/Prop64-Filings.pdf [last accessed 1 Jan 2019].
- New Frontier Data. Marijuana incarceration in California jails; 2016. Available from: www.drugpolicy.org/sites/default/files/NF-DPA-California-Incarcerations-Report-2016-FINAL.pdf [last accessed 9 June 2019].
- Governor of Washington State. Marijuana justice initiative. Available from: https://www.governor.wa.gov/marijuanajustice [last accessed 10 June 2019].
- Cannabis convictions: Resentencing. Assembly bill No. 1793. Available from: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1793 [last accessed 1 Jan 2019].
- Olsen D Marijuana bill may violate Illinois Constitution, prosecutors say 13 May 2019. Available from: https://www.washingtontimesreporter.com/news/20190513/marijuana-bill-may-violate-illinois-constitution-prosecutors-say [last accessed 15 Sept 2019].
- Statutes of Canada. An Act to provide no-cost, expedited record suspensions for simple possession of cannabis (Bill C-93); 2019. Available from: https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/bill/C-93/royal-assent [last accessed 13 Sept 2019].
- Marihuana y Sus Derivados. Ley No 19.172. Available from: https://www.ircca.gub.uy/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Ley_19.172.pdf [last accessed 21 June 2019].
- Flock E, Scialla M. Illegal marijuana growers poisonforests—These people fight back; 8 April 2019. Available from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/04/illegal-marijuana-growing-threatens-california-national-forests/ [last accessed 22 June 2019].
- Drug Policy Alliance. From prohibition to progress: A status report on marijuana legalization; 2018. Available from: http://www.drugpolicy.org/legalization-status-report [last accessed 25 June 2019].
- Colorado Department of Public Safety. Impacts of marijuana legalization to Colorado. Justice D.o.C; 2018. Available from: https://cdpsdocs.state.co.us/ors/docs/reports/2018-SB13-283_Rpt.pdf [last accessed 22 June 2019].
- Oregon Public Health Division. Marijuana report: Marijuana use, attitudes and health effects in Oregon, December 2016; 2016. Available from: https://apps.state.or.us/Forms/Served/le8509b.pdf [last accessed 21 June 2019].
- Firth CL, Maher JE, Dilley JA, Darnell A, Lovrich NP. Did marijuana legalization in Washington State reduce racial disparities in adult marijuana arrests? Subst Use Misuse. 2019;54:1582–87. doi:10.1080/10826084.2019.1593007.
- NORML. State laws; 2019. Available from: https://norml.org/laws/ [last accessed 16 June 2019].
- Government of Canada. Cannabis in the provinces and territories. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/provinces-territories.html [last accessed 22 June 2019].
- Nova Scotia’s cannabis laws. Available from: https://novascotia.ca/cannabis/laws/ [last accessed 21 June 2019].
- Department of Justice Government of Canada. Cannabis legalization and regulation; 2018. Available from: https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/cannabis/ [last accessed 19 June 2019].
- Kilmer B. How will cannabis legalization affect health, safety, and social equity outcomes? It largely depends on the 14 Ps. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2019. doi:10.1080/00952990.2019.1611841.
- Biolshini A. Marijuana businesses banned in more than 250 Michigan communities; 31 Jan 2019. Available from: https://www.mlive.com/news/2019/01/marijuana-businesses-banned-in-more-than-250-michigan-communities.html [last accessed 15 June 2019].
- Staggs B, Wheeler I. Marijuana laws for every city and county? Our database shows California slow to accept Prop. 64; 19 April 2018. https://www.ocregister.com/2018/04/09/database-of-marijuana-rules-from-every-city-and-county-in-california-shows-slow-acceptance-of-prop-64/ [last accessed 15 June 2019].
- Howell A. Criminal conviction restrictions for marijuana licensing. Reason Foundation; 2018. Available from: https://reason.org/wp-content/uploads/criminal-conviction-restrictions-for-marijuana-licensing.pdf [last accessed 10 June 2019].
- Retail marijuana code, Marijuana Enforcement Division, Department of Revenue, Colorado. 1 CCR 212-2. Available from: https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/1CCR212-1_Retail.pdf [last accessed 2 July 2019].
- California Code of Regulations Title 16. Division 42. Bureau of Cannabis Control. Available from: https://cannabis.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/01/Order-of-Adoption-Clean-Version-of-Text.pdf [last accessed 9 June 2019].
- Moore B. How much does it actually cost to open a dispensary? 25 Sept 2018. Available from: https://thecannabisindustry.org/member-blog-how-much-does-it-actually-cost-to-open-a-dispensary/ [last accessed 21 June 2019].
- Cannabis Business Plans. How much does it cost to open a dispensary? 2019. Available from: https://cannabusinessplans.com/costs-open-cannabis-dispensary/ [accessed 21 June 2019].
- Government of Canada. Applying for a licence under the Cannabis Act and Regulations; 2019. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/industry-licensees-applicants/applying-licence.html.
- Government of Canada. Cannabis fees order guide; 2019. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/cannabis-fees-order/guide.html#a5.1 [last accessed 14 Sept 2019].
- Government of Canada. Security clearances under the Cannabis Act and Regulations; 2019. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/cannabis-regulations-licensed-producers/security-clearances.html [last accessed 14 Sept 2019].
- Fairlie R, Robinson DT. Black and white: access to capital among minority-owned startups. Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research; 2016. Available from: https://siepr.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publications/17-003.pdf [last accessed 19 June 2019].
- Hanks A, Solomon D, Weller CE. Systematic inequality: How America’s structural racism helped create the Black-White wealth gap. Center for American Progress; 2018. Available from: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/reports/2018/02/21/447051/systematic-inequality/ [last accessed 19 June 2019].
- Bender SW. The colors of cannabis: Race and marijuana; 2016. Available from: https://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/50/2/Topic/50-2_Bender.pdf [last accessed 20 June 2019].
- McVey E. Women and minorities in the marijuana industry. Marijuana Business Daily; 2017. Available from: https://mjbizdaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/…/Women-and-Minorities-Report.pdf [last accessed 19 June 2019].
- Cannabis Control Commission Public Meeting. Commonwealth of Massachusetts; 2019. Available from: https://mass-cannabis-control.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Deck-5.30.19.pdf [last accessed 10 June 2019].
- Massachusetts quickfacts from the US Census Bureau. Available from: https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MA,US/PST045218 [last accessed 10 June 2019].
- Hudak J, Ramsey G, Walsh J. Uruguay’s cannabis law: Pioneering a new paradigm. Center for Effective Public Management; 21 March 2018. Available from: https://www.brookings.edu/research/uruguays-cannabis-law-pioneering-a-new-paradigm/ [last accessed 14 Oct 2019].
- Caulkins JP. A principled approach to taxing marijuana. National Affairs. 2019. Available from: https://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/a-principled-approach-to-taxing-marijuana [last accessed 2 Oct 2019].
- Cannabis Regulation and Tax Act. Amendment to HB1438. Available from: http://ilga.gov/legislation/101/HB/10100HB1438sam002.htm [last accessed 22 June 2019].
- Steinecke C. In Alaska, prevention programming for marijuana use is a new priority. Afterschool Snack. 19 April 2019. Available from: http://www.afterschoolalliance.org/afterschoolsnack/In-Alaska-prevention-programming-for-marijuana-use-is-a-new_04-19-2019.cfm [last accessed 25 June 2019].
- California Governor’s Office Of Business and Economic Development. California Community Reinvestment Grants Program. 2018. Available from: http://www.business.ca.gov/Programs/California-Community-Reinvestment-Grants-Program [last accessed 25 June 2019].
- Maine: An act to implement a regulatory structure for adult use marijuana HP1199; 2018. Available from: https://legislature.maine.gov/bills/display_ps.asp?paper=HP1199&snum=128&PID=1456 [last accessed 25 June 2019].
- Cannabis Control Commission Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Guidance for equity provisions; 2017. Available from: https://mass-cannabis-control.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/FINAL-Social-Provisions-Guidance-1PGR-1.pdf [last accessed 19 Sept 2019].
- Koutouki K, Lofts K. Cannabis, reconciliation, and the rights of Indigenous Peoples: Prospects and challenges for cannabis legalization in Canada. Alta Law Rev. 2019;56:709–28.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2015 crime in the United States; 2015. Available from: https://ucr.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/persons-arrested/persons-arrested [last accessed 18 Jan 2019].
- Cowan RC. How the Narcs created crack: A war against ourselves. National Review 1986; 38 (23), 26–34.
- Carlini BH, Garrett SB, Harwick RM. Beyond joints and brownies: Marijuana concentrates in the legal landscape of WA state. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;42:26–29.doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.01.004.
- Hasin DS. US epidemiology of cannabis use and associated problems. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43:195–212.doi:10.1038/npp.2017.198.
- Hasin DS, Sarvet AL, Cerda M, Keyes KM, Stohl M, Galea S, Wall MM. US adult illicit cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, and medical marijuana laws: 1991-1992 to 2012-2013. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74:579–88.doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0724.
- Borodovsky JT, Budney AJ. Cannabis regulatory science: Risk-benefit considerations for mental disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2018;30(3), 183–202.
- Moore TH, Zammit S, Lingford-Hughes A, Barnes TR, Jones PB, Burke M, Lewis G. Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet. 2007;370:319–28.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3.
- Hamilton I. Cannabis, psychosis and schizophrenia: Unravelling a complex interaction. Addiction. 2017;112:1653–57.doi:10.1111/add.13826.
- Power RA, Verweij KJ, Zuhair M, Montgomery GW, Henders AK, Heath AC, Madden PA, Medland SE, Wray NR, Martin NG. Genetic predisposition to schizophrenia associated with increased use of cannabis. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19:1201–04.doi:10.1038/mp.2014.51.
- Ksir C, Hart CL. Cannabis and psychosis: A critical overview of the relationship. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18:12.doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0657-y.
- Pasman JA, Verweij KJH, Gerring Z, Stringer S, Sanchez-Roige S, Treur JL, Abdellaoui A, Nivard MG, Baselmans BML, Ong JS, et al. GWAS of lifetime cannabis use reveals new risk loci, genetic overlap with psychiatric traits, and a causal influence of schizophrenia. Nat Neurosci. 2018;21:1161–70.
- Blanco C, Hasin DS, Wall MM, Florez-Salamanca L, Hoertel N, Wang S, Kerridge BT, Olfson M. Cannabis use and risk of psychiatric disorders: Prospective evidence from a US national longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73:388.doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.3229.
- Mair C, Freisthler B, Ponicki WR, Gaidus A. The impacts of marijuana dispensary density and neighborhood ecology on marijuana abuse and dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;154:111–16.doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.019.
- Burgoon ML, Albani T, Keller-Hamilton B, Lu B, Roberts ME, Craigmile PF, Browning C, Xi W, Ferketich AK. Exposures to the tobacco retail environment among adolescent boys in urban and rural environments. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2019;45(2), 217–226.
- Aderibigbe YA. Deinstitutionalization and criminalization: Tinkering in the interstices. Forensic Sci Int. 1997;85:127–34.doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(96)02087-7.
- Whyte LE The pot industry is taking over pro-pot efforts. Slate; 12 Aug 2016. Available from: https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2016/08/big-weed-is-throwing-some-of-its-new-money-into-politics.html [last accessed 28 June 2019].