Dialectical behaviour therapy skills training for the treatment of addictive behaviours among individuals with alcohol use disorder: the effect of emotion regulation and experiential avoidance

References

• Axelrod SR, Perepletchikova F, Holtzman K, Sinha R. Emotion regulation and substance use frequency in women with substance dependence and borderline personality disorder receiving dialectical behavior therapy. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2011;37–42. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.535582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimeff L, Rizvi SL, Brown M, Linehan MM. Dialectical behavior therapy for substance abuse: A pilot application to methamphetamine-dependent women with borderline personality disorder. Cogn Behav Pract. 2000;7:457–68.doi:10.1016/S1077-7229(00)80057-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linehan MM, Dimeff LA, Reynolds SK, Comtois KA, Welch SS, Heagerty P, Kivlahan DR. Dialectical behavior therapy versus comprehensive validation therapy plus 12-step for the treatment of opioid dependent women meeting criteria for borderline personality disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002;67:13–26.doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00011-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linehan MM, Schmidt H, Dimeff LA, Craft JC, Kanter J, Comtois KA. Dialectical behavior therapy for patients with borderline personality disorder and drug dependence. The Am J Addictions. 1999;8:279–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linehan MM. Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. Guilford: New York; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Linehan MM. DBT Skills Training Manual. Guilford: New York; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Dimeff LA, Linehan MM. Dialectical behavior therapy for substance abusers. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2008;4:39–47.doi:10.1151/ascp084239.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Azizi A, Borjali A, Golzari M. The effectiveness of emotion regulation training and cognitive therapy on the emotional and addictional problems of substance abusers. Iran J Psychiatry. 2010;5:60–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beckstead DJ, Lambert MJ, DuBose AP, Linehan MM. Dialectical behavior therapy with American Indian/Alaska Native adolescents diagnosed with substance use disorders: combining an evidence-based treatment with cultural, traditional, and spiritual beliefs. Addict Behav. 2015;51:84–87.doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.07.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witkiewitz K, Lustyk MKB, Bowen S. Retraining the addicted brain: A review of hypothesized neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness-based relapse prevention. Psychol Addict Behav. 2013;27:351–65.doi:10.1037/a0029258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavicchioli M, Movalli M, Maffei C. The clinical efficacy of mindfulness-based treatments for alcohol and drugs use disorders: a meta-analytic review of randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials. Eur Addict Res. 2018;24:137–62.doi:10.1159/000490762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilig M, Egli M, Crabbe JC, Becker HC. Acute withdrawal, protracted abstinence and negative affect in alcoholism: are they linked?. Addict Biol. 2010;15:169–84.doi:10.1111/adb.2010.15.issue-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:760–73.doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00104-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox HC, Axelrod SR, Paliwal P, Sleeper J, Sinha R. Difficulties in emotion regulation and impulse control during cocaine abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;89:298–301.doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox HC, Hong KA, Sinha R. Difficulties in emotion regulation and impulse control in recently abstinent alcoholics compared with social drinkers. Addict Behav. 2008;33:388–94.doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.10.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berking M, Margraf M, Ebert D, Wupperman P, Hofmann SG, Junghanns K. Deficits in emotion-regulation skills predict alcohol use during and after cognitive–behavioral therapy for alcohol dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2011;79:307–18.doi:10.1037/a0023421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornovalova MA, Gratz KL, Daughters SB, Hunt ED, Lejuez CW. Initial RCT of a distress tolerance treatment for individuals with substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;122:70–76.doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daughters SB, Lejuez CW, Kahler CW, Strong DR, Brown RA. Psychological distress tolerance and duration of most recent abstinence attempt among residential treatment-seeking substance abusers. Psychol Addict Behav. 2005;19:208–11.doi:10.1037/0893-164X.19.2.208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neacsiu AD, Eberle JW, Kramer R, Wiesmann T, Linehan MM. Dialectical behavior therapy skills for transdiagnostic emotion dysregulation: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 2014;59:40–51.doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neacsiu AD, Rizvi SL, Linehan MM. Dialectical behavior therapy skills use as a mediator and outcome of treatment for borderline personality disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48:832–39.doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine SE, Bankoff SM, Poulin RM, Reidler EB, Pantalone DW. The use of dialectical behavior therapy skills training as stand-alone treatment: A systematic review of the treatment outcome literature. J Clin Psychol. 2015;71:1–20.doi:10.1002/jclp.2015.71.issue-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavicchioli M, Movalli M, Ramella P, Vassena G, Prudenziati F, Maffei C. Feasibility of Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Training as an outpatient program in treating alcohol use disorder: the role of difficulties with emotion regulation and experiential avoidance. Addict Res Theory. 2019;1–13. doi:10.1080/16066359.2019.1590558.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavicchioli M, Movalli M, Vassena G, Ramella P, Prudenziati F, Maffei C. The therapeutic role of emotion regulation and coping strategies during a stand-alone DBT Skills training program for alcohol use disorder and concurrent substance use disorders. Addict Behav. 2019;98:106035. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maffei C, Cavicchioli M, Movalli M, Cavallaro R, Fossati A. Dialectical behavior therapy skills training in alcohol dependence treatment: findings based on an open trial. Subst Use Misuse. 2018;53:2368–85.doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1480035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant JE, Chamberlain SR. Gambling disorder and its relationship with substance use disorders: implications for nosological revisions and treatment. The Am J Addictions. 2015;24:126–31.doi:10.1111/ajad.v24.2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus SW, Voon V, Potenza MN. Should compulsive sexual behavior be considered an addiction?. Addiction. 2016;111:2097–106.doi:10.1111/add.v111.12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejoyeux M, Weinstein A. Compulsive buying. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2010;36:248–53.doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.493590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calero‐Elvira A, Krug I, Davis K, López C, Fernández‐Aranda F, Treasure J. Meta‐analysis on drugs in people with eating disorders. Eur Eating Disord Rev Prof J Eating Disord Assoc. 2009;17:243–59.doi:10.1002/erv.936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadalla T, Piran N. Co-occurrence of eating disorders and alcohol use disorders in women: a meta-analysis. Arch Women’s Mental Health. 2007;10:133–40.doi:10.1007/s00737-007-0184-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavicchioli M, Vassena G, Movalli M, Maffei C. Addictive behaviors in alcohol use disorder: dysregulation of reward processing systems and maladaptive coping strategies. J Addict Dis. 2019;1–12. doi:10.1080/10550887.2019.1643211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingston DA. Debating the conceptualization of sex as an addictive disorder. Curr Addict Rep. 2015;2:195–201.doi:10.1007/s40429-015-0059-6.
   Google Scholar
• Luijten M, Schellekens AF, Kühn S, Machielse MW, Sescousse G. Disruption of reward processing in addiction: an image-based meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74:387–98.doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockmeyer T, Skunde M, Wu M, Bresslein E, Rudofsky G, Herzog W, Friederich HC. Difficulties in emotion regulation across the spectrum of eating disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55:565–71.doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.12.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero-López JM, Villardefrancos E. Prevalence, sociodemographic factors, psychological distress, and coping strategies related to compulsive buying: a cross sectional study in Galicia, Spain. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:101.doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cashwell CS, Giordano AL, King K, Lankford C, Henson RK. Emotion regulation and sex addiction among college students. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2017;15:16–27.doi:10.1007/s11469-016-9646-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavender JM, Wonderlich SA, Engel SG, Gordon KH, Kaye WH, Mitchell JE. Dimensions of emotion dysregulation in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A conceptual review of the empirical literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;40:111–22.doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams AD, Grisham JR. Impulsivity, emotion regulation, and mindful attentional focus in compulsive buying. Cognit Ther Res. 2012;36:451–57.doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9384-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams AD, Grisham JR, Erskine A, Cassedy E. Deficits in emotion regulation associated with pathological gambling. Br J Clin Psychol. 2012;51:223–38.doi:10.1111/bjc.2012.51.issue-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kardefelt-Winther D, Heeren A, Schimmenti A, van Rooij A, Maurage P, Carras M, Edman J, Blaszczynski A, Khazaal Y, Billieux J, et al. How can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours?. Addiction. 2017;112:1709–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawla N, Ostafin B. Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: an empirical review. J Clin Psychol. 2007;63:871–90.doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes SC, Wilson KG, Gifford EV, Follette VM, Strosahl K. Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996;64:1152–68.doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shorey RC, Gawrysiak MJ, Elmquist J, Brem M, Anderson S, Stuart GL. Experiential avoidance, distress tolerance, and substance use cravings among adults in residential treatment for substance use disorders. J Addict Dis. 2017;36:151–57.doi:10.1080/10550887.2017.1302661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordieri MJ, Tull MT, McDermott MJ, Gratz KL. The moderating role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and cannabis dependence. J Contextual Behav Sci. 2014;3:273–78.doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.08.005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riley B. Experiential avoidance mediates the association between thought suppression and mindfulness with problem gambling. J Gambl Stud. 2014;30:163–71.doi:10.1007/s10899-012-9342-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetterneck CT, Burgess AJ, Short MB, Smith AH, Cervantes ME. The role of sexual compulsivity, impulsivity, and experiential avoidance in internet pornography use. Psychol Rec. 2012;62:3–18.doi:10.1007/BF03395783.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brem MJ, Shorey RC, Anderson S, Stuart GL. Depression, anxiety, and compulsive sexual behaviour among men in residential treatment for substance use disorders: the role of experiential avoidance. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2017;24:1246–53.doi:10.1002/cpp.v24.6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams AD. Distress tolerance and experiential avoidance in compulsive acquisition behaviours. Aust J Psychol. 2012;64:217–24.doi:10.1111/ajpy.2012.64.issue-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Hebebrand J, Müller B, Herpertz S, Heussen N, Remschmidt H. Prospective 10-year follow-up in adolescent anorexia nervosa—course, outcome, psychiatric comorbidity, and psychosocial adaptation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Disciplines. 2001;42:603–12.doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillis J, Hayes SC, Levin ME. Binge eating and weight control: the role of experiential avoidance. Behav Modif. 2011;35:252–64.doi:10.1177/0145445510397178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawal A, Park RJ, Williams JMG. Rumination, experiential avoidance, and dysfunctional thinking in eating disorders. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48:851–59.doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neacsiu AD, Lungu A, Harned MS, Rizvi SL, Linehan MM. Impact of dialectical behavior therapy versus community treatment by experts on emotional experience, expression, and acceptance in borderline personality disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2014;53:47–54.doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.12.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper N, Villatte M, Neofotistou E, McHugh L. The effects of mindfulness versus thought suppression on implicit and explicit measures of experiential avoidance. Int J Behav Consultation Ther. 2010;6:233–44.doi:10.1037/h0100910.
   Google Scholar
• Feldner MT, Hekmat H, Zvolensky MJ, Vowles KE, Secrist Z, Leen-Feldner EW. The role of experiential avoidance in acute pain tolerance: A laboratory test. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2006;37:146–58.doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.03.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson KM, Follette VM, Pistorello J, Fruzzetti AE. An investigation of experiential avoidance, emotion dysregulation, and distress tolerance in young adult outpatients with borderline personality disorder symptoms. Personality Disord Theory Res Treat. 2012;3:415–22.doi:10.1037/a0023703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulanger JL, Hayes SC, Pistorello J. Experiential avoidance as a functional contextual concept. In: Kring AM, Sloan DM, editors. Emotion regulation and psychopathology: a transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment. New York (NY): The Guilford Press; 2010. p. 107–36.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: Author; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct; [accessed 2019 Jul 20]. http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/.
   Google Scholar
• Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189–98.doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombaugh TN, McIntyre NJ. The Mini-Mental State Examination: A comprehensive review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;922–35. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consoli A, Bennardo A. Diagnosi e valutazione nelle tossicodipendenze e nell’alcolismo: addiction severity index. Torino: Centro Scientifico Editore; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Kokkevi A, Hartgers C. EuropASI: european adaptation of a multidimensional assessment instrument for drug and alcohol dependence. Eur Addict Res. 1995;1:208–10.doi:10.1159/000259089.
   Google Scholar
• McLellan AT, Kushner H, Metzger D, Peters R, Smith I, Grissom G, Pettinati H, Argeriou M. The fifth edition of the addiction severity index. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1992;9:199–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMain S, Sayrs JHR, Dimeff LA, Linehan MM. Dialectical behavior therapy for individuals with borderline personality disorder and substance dependence. In: Dimeff LA, Koerner KE, editors. Dialectical behavior therapy in clinical practice: applications across disorders and settings. New York: Guilford; 2007. p. 145–73.
   Google Scholar
• Larimer ME, Palmer RS. Relapse prevention: an overview of Marlatt’s cognitive-behavioral model. Alcohol Res Health. 1999;23:151–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marlatt GA, Donovan DM. Relapse prevention: maintenance strategies in the treatment of addictive behaviors. New York: Guilford; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Ledgerwood DM, Petry NM. What do we know about relapse in pathological gambling?. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006;26:216–28.doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.11.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward T, Hudson SM, Bulik CM. The abstinence violation effect in bulimia nervosa. Addict Behav. 1993;18:671–80.doi:10.1016/0306-4603(93)90020-A.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grilo CM, Shiffman S. Longitudinal investigation of the abstinence violation effect in binge eaters. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1994;62:611–19.doi:10.1037/0022-006X.62.3.611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gámez W, Chmielewski M, Kotov R, Ruggero C, Suzuki N, Watson D. The brief experiential avoidance questionnaire: development and initial validation. Psychol Assess. 2014;26:35–45.doi:10.1037/a0034473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen S, Chawla N, Collins SE, Witkiewitz K, Hsu S, Grow J, Clifasefi S, Garner M, Douglass A, Larimer ME, et al. Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance use disorders: A pilot efficacy trial. Subst Abuse. 2009;30:295–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen S, Witkiewitz K, Dillworth TM, Chawla N, Simpson TL, Ostafin BD, Larimer ME, Blume AW, Parks GA, Marlatt GA, et al. Mindfulness meditation and substance use in an incarcerated population. Psychol Addict Behav. 2006;20:343–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witkiewitz K, Marlatt GA, Walker D. Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for alcohol and substance use disorders. J Cogn Psychother. 2005;19:211–28.doi:10.1891/jcop.2005.19.3.211.
   Google Scholar
• Chambers R, Gullone E, Allen NB. Mindful emotion regulation: an integrative review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29:560–72.doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeith CF, Rock AJ, Clark GI. Trait mindfulness, problem-gambling severity, altered state of awareness and urge to gamble in poker-machine gamblers. J Gambling Stud. 2017;33:617–32.doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9635-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakey CE, Campbell WK, Brown KW, Goodie AS. Dispositional mindfulness as a predictor of the severity of gambling outcomes. Pers Individ Dif. 2007;43:1698–710.doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.05.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shorey RC, Elmquist J, Gawrysiak MJ, Anderson S, Stuart GL. The relationship between mindfulness and compulsive sexual behavior in a sample of men in treatment for substance use disorders. Mindfulness. 2016;7:866–73.doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0525-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda A, Price M, Latzman RD. Mindfulness moderates the relationship between disordered eating cognitions and disordered eating behaviors in a non-clinical college sample. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2012;34:107–15.doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9252-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavender JM, Gratz KL, Tull MT. Exploring the relationship between facets of mindfulness and eating pathology in women. Cogn Behav Ther. 2011;40:174–82.doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.555485.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maynard BR, Wilson AN, Labuzienski E, Whiting SW. Mindfulness-based approaches in the treatment of disordered gambling: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Soc Work Pract. 2018;28:348–62.doi:10.1177/1049731515606977.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katterman SN, Kleinman BM, Hood MM, Nackers LM, Corsica JA. Mindfulness meditation as an intervention for binge eating, emotional eating, and weight loss: a systematic review. Eat Behav. 2014;15:197–204.doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.01.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daughters SB, Lejuez CW, Strong DR, Brown RA, Breen RB, Lesieur HR. The relationship among negative affect, distress tolerance, and length of gambling abstinence attempt. J Gambl Stud. 2005;21:363–78.doi:10.1007/s10899-005-5554-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corstorphine E, Mountford V, Tomlinson S, Waller G, Meyer C. Distress tolerance in the eating disorders. Eat Behav. 2007;8:91–97.doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.02.003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rose P, Segrist DJ. Difficulty identifying feelings, distress tolerance and compulsive buying: analyzing the associations to inform therapeutic strategies. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2012;10:927–35.doi:10.1007/s11469-012-9389-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen DR, Dowling NA, Jackson AC, Brown M, Russo J, Francis KL, Umemoto A. A proof of concept for using brief dialectical behavior therapy as a treatment for problem gambling. Behav Change. 2013;30:117–37.doi:10.1017/bec.2013.10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korman L, Collins J, Littman-Sharp N, Skinner W, McMain S, Mercado V. Randomized control trial of an integrated therapy for comorbid anger and gambling. Psychotherapy Res. 2008;18:454–65.doi:10.1080/10503300701858362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bankoff SM, Karpel MG, Forbes HE, Pantalone DW. A systematic review of dialectical behavior therapy for the treatment of eating disorders. Eat Disord. 2012;20:196–215.doi:10.1080/10640266.2012.668478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munn-Chernoff MA, Duncan AE, Grant JD, Wade TD, Agrawal A, Bucholz KK, Heath AC. A twin study of alcohol dependence, binge eating, and compensatory behaviors. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2013;74:664–73.doi:10.15288/jsad.2013.74.664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Castro V, Fong T, Rosenthal RJ, Tavares H. A comparison of craving and emotional states between pathological gamblers and alcoholics. Addict Behav. 2007;32:1555–156.doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.11.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown TA, Cusack A, Anderson L, Reilly EE, Berner LA, Wierenga CE, Kaye WH. Early Versus Later Improvements in Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Use and Treatment Outcome in Eating Disorders. Cognit Ther Res. 2019;43:759–68.doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10006-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizvi SL, Dimeff LA, Skutch J, Carroll D, Linehan MM. A pilot study of the DBT coach: an interactive mobile phone application for individuals with borderline personality disorder and substance use disorder. Behav Ther. 2011;42:589–600.doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.01.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson MJF, Fischer AM, Ahuja A, Lesser EN, Maniates H. Roles of “wanting” and “liking” in motivating behavior: gambling, food, and drug addictions. In Behavioral neuroscience of motivation 2015 (pp. 105–36).
   Google Scholar
• Hormes JM. The clinical significance of craving across the addictive behaviors: A review. Curr Addict Rep. 2017;4:132–41.doi:10.1007/s40429-017-0138-y.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss RD, Jaffee WB, Menil VP, Cogley CB. Group therapy for substance use disorders: what do we know?. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2004;12:339–50.doi:10.1080/10673220490905723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladouceur R, Sylvain C, Boutin C, Lachance S, Doucet C, Leblond J. Group therapy for pathological gamblers: A cognitive approach. Behav Res Ther. 2003;41:587–96.doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00036-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rash CJ, Petry NM. Psychological treatments for gambling disorder. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2014;7:285–95.doi:10.2147/PRBM.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marques ACP, Formigoni MLO. Comparison of individual and group cognitive-behavioral therapy for alcohol and/or drug-dependent patients. Addiction. 2001;96:835–46.doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.9668355.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson CB, Mitchell JE, Engbloom S, Nugent S, Mussell MP, Miller JP. Group cognitive‐behavioral treatment of binge eating disorder: A comparison of therapist‐led versus self‐help formats. Int J Eating Disord. 1998;24:125–36.doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1098-108X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailer U, de Zwaan M, Leisch F, Strnad A, Lennkh‐Wolfsberg C, El‐Giamal N, … Kasper S. Guided self‐help versus cognitive‐behavioral group therapy in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. Int J Eating Disord. 2004;35:522–37.doi:10.1002/eat.20003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safer DL, Joyce EE. Does rapid response to two group psychotherapies for binge eating disorder predict abstinence?. Behav Res Ther. 2011;49:339–45.doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telch CF, Agras WS, Linehan MM. Group dialectical behavior therapy for binge-eating disorder: A preliminary, uncontrolled trial. Behav Ther. 2000;31:569–82.doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(00)80031-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGahan PL, Griffith JA, Parente R, McLellann AT Composite scores manual, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• First MB, Williams JBW, Benjamin L. Structured clinical interview for DSM- 5 personality disorders (SCID-5-PD). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• First MB, Williams JBW, Benjamin LS. Structured clinical interview for DSM-5. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Tr. it. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Somma A, Borroni S, Maffei C, Besson E, Garbini A, Granozio S, Limuti B, Perego A, Pietrobon A, Rugi C, et al. Inter-rater reliability of the Italian Translation of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Personality Disorders (SCID-5-PD): A study on consecutively admitted clinical adult participants. J Psychopathology. 2017;23:105–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christo G, Jones SL, Haylett S, Stephenson GM, Lefever RM, Lefever R. The Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire: further validation of a tool for simultaneous assessment of multiple addictive behaviours. Addict Behav. 2003;28:225–48.doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00231-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maclaren VV, Best LA. Multiple addictive behaviors in young adults: student norms for the Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire. Addict Behav. 2010;35:252–55.doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.09.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2004;26:41–54.doi:10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giromini L, Velotti P, de Campora G, Bonalume L, Cesare Zavattini G. Cultural adaptation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale: reliability and validity of an Italian version. J Clin Psychol. 2012;68:989–1007.doi:10.1002/jclp.2012.68.issue-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond FW, Hayes SC, Baer RA, Carpenter KM, Guenole N, Orcutt HK, Waltz T, Zettle RD. Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behav Ther. 2011;42:676–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes SC, Strosahl K, Wilson KG, Bissett RT, Pistorello J, Toarmino D, Polusny MA, Dykstra TA, Batten SV, Bergan J, et al. Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. Psychol Rec. 2004;54:553–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennato T, Berrocal C, Bernini O, Rivas T. Italian version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II): dimensionality, reliability, convergent and criterion validity. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2013;35:552–63.doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9355-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A-tjak JG, Davis ML, Morina N, Powers MB, Smits JA, Emmelkamp PM. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy for clinically relevant mental and physical health problems. Psychother Psychosom. 2015;84:30–36.doi:10.1159/000365764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedberg EC, Ayers S. The power of a paired t-test with a covariate. Soc Sci Res. 2015;50:277–91.doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.12.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JP, Rothstein HR. Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons. 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes AF. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York (NY): Guilford Publications. 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Jakobsen JC, Gluud C, Wetterslev J, Winkel P. When and how should multiple imputation be used for handling missing data in randomised clinical trials–a practical guide with flowcharts. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2017;17:162.doi:10.1186/s12874-017-0442-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little RJ. A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. J Am Stat Assoc. 1988;83:1198–202.doi:10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Associazione Italiana di Psicologia. Codice Etico per la Ricerca in Psicologia; [accessed 2019 Jul 20]. http://www.aipass.org/node/26
   Google Scholar
• Van den Brink W. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of substance use disorders and pathological gambling. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2012;5:3–31.doi:10.2174/1874473711205010003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van den Brink W. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of substance use disorders and pathological gambling. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2012;5:3–31.doi:10.2174/1874473711205010003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fong TW. Understanding and managing compulsive sexual behaviors. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2006;3:51–58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raymond NC, Grant JE, Kim SW, Coleman E. Treatment of compulsive sexual behaviour with naltrexone and serotonin reuptake inhibitors: two case studies. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;17:201–05.doi:10.1097/00004850-200207000-00008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chretien M, Giroux I, Goulet A, Jacques C, Bouchard S. Cognitive restructuring of gambling-related thoughts: A systematic review. Addict Behav. 2017;75:108–21.doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfrey KM, Gallo LC, Afari N. Mindfulness-based interventions for binge eating: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Behav Med. 2015;38:348–62.doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9610-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratz KL, Weiss NH, Tull MT. Examining emotion regulation as an outcome, mechanism, or target of psychological treatments. Curr Opin Psychol. 2015;3:85–90.doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linardon J, Wade TD, de la Piedad Garcia X, Brennan L. The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2017;85:1080–94.doi:10.1037/ccp0000245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sancho M, De Gracia M, Rodríguez RC, Mallorquí-Bagué N, Sánchez-González J, Trujols J, Sánchez I, Jiménez-Murcia S, Menchón JM. Mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of substance and behavioral addictions: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown LA, Gaudiano BA, Miller IW. Investigating the similarities and differences between practitioners of second-and third-wave cognitive-behavioral therapies. Behav Modif. 2011;35:187–200.doi:10.1177/0145445510393730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann SG, Asmundson GJ. Acceptance and mindfulness-based therapy: new wave or old hat?. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28:1–16.doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch SS, Rizvi S, Dimidjian S, Baer RA. Mindfulness in dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for borderline personality disorder. In: Bear RA, editor. Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: clinician’s guide to evidence base and applications. London (UK): Elsevier; 2006. p. 117–42.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter‐Reel D, McCrady B, Hildebrandt T. Emphasizing interpersonal factors: an extension of the Witkiewitz and Marlatt relapse model. Addiction. 2009;104:1281–90.doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02611.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner KH, Goldin PR, Ball TM, Heimberg RG, Gross JJ. Assessing emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder: the emotion regulation interview. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2011;33:346–54.doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9225-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appelhans BM, Luecken LJ. Heart rate variability as an index of regulated emotional responding. Rev Gen Psychol. 2006;10:229–40.doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochsner KN, Gross JJ. Cognitive emotion regulation: insights from social cognitive and affective neuroscience. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2008;17:153–58.doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00566.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyndall I, Waldeck D, Pancani L, Whelan R, Roche B, Dawson DL. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) as a measure of experiential avoidance: concerns over discriminant validity. J Contextual Behav Sci. 2019;278–84. doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.09.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolgast M. What does the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II) really measure?. Behav Ther. 2014;45:831–39.doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.07.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith KE, Mason TB, Lavender JM. Rumination and eating disorder psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;61:9–23.doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.03.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellett S, Bolton JV. Compulsive buying: A cognitive–behavioural model. Clin Psychol Psychotherapy Int J Theory Pract. 2009;16:83–99.doi:10.1002/cpp.v16:2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rochefort C, Baldwin AS, Chmielewski M. Experiential avoidance: an examination of the construct validity of the AAQ-II and MEAQ. Behav Ther. 2018;49:435–49.doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gámez W, Chmielewski M, Kotov R, Ruggero C, Watson D. Development of a measure of experiential avoidance: the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire. Psychol Assess. 2011;23:692–713.doi:10.1037/a0023242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesieur HR, Blume SB. The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144:1184–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnes P. Don’t call it love: recovery from sexual addiction. New York, NY: Bantam Dell Pub Group; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Faber RJ, O’guinn TC. A clinical screener for compulsive buying. J Consum Res. 1992;19:459–69.doi:10.1086/jcr.1992.19.issue-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Strien T, Frijters JE, Bergers GP, Defares PB. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. Int J Eating Disord. 1986;5:295–315.doi:10.1002/1098-108X(198602)5:2<295::AID-EAT2260050209>3.0.CO;2-T.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bőthe B, Tóth-Király I, Potenza MN, Griffiths MD, Orosz G, Demetrovics Z. Revisiting the role of impulsivity and compulsivity in problematic sexual behaviors. J Sex Res. 2019;56:166–79.doi:10.1080/00224499.2018.1480744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury NS, E J L, Blaszczynski A, Harris JA. Pathological gambling and motor impulsivity: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Gambling Stud. 2017;33:1213–39.doi:10.1007/s10899-017-9683-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crews FT, Boettiger CA. Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2009;93:237–47.doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steward T, Mestre‐Bach G, Vintró‐Alcaraz C, Agüera Z, Jiménez‐Murcia S, Granero R, Fernández‐Aranda F. Delay discounting of reward and impulsivity in eating disorders: from anorexia nervosa to binge eating disorder. Eur Eating Disord Rev. 2017;25:601–06.doi:10.1002/erv.2543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMain SF, Guimond T, Barnhart R, Habinski L, Streiner DL. A randomized trial of brief dialectical behaviour therapy skills training in suicidal patients suffering from borderline disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;135:138–48.doi:10.1111/acps.2017.135.issue-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perroud N, Nicastro R, Jermann F, Huguelet P. Mindfulness skills in borderline personality disorder patients during dialectical behavior therapy: preliminary results. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2012;16:189–96.doi:10.3109/13651501.2012.674531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brem MJ, Shorey RC, Anderson S, Stuart GL. Dispositional mindfulness, shame, and compulsive sexual behaviors among men in residential treatment for substance use disorders. Mindfulness. 2017;8:1552–58.doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0723-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavender JM, Jardin BF, Anderson DA. Bulimic symptoms in undergraduate men and women: contributions of mindfulness and thought suppression. Eat Behav. 2009;10:228–31.doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.07.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak AT, Fought A. Beyond alcohol and drug addiction. Does the negative trait of low distress tolerance have an association with overeating?. Appetite. 2011;57:578–81.doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.07.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrop EN, Marlatt GA. The comorbidity of substance use disorders and eating disorders in women: prevalence, etiology, and treatment. Addict Behav. 2010;35:392–98.doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.12.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar