References
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Opioid data analysis and resources. [Internet]. 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/analysis.html [last accessed 4 Nov 2020].
- Wilson N. Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths — United States, 2017–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. [Internet]. 2020;69:290–97. [accessed 2020 Aug 23] https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6911a4.htm.
- Boslett AJ, Denham A, Hill EL. Using contributing causes of death improves prediction of opioid involvement in unclassified drug overdoses in US death records. Addiction. [Internet]. 2020;115:1308–17. [accessed 2020 May 29]. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14943.
- Ruhm CJ. Corrected US opioid-involved drug poisoning deaths and mortality rates, 1999–2015. Addiction. 2018;113:1339–44.doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14144.
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Centers for disease control and prevention. ICD-10-CM Tool [Internet]. 2020. [accessed 2020 Jul 2]. https://icd10cmtool.cdc.gov/?fy=FY2020.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Cancer Institute. U.S. population data - SEER population data [Internet]. SEER. [cited 2020 Aug 12]. https://seer.cancer.gov/popdata/index.html.
- Boulesteix A-L, Janitza S, Kruppa J, König IR. Overview of random forest methodology and practical guidance with emphasis on computational biology and bioinformatics. WIREs Data Min Knowl Discov. 2012;2:493–507.doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1072.
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National cancer institute. standard populations (Millions) for age-adjustment - SEER population datasets [Internet]. SEER. [accessed 2020 Aug 23]. https://seer.cancer.gov/stdpopulations/index.html.
- Streiner DL, Cairney J. What’s under the ROC? An introduction to receiver operating characteristics curves. Can J Psychiatry. 2007 Feb 1;52:121–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370705200210.
- Chicco D, Jurman G. The advantages of the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) over F1 score and accuracy in binary classification evaluation. BMC Genomics. 2020 Jan 2;21:6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-019-6413-7.
- Ruhm C. Deaths of despair or drug problems? [Internet]. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research; 2018 Jan. Report No.: w24188. [accessed 2019 Jan 26]. http://www.nber.org/papers/w24188.pdf.
- Boslett AJ, Denham A, Hill EL, Adams MCB. Unclassified drug overdose deaths in the opioid crisis: emerging patterns of inequity. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2019;26:767–77.
- Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain — United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. [Internet]. 2016;65:1–49. [accessed 2020 Aug 23]. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6501e1.htm.
- Bohnert ASB, Guy GP, Losby JL. Opioid prescribing in the United States before and after the centers for disease control and prevention’s 2016 Opioid guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Sep 18;169:367–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-1243.
- Naumann RB, Durrance CP, Ranapurwala SI, Austin AE, Proescholdbell S, Childs R, Marshall SW, et al. Impact of a community-based naloxone distribution program on opioid overdose death rates. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019 204 1:107536. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.038.
- Abouk R, Pacula RL, Powell D. Association between state laws facilitating pharmacy distribution of naloxone and risk of fatal overdose. JAMA Intern Med. 2019 1;179: 805–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.0272.
- Moallef S, Hayashi K. The effectiveness of drug-related Good Samaritan laws: a review of the literature. Int J Drug Policy. 2020 May 25;86:90–95.
- McClellan C, Lambdin BH, Ali MM, Mutter R, Davis CS, Wheeler E, Pemberton M, Kral AH, et al. Opioid-overdose laws association with opioid use and overdose mortality. Addict Behav. 2018;86:90–95.
- Nechuta SJ, Tyndall BD, Mukhopadhyay S, McPheeters ML. Sociodemographic factors, prescription history and opioid overdose deaths: a statewide analysis using linked PDMP and mortality data. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018 1;190: 62–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.004.
- Puac-Polanco V, Chihuri S, Fink DS, Cerdá M, Keyes KM, Li G. Prescription drug monitoring programs and prescription opioid-related outcomes in the United States. Epidemiol Rev. 2020 Apr 3;42:134–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxaa002.
- McDonald DC, Carlson K, Izrael D. Geographic variation in opioid prescribing in the U.S. J Pain. 2012 Oct 1;13:988–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2012.07.007.
- Rolheiser LA, Cordes J, Subramanian SV. Opioid prescribing rates by congressional districts, United States, 2016. Am J Public Health. 2018 Jul 19;108:1214–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304532.
- Rudd RA, Aleshire N, Zibbell JE, Gladden RM. Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths — United States, 2000–2014. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;64:1378–82.doi:https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6450a3.
- Scholl L, Seth P, Kariisa M, Wilson N, Drug BG. Opioid-involved overdose deaths — United States, 2013–2017. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67:1419–27.
- Case Study: JQ. County-level responses to the opioid crisis in Northern Kentucky. J Law Med Ethics J Am Soc Law Med Ethics. 2018;46:382–86.
- Harm Reduction CT. Strategies for the opiod crisis. N C Med J. 2018 Jun;79:192–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.18043/ncm.79.3.192.
- Guy GP, Haegerich TM, Evans ME, Losby JL, Young R, Jones CM. Vital signs: pharmacy-based naloxone dispensing - United States, 2012-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Aug 9;68:679–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6831e1.
- Haffajee RL, Lin LA, Bohnert ASB, Goldstick JE. Characteristics of US counties with high opioid overdose mortality and low capacity to deliver medications for opioid use disorder. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 5;2: e196373. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6373.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Injury Center. Enhanced state opioid overdose surveillance [Internet]. 2019. [accessed 2020 Jul 8]. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/foa/state-opioid-mm.html.
- Powell D, Pacula RL, Taylor E. How increasing medical access to opioids contributes to the opioid epidemic: evidence from Medicare Part D. J Health Econ. 2020 May;1:102286. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.102286.
- Alpert A, Powell D, Pacula RL. Supply-side drug policy in the presence of substitutes: evidence from the introduction of abuse-deterrent opioids. Am Econ J Econ Policy. 2018 Nov;10:1–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20170082.
- Li G, Brady JE, Lang BH, Giglio J, Wunsch H, DiMaggio C. Prescription drug monitoring and drug overdose mortality. Inj Epidemiol. 2014 Apr 24;1:9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/2197-1714-1-9.
- Venkataramani AS, Bair EF, O’Brien RL, Tsai AC. Association between automotive assembly plant closures and opioid overdose mortality in the United States: a difference-in-differences analysis. JAMA Intern Med. [Internet]. 2019 Dec 30;180:254–62. [accessed 2020 Jan 14]. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2757788.
- Dowell D, Zhang K, Noonan RK, Hockenberry JM. Mandatory provider review and pain clinic laws reduce the amounts of opioids prescribed and overdose death rates. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016 Oct 1;35:1876–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0448.
- Warner M, Paulozzi LJ, Nolte KB, Davis GG, Nelson LS. State variation in certifying manner of death and drugs involved in drug intoxication deaths. Acad Forensic Pathol. 2013 Jun 1;3:231–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.23907/2013.029.
- Fischtein D, Cina SJ. Errors on death certificates requiring amendments: the broward county experience. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2011 Jun;32:146–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/PAF.0b013e31820c2ee6.
- Slavova S, Delcher C, Buchanich JM, Bunn TL, Goldberger BA, Costich JF. Methodological complexities in quantifying rates of fatal opioid-related overdose. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2019 Jun 1;6:263–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-019-00201-9.