Suicide and the opioid overdose crisis among American Indian and Alaska Natives: a storm on two fronts demanding swift action

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Wonder. 2019; [accessed 2019 Dec 17]. https://wonder.cdc.gov.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan EM, Annest JL, Simon TR, Luo F, Dahlberg LL. Suicide trends among persons aged 10–24 years—United States, 1994–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64:201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WISQARS (Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System)|Injury Center|CDC. 2019; [accessed 2019 Jul 29]. https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Allen J, Rasmus SM, Fok CCT, Charles B, Henry D. Multi-level cultural intervention for the prevention of suicide and alcohol use risk with Alaska Native youth: a nonrandomized comparison of treatment intensity. Prevent Sci. 2018;19:174–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmus SM, Charles B, Mohatt GV. Creating Qungasvik (a Yup’ik intervention “toolbox”): case examples from a community-developed and culturally-driven intervention. Am J Community Psychol. 2014;54:140–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-014-9651-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herne MA, Bartholomew ML, Weahkee RL. Suicide mortality among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1999–2009. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:S336–S342. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calcaterra S, Glanz J, Binswanger IA. National trends in pharmaceutical opioid related overdose deaths compared to other substance related overdose deaths: 1999–2009. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;131:263–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholl L, Seth P, Kariisa M, Wilson N, Baldwin G. Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths—United States, 2013–2017. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep. 2019;67:1419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeds SL. Beyond an Emergency Declaration: tribal Governments and the Opioid Crisis. U Kan L Rev. 2018;67:1013.
   Google Scholar
• Best AF, Haozous EA, De Gonzalez AB, Chernyavskiy P, Freedman ND, Hartge P, Thomas D, Rosenberg PS, Shiels MS. Premature mortality projections in the USA through 2030: a modelling study. Lancet Public Health. 2018;3:e374–e384. e374–e384. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30114-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underlying cause of death, 1999-2018 request form. [accessed 2020 Mar 31]. https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/datarequest/D76.
   Google Scholar
• Singer M, Bulled N, Ostrach B, Mendenhall E. Syndemics and the biosocial conception of health. Lancet. 2017;389:941–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguirre RT, Watts TD. Suicide and alcohol use among American Indians: toward a transactional–ecological framework. J Comp Soc Welfare. 2010;26:3–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17486830903391479.
   Google Scholar
• Fornili K. The opioid crisis, suicides, and related conditions: multiple clustered syndemics, not singular epidemics. J Addict Nurs. 2018;29:214–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/JAN.0000000000000240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcántara C, Gone JP. Reviewing suicide in native American communities: situating risk and protective factors within a transactional-ecological framework. Death Stud. 2007;31:457–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180701244587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keefe VM, Tucker RP, Cole AB, Hollingsworth DW, Wingate LR. Understanding indigenous suicide through a theoretical lens: a review of general, culturally-based, and indigenous frameworks. Transcult Psychiatry. 2018;55:775–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MYH BH, Chase J, Elkins J, Altschul DB. Historical trauma among indigenous peoples of the Americas: concepts, research, and clinical considerations. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2011;43:282–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockie TN, Dana-Sacco G, Wallen GR, Wilcox HC, Campbell JC. The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to PTSD, depression, poly-drug use and suicide attempt in reservation-based Native American adolescents and young adults. Am J Community Psychol. 2015;55:411–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohatt NV, Thompson AB, Thai ND, Tebes JK. Historical trauma as public narrative: a conceptual review of how history impacts present-day health. Soc Sci Med. 2014;106:128–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow A, Tingey L, Cwik M, Goklish N, Larzelere-Hinton F, Lee A, Suttle R, Mullany B, Walkup JT. Understanding the relationship between substance use and self-injury in American Indian youth. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2012;38:403–08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler MJ, Lalonde C. Cultural continuity as a hedge against suicide in Canada’s First Nations. Transcult Psychiatry. 1998;35:191–219. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/136346159803500202.
   Google Scholar
• Henry KL, McDonald JN, Oetting ER, Silk Walker P, Walker RD, Beauvais F. Age of onset of first alcohol intoxication and subsequent alcohol use among urban American Indian adolescents. Psychol Addict Behav. 2011;25:48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grattan A, Sullivan MD, Saunders KW, Campbell CI, Von Korff MR. Depression and prescription opioid misuse among chronic opioid therapy recipients with no history of substance abuse. Ann Family Med. 2012;10:304–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fields HL. Understanding how opioids contribute to reward and analgesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:242–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rapm.2007.01.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conner A, Azrael D, Miller M. Suicide Case-Fatality Rates in the United States, 2007 to 2014. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171:885–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-1324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestadt PS, Triplett P, Fowler DR, Mojtabai R. Urban–Rural differences in suicide in the state of Maryland: the role of firearms. Am J Public Health. 2017;107:1548–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell I, Arthur AJ, Farmer RDJ. A follow-up study of attempted railway suicides. Soc Sci Med. 1994;38:437–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90444-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joiner T. Why people die by suicide. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Berlin IN. Prevention of adolescent suicide among some Native American tribes. Adolesc Psychiatr. 1985;12:77–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanich J, Teasdale B. Suicide ideation among adolescent American Indians: an application of general strain theory. Deviant Behav. 2017;0:1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Tribal leaders toolkit addiction task force: strengthening our nations 2018. Washingtoon D.C.: National Congress of American Indian; 2018 [accessed 2021 Apr 6]. https://www.ncai.org/initiatives/Addiction_Tribal_Leader_Toolkit_FINAL.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cwik MF, Barlow A, Goklish N, Larzelere-Hinton F, Tingey L, Craig M, Lupe R, Walkup J. Community-based surveillance and case management for suicide prevention: an American Indian tribally initiated system. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:e18–e23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venner KL, Donovan DM, Campbell AN, Wendt DC, Rieckmann T, Radin SM, Momper SL, Rosa CL. Future directions for medication assisted treatment for opioid use disorder with American Indian/Alaska Natives. Addict Behav. 2018;86:111–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawk K, D’Onofrio G. Emergency department screening and interventions for substance use disorders. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2018;13:1–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-018-0117-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanich JD, Mousseau AC, Walls M, Whitbeck L, Whitesell NR. Pathways of adaptation: two case studies with one evidence-based substance use prevention program tailored for indigenous youth. Prevent Sci. 2020;21:43–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cwik MF, Tingey L, Maschino A, Goklish N, Larzelere-Hinton F, Walkup J, Barlow A. Decreases in suicide deaths and attempts linked to the White Mountain Apache suicide surveillance and prevention system, 2001–2012. Am J Public Health. 2016;106:2183–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wexler L, Rataj S, Ivanich J, Plavin J, Mullany A, Moto R, Kirk T, Goldwater E, Johnson R, Dombrowski K, et al. Community mobilization for rural suicide prevention: process, learning and behavioral outcomes from Promoting Community Conversations About Research to End Suicide (PC CARES) in Northwest Alaska. Soc Sci Med. 2019;232:398–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey LM, Hunt QA. Treatment for suicidal thoughts and behavior: a review of family-based interventions. J Marital Fam Ther. 2018;44:107–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumpfer KL, Alvarado R, Whiteside HO. Family-based interventions for substance use and misuse prevention. Subst Use Misuse. 2003;38:1759–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120024240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow A, Mullany B, Neault N, Goklish N, Billy T, Hastings R, Lorenzo S, Kee C, Lake K, Redmond C, et al. Paraprofessional-delivered home-visiting intervention for American Indian teen mothers and children: 3-year outcomes from a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatr. 2015;172:154–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inter-Tribal Council of Michigan, Inc. [accessed 2020 Mar 3]. http://www.itcmi.org/.
   Google Scholar
• IHS Implements Groundbreaking New Policy Regarding Opioid Prescribing | July 2016 Blogs. Newsroom. 2016; [accessed 2021 Apr 6]. https://www.ihs.gov/newsroom/ihs-blog/july2016/ihs-implements-groundbreaking-new-policy-regarding-opioid-prescribing/.
   Google Scholar
• Warne D, Frizzell LB. American Indian health policy: historical trends and contemporary issues. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:S263–S267. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Indian health service profile: 2015-2019 data. Rockville, MD: Indian Health Service;.
   Google Scholar
• NCAI Resolutions | NCAI. [accessed 2020 May 1]. http://www.ncai.org/resources/resolutions-home?category_child_id=&category_id=&keyword=veterans&page=2&resource_state_id=&search_mode=search&submit=Search&utf8=%E2%9C%93&year=.
   Google Scholar
• Oluwoye O, Kriegel LS, Alcover KC, Hirchak K, Amiri S. Racial and ethnic differences in alcohol-, opioid-, and co-use-related deaths in Washington State from 2011 to 2017. Addict Behav Rep. 2020;12:100316.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar