Chronic pain and delinquency partially explain the effect of the DRD4 gene polymorphism on adult substance use

References

• Dick DM, Bierut LJ. The genetics of alcohol dependence. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006;8:151–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-006-0015-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gelernter J, Kranzler HR. Genetics of alcohol dependence. Hum Genet. 2009;126:91–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-009-0701-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J Mistry C, Bawor M, Desai D, C Marsh D, Samaan Z. Genetics of opioid dependence: a review of the genetic contribution to opioid dependence. Curr Psychiatry Rev. 2014;10:156–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/1573400510666140320000928.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adinoff B. Neurobiologic processes in drug reward and addiction. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2004;12:305–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10673220490910844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi J, Hui L, Xu Y, Wang F, Huang W, Hu G. Sequence variations in the mu‐opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) associated with human addiction to heroin. Hum Mutat. 2002;19:459–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.9026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruchkin V, Koposov R, Oreland L, af Klinteberg B, Grigorenko EL. Dopamine-related receptors, substance dependence, behavioral problems and personality among juvenile delinquents. Pers Individ Dif. 2020;169:109849.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laucht M, Becker K, Frank J, Schmidt MH, Esser G, Treutlein J, Skowronek MH, Schumann G. Genetic variation in dopamine pathways differentially associated with smoking progression in adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47:673–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobadilla L, Vaske J, Asberg K. Dopamine receptor (D4) polymorphism is related to comorbidity between marijuana abuse and depression. Addict Behav. 2013;38:2555–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.05.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeYoung CG, Peterson JB, Séguin JR, Mejia JM, Pihl RO, Beitchman JH, Jain U, Tremblay RE, Kennedy JL, Palmour RM, et al. The dopamine D4 receptor gene and moderation of the association between externalizing behavior and IQ. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:1410–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schinka J, Letsch E, Crawford F. DRD4 and novelty seeking: results of meta‐analyses. Am J Med Genet. 2002;114:643–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.10649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone SV, Doyle AE, Mick E, Biederman J. Meta-analysis of the association between the 7-repeat allele of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:1052–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.7.1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikangas KR, Avenevoli S. Implications of genetic epidemiology for the prevention of substance use disorders. Addict Behav. 2000;25:807–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(00)00129-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trucco EM, Cope LM, Burmeister M, Zucker RA, Heitzeg MM. Pathways to youth behavior: the role of genetic, neural, and behavioral markers. J Res Adolesc. 2018;28:26–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trucco EM, Hicks BM, Villafuerte S, Nigg JT, Burmeister M, Zucker RA. Temperament and externalizing behavior as mediators of genetic risk on adolescent substance use. J Abnorm Psychol. 2016;125:565. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trucco EM, Villafuerte S, Hussong A, Burmeister M, Zucker RA. Biological underpinnings of an internalizing pathway to alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. J Abnorm Psychol. 2018;127:79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marceau K, Brick LA, Knopik VS, Reijneveld S. Developmental pathways from genetic, prenatal, parenting and emotional/behavioral risk to cortisol reactivity and adolescent substance use: a TRAILS study. J Youth Adolesc. 2020;49:17–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01142-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolen A, Whitsel EA, Tabor J, Killeya-Jones LA, Cuthbertson CC, Hussey JM, Halpern CT, Harris KM. Add Health Wave IV Documentation Report: candidate Genes. Technical Report, National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Van Tol HH, Wu CM, Guan HC, Ohara K, Bunzow JR, Civelli O, Kennedy J, Seeman P, Niznik HB, Jovanovic V. Multiple dopamine D4 receptor variants in the human population. Nature. 1992;358:149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding Y-C, Chi H-C, Grady DL, Morishima A, Kidd JR, Kidd KK, Flodman P, Spence MA, Schuck S, Swanson JM, et al. Evidence of positive selection acting at the human dopamine receptor D4 gene locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2002;99:309–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunbridge EM, Narajos M, Harrison CH, Beresford C, Cipriani A, Harrison PJ. Which dopamine polymorphisms are functional? Systematic review and meta-analysis of COMT, DAT, DBH, DDC, DRD1–5, MAOA, MAOB, TH, VMAT1, and VMAT2. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;86:608–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lusher J, Ebersole L, Ball D. Dopamine D4 receptor gene and severity of dependence. Addict Biol. 2000;5:469–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2000.tb00217.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aneiros-Guerrero A, Lendinez AM, Palomares AR, Perez-Nevot B, Aguado L, Mayor-Olea A, Ruiz-Galdon M, Reyes-Engel A. Genetic polymorphisms in folate pathway enzymes, DRD4 and GSTM1 are related to temporomandibular disorder. BMC Med Genet. 2011;12:75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dan B, Hagit C, Lily N, Ebstein R. An association between fibromyalgia and the dopamine D4 receptor exon III repeat polymorphism and relationship to novelty seeking personality traits. Mol Psychiatry. 2004;9:730–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li D, Sham PC, Owen MJ, He L. Meta-analysis shows significant association between dopamine system genes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Hum Mol Genet. 2006;15:2276–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddl152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino C, Vanzin L, Giorda R, Frigerio A, Lorusso ML, Nobile M, Molteni M, Battaglia M. An assessment of transmission disequilibrium between quantitative measures of childhood problem behaviors and DRD2/Taql and DRD4/48bp-repeat polymorphisms. Behav Genet. 2004;34:495–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Propper C, Willoughby M, Halpern C, Carbone M, Cox M. Parenting quality, DRD4, and the prediction of externalizing and internalizing behaviors in early childhood. Dev Psychobiol. 2007;49:619–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capaldi DM, Tiberio SS, Pears KC, Kerr DC, Owen LD. Intergenerational associations in physical maltreatment: examination of mediation by delinquency and substance use, and moderated mediation by anger. Dev Psychopathol. 2019;31:73–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579418001529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Højsted J, Sjøgren P. Addiction to opioids in chronic pain patients: a literature review. Eur J Pain. 2007;11:490–518. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.08.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tetsunaga T, Tetsunaga T, Nishida K, Kanzaki H, Misawa H, Takigawa T, Shiozaki Y, Ozaki T. Drug dependence in patients with chronic pain: a retrospective study. Medicine. 2018;97:e12748.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morasco BJ, Dobscha SK. Prescription medication misuse and substance use disorder in VA primary care patients with chronic pain. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2008;30:93–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.12.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett K, Chang YP. Behavioral interventions targeting chronic pain, depression, and substance use disorder in primary care. J Nurs Scholarship. 2016;48:345–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varni J. Pediatric pain: a decade biobehavioral perspective. Behav Therapist. 1995;18:65–65.
   Google Scholar
• Vetter TR, McGwin G Jr, Bridgewater CL, Madan-Swain A, Ascherman LI. Validation and clinical application of a biopsychosocial model of pain intensity and functional disability in patients with a pediatric chronic pain condition referred to a subspecialty clinic. Pain Res Treat. 2013;2013:1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/143292.
   Google Scholar
• Compas BE, Jaser SS, Dunn MJ, Rodriguez EM. Coping with chronic illness in childhood and adolescence. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2012;8:455–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virtanen R, Aromaa M, Koskenvuo M, Sillanpää M, Pulkkinen L, Metsähonkala L, Suominen S, Rose RJ, Helenius H, Kaprio J. Externalizing problem behaviors and headache: a follow-up study of adolescent Finnish twins. Pediatrics. 2004;114:981–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackman JA, Gurka MJ, Gurka KK, Oliver MN. Emotional, developmental and behavioural co‐morbidities of children with chronic health conditions. J Paediatr Child Health. 2011;47:742–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02044.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinquart M, Shen Y. Behavior problems in children and adolescents with chronic physical illness: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr Psychol. 2011;36:1003–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsr042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan J, Li R. Statistical challenges with high dimensionality: feature selection in knowledge discovery. arXiv preprint math/0602133. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Donoho D, Jin J. Higher criticism for detecting sparse heterogeneous mixtures. Ann Stat. 2004;32:962–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1214/009053604000000265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron B. Large-scale simultaneous hypothesis testing: the choice of a null hypothesis. J Am Stat Assoc. 2004;99:96–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1198/016214504000000089.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen P, Jacobson KC. Developmental trajectories of substance use from early adolescence to young adulthood: gender and racial/ethnic differences. J Adolesc Health. 2012;50:154–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.05.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoltenberg SF, Batien BD, Birgenheir DG. Does gender moderate associations among impulsivity and health-risk behaviors? Addict Behav. 2008;33:252–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.09.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott CA. Sex differences in the genetic risk foralcoholism. Alcohol Res Health. 2002;26:264–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miles DR, van den Bree MB, Pickens RW. Sex differences in shared genetic and environmental influences between conduct disorder symptoms and marijuana use in adolescents. Am J Med Genet. 2002;114:159–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.10178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hines LA, Morley KI, Mackie C, Lynskey M. Genetic and environmental interplay in adolescent substance use disorders. Curr Addic Rep. 2015;2:122–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0049-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reif A, Rösler M, Freitag CM, Schneider M, Eujen A, Kissling C, Wenzler D, Jacob CP, Retz-Junginger P, Thome J, et al. Nature and nurture predispose to violent behavior: serotonergic genes and adverse childhood environment. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;32:2375–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stogner JM, Gibson CL. Stressful life events and adolescent drug use: moderating influences of the MAOA gene. J Crim Justice. 2013;41:357–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2013.06.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen P, Chantala K. Guidelines for analyzing Add Health data. Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 2014. p.1–53.
   Google Scholar
• Harris KM. The add health study: design and accomplishments. National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51:1173. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang JJ, Trucco EM, Lin H-C, Buu A. A statistical method for identifying parallel and sequential mediators with applications in mental health (unpublished manuscript). 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Purcell S. Variance components models for gene–environment interaction in twin analysis. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2002;5:554–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1375/136905202762342026.
   Google Scholar
• Qian A, Tao J, Wang X, Liu H, Ji L, Yang C, Ye Q, Chen C, Li J, Cheng J, et al. Effects of the 2-repeat allele of the DRD4 gene on neural networks associated with the prefrontal cortex in children with ADHD. Front Hum Neurosci. 2018;12:279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reist C, Ozdemir V, Wang E, Hashemzadeh M, Mee S, Moyzis R. Novelty seeking and the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) revisited in Asians: haplotype characterization and relevance of the 2‐repeat allele. Am J Med Genet Part B. 2007;144:453–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30473.
   Google Scholar
• Leung PW, Lee CC, Hung SF, Ho TP, Tang CP, Kwong SL, Leung SY, Yuen ST, Lieh‐Mak F, Oosterlaan J, et al. Dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene in Han Chinese children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): increased prevalence of the 2-repeat allele. Am J Med Genet Part B. 2005;133:54–56.
   Google Scholar
• Tovo-Rodrigues L, Rohde L, Roman T, Schmitz M, Polanczyk G, Zeni C, Marques FZC, Contini V, Grevet EH, Belmonte-de-Abreu P, et al. Is there a role for rare variants in DRD4 gene in the susceptibility for ADHD? Searching for an effect of allelic heterogeneity. Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17:520–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe DC, Stever C, Giedinghagen LN, Gard JM, Cleveland HH, Terris ST, Mohr JH, Sherman S, Abramowitz A, Waldman ID. Dopamine DRD4 receptor polymorphism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 1998;3:419–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang F-M, Kidd JR, Livak KJ, Pakstis AJ, Kidd KK. The world-wide distribution of allele frequencies at the human dopamine D4 receptor locus. Hum Genet. 1996;98:91–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s004390050166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SS, Humphreys KL, Flory K, Liu R, Glass K. Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31:328–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina BS, Pelham WE Jr. Childhood predictors of adolescent substance use in a longitudinal study of children with ADHD. J Abnorm Psychol. 2003;112:497. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E, Milberger S, Spencer TJ, Faraone SV. Psychoactive substance use disorders in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): effects of ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:1652–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stinson JN, Lalloo C, Harris L, Isaac L, Campbell F, Brown S, Ruskin D, Gordon A, Galonski M, Pink LR, et al. iCanCope with Pain™: user-Centred Design of a Web- and mobile-based self-management program for youth with chronic pain based on identified health care needs. Pain Res Manage. 2014;19:257–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hechler T, Dobe M, Kosfelder J, Damschen U, Hübner B, Blankenburg M, Sauer C, Zernikow B. Effectiveness of a 3-week multimodal inpatient pain treatment for adolescents suffering from chronic pain: statistical and clinical significance. Clin J Pain. 2009;25:156–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milburn NG, Iribarren FJ, Rice E, Lightfoot M, Solorio R, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Desmond K, Lee A, Alexander K, Maresca K, et al. A family intervention to reduce sexual risk behavior, substance use, and delinquency among newly homeless youth. J Adolesc Health. 2012;50:358–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenson AB, Wiemann CM, McCombs S. Exposure to violence and associated health-risk behaviors among adolescent girls. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155:1238–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.155.11.1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voisin DR, Bird JD, Hardestry M, Shiu CS. African American adolescents living and coping with community violence on Chicago’s Southside. J Interpers Violence. 2011;26:2483–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510383029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan TN, Kung EM, Farrell AD. Relation between witnessing violence and drug use initiation among rural adolescents: parental monitoring and family support as protective factors. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2004;33:488–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3303_6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kliewer W, Murrelle L, Prom E, Ramirez M, Obando P, Sandi L, del Carmen Karenkeris M. Violence exposure and drug use in Central American youth: family cohesion and parental monitoring as protective factors. J Res Adolesc. 2006;16:455–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura M, Higuchi S. Genetics of alcohol dependence. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011;65:213–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02190.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookes K. The VNTR in complex disorders: the forgotten polymorphisms? A functional way forward? Genomics. 2013;101:273–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2013.03.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar