Kratom use as more than a “self-treatment”

References

• Boyer EW, Babu KM, Adkins JE, McCurdy CR, Halpern JH.Self-Treatment of opioid withdrawal using kratom (Mitragynia speciosa korth). Addiction. 2008;103:1048–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer EW, Babu KM, Macalino GE.Self-Treatment of opioid withdrawal with a dietary supplement. Kratom Am J Addict. 2007;16:352–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundmann O. Patterns of kratom use and health impact in the US-Results from an online survey. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;176:63–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [accessed 2021 November 2]. https://legislativeanalysis.org/regulation-of-kratom-in-america/
   Google Scholar
• Smith KE, Lawson T. Prevalence and motivations for kratom use in a sample of substance users enrolled in a residential treatment program. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;180:340–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swogger MT, Hart E, Erowid F, Erowid E, Trabold N, Yee K, Parkhurst KA, Priddy BM, Walsh Z.Experiences of kratom users: a qualitative analysis. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2015;47:360–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bath R, Bucholz T, Buros AF, Singh D, Smith KE, Veltri CA, Grundmann O.Self-Reported health diagnoses and demographic correlates with kratom use: results from an online survey. J Addict Med. 2020;14:244–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe MA, Pillitteri JL, Sembower MA, Gerlach KK, Henningfield JE. Kratom as a substitute for opioids: results from an online survey. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;202:24–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Romeu A, Cox DJ, Smith KE, Dunn KE, Griffiths RR. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): user demographics, use patterns, and implications for the opioid epidemic. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;208:107849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swogger MT, Walsh Z. Kratom use and mental health: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;183:134–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh D, Narayanan S, Muller CP, Swogger MT, Chear NJY, Dzulkapli EB, Yusoff NSM, Ramachandram DS, Leon F, McCurdy CR, et al. Motives for using kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) among regular users in Malaysia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;233:34–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh D, Narayanan S, Vicknasingam B.Traditional and non-traditional uses of Mitragynine (kratom): a survey of the literature. Brain Res Bull. 2016;126:41–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh D, Narayanan S, Vicknasingam B, Prozialeck WC, Smith KE, Corazza O, Henningfield JE, Grundmann O. The use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) among people who co-use heroin and methamphetamine in Malaysia. J Addict Med. 2021;16:223-22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh D, Yeou Chear NJ, Narayanan S, Leon F, Sharma A, McCurdy CR, Avery BA, Balasingam V. Patterns and reasons for kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use among current and former opioid poly-drug users. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;249:112462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saingam D, Assanangkornchai S, Geater AF, Balthip Q.Pattern and consequences of krathom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use among male villagers in Southern Thailand: a qualitative study. Int J Drug Policy. 2013;24:351–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith KE, Rogers JM, Schriefer D, Grundmann O. Therapeutic benefit with caveats?: analyzing social media data to understand the complexities of kratom use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;226:108879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith KE, Dunn KE, Grundmann O, Garcia-Romeu A, Rogers JM, Swogger MT, Epstein DH. Social, psychological, and substance use characteristics of US adults who use kratom: initial findings from an online, crowdsourced study. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2021;21:283–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicknasingam B, Narayanan S, Beng GT, Mansor SM.The informal use of ketum (Mitragyna speciosa) for opioid withdrawal in the northern states of peninsular Malaysia and implications for drug substitution therapy. Int J Drug Policy. 2010;21:283–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundmann O, Veltri CA, Morcos D, Knightes D, Smith KE, Rogers JM. How essential is kratom availability and use during Covid-19? Use pattern analysis based on survey and social media data. Subst Abus. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Prevete E, Hupli A, Marrinan S, Singh D, D’-Udine B, Bersani G, Kuypers K, Ramaekers J, Corazza O. Exploring the use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) via the YouTube data tool: a novel netnographic analysis. Emerging Trends in Drugs, Addictions, and Health. 2021;1:100007.doi:10.1016/j.etdah.2021.100007.
   Google Scholar
• Smith KE, Rogers JM, Strickland JC, Epstein DH.When an obscurity becomes trend: social-media descriptions of tianeptine use and associated atypical drug use. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2021;47:455–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler J, Shapiro D. Conducting clinical research using crowdsourced convenience samples. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2016;12:53–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller JD, Crowe M, Weiss B, Maples-Keller JL, Lynam DR.Using online, crowdsourcing platforms for data collection in personality disorder research: the example of amazon’s mechanical turk. Personal Disord. 2017;8:26–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mortensen K, Hughes TL.Comparing amazon’s mechanical turk platform to conventional data collection methods in the health and medical research literature. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33:533–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peer E, Vosgerau J, Acquisti A.Reputation as a sufficient condition for data quality on amazon mechanical turk. Behav Res Methods. 2014;46:1023–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shank DB.Using crowdsourcing websites for sociological research: the case of amazon mechanical turk. Am Sociol. 2016;47:47–55.doi:10.1007/s12108-015-9266-9.
   Google Scholar
• Sheehan KB.Crowdsourcing research: data collection with amazon’s mechanical turk. Commun Monogr. 2018;85:140–56.doi:10.1080/03637751.2017.1342043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strickland JC, Lile JA, Stoops WW. Unique prediction of cannabis use severity and behaviors by delay discounting and behavioral economic demand. Behav Processes. 2017;140:33–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strickland JC, Stoops WW.Utilizing content-knowledge questionnaires to assess study eligibility and detect deceptive responding. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2020;46:149–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruegel AC, Grundmann O.The medicinal chemistry and neuropharmacology of kratom: a preliminary discussion of a promising medicinal plant and analysis of its potential for abuse. Neuropharmacology. 2018;134:108–20.doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundmann O, Babin JK, Henningfield JE, Garcia-Romeu A, Kruegel AC, Prozialeck WC, Raffa RB, Singh D, Smith KE.kratom use in the United States: a diverse and complex profile. Addiction. 2021;116:202–03.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henningfield JE, Fant RV, Wang DW.The abuse potential of kratom according the 8 factors of the controlled substances act: implications for regulation and research. Psychopharmacology. 2018;235:573–89.doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4813-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers JM, Smith KE, Strickland JC, Epstein DH. Kratom use in the US: both a regional phenomenon and a white middle-class phenomenon? Evidence from NSDUH 2019 and an online convenience sample. Frontiers in Phamacology. 2021;12:3551.
   Google Scholar
• Swogger M, Smith K, Garcia-Romeu A, Grundmann O, Veltri C, Henningfield J, Busch L. Understanding kratom use: a guide for healthcare providers. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar