The prevalence of alcohol use and risky driving practises among individuals who consume sedatives nonmedically: findings from the NESARC-III

References

• World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety 2018 [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 [accessed 2020 Feb 6]. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565684.
   Google Scholar
• Xu J, Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Tejada-Vera B. National Vital Statistics Report [Internet]. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2010 [accessed 2022 Mar 18]. p. 135. Report No.: 19. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr58/nvsr58_19.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Brady JE, Li G. Trends in alcohol and other drugs detected in fatally injured drivers in the United States, 1999-2010. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;179:692–99. doi:10.1093/aje/kwt327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berning A, Compton R, Wochinger K. Results of the 2013–2014 national roadside survey of alcohol and drug use by drivers. J Drug Addict Educ Erad. 2015;11:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Christophersen AS, Mørland J, Stewart K, Gjerde H. International trends in alcohol and drug use among motor vehicle drivers. Forensic Sci Rev. 2016;28:38–66.
   Google Scholar
• Azagba S, Latham K, Shan L, Qeadan F. Positive drug test trends in fatally-injured drivers in the United States from 2007 to 2017. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2019;14:1–10. doi:10.1186/s13011-019-0228-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweetman SM. The complete drug reference. Martindale complete drug ref. 36th ed. London: Pharmaceuticale Press; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Bachhuber MA, Hennessy S, Cunningham CO, Starrels JL. Increasing benzodiazepine prescriptions and overdose mortality in the United States, 1996–2013. Am J Public Health. 2016;106:686–88. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santo L, Rui P, Ashman JJ Physician office visits at which benzodiazepines were prescribed: findings from 2014–2016 national ambulatory medical care survey. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2020. p. 16. Report No.: 137.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Non-Medical use of pharmaceuticals: trends, harms and treatment 2006-07 to 2015-16. [Internet]. Canberra: AIHW; 2017 [accessed 2019 Aug 11]. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/non-medical-use-pharmaceuticals/contents/table-of-contents.
   Google Scholar
• Schepis TS, Teter CJ, Simoni-Wastila L, McCabe SE. Prescription tranquilizer/sedative misuse prevalence and correlates across age cohorts in the US. Addict Behav. 2018;87:24–32. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.06.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin RD, Hasin DS. Sedative use and misuse in the United States. Addiction. 2002;97:555–62. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00098.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brett J, Murnion B. Management of benzodiazepine misuse and dependence. Aust Prescr. 2015;38:152–55. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2015.055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjerde H, Strand MC, Mørland J. Driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs--an update part I: epidemiological studies. Forensic Sci Rev. 2015;27:89–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernhoft IM, Hels T, Lyckegaard A, Houwing S, Verstraete AG. Prevalence and risk of injury in Europe by driving with alcohol, illicit drugs and medicines. Procedia - Soc Behav Sci. 2012;48:2907–16. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.1259.
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell H, Dubois S, Weaver B, Bédard M. The additive effects of alcohol and benzodiazepines on driving. Can J Public Health. 2010;101:353–57. doi:10.1007/BF03404852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogden EJD, Moskowitz H. Effects of alcohol and other drugs on driver performance. Traffic Inj Prev. 2004;5:185–98. doi:10.1080/15389580490465201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankenau SE, Sanders B, Bloom JJ, Hathazi DS, Alarcon E, Tortu S, Clatts M. Prevalence and patterns of prescription drug misuse among young ketamine injectors. J Drug Issues. 2007;37:717–35. doi:10.1177/002204260703700311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy É, Arruda N, Jutras-Aswad D, Berbiche D, Motta-Ochoa R, Bruneau J. Tranquilizer misuse among active cocaine users: predictors of initiation: Initiation of tranquilizer misuse. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2018;37:520–26. doi:10.1111/dar.12666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Votaw VR, Witkiewitz K, Valeri L, Bogunovic O, McHugh RK. Nonmedical prescription sedative/tranquilizer use in alcohol and opioid use disorders. Addict Behav. 2019;88:48–55. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.08.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh RK, Geyer R, Karakula S, Griffin ML, Weiss RD. Nonmedical benzodiazepine use in adults with alcohol use disorder: the role of anxiety sensitivity and polysubstance use: benzodiazepine misuse. Am J Addict. 2018;27:485–90. doi:10.1111/ajad.12765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edlund MJ. Who seeks care where? Utilization of mental health and substance use disorder treatment in two national samples of individuals with alcohol use disorders. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2012;73:635–46. doi:10.15288/jsad.2012.73.635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longo MC, Hunter CE, Lokan RJ, White JM, White MA. The prevalence of alcohol, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and stimulants amongst injured drivers and their role in driver culpability part II: the relationship between drug prevalence and drug concentration, and driver culpability. Accid Anal Prev. 2000;32:623–632. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(99)00110-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augsburger M, Rivier L. Drugs and alcohol among suspected impaired drivers in Canton de Vaud (Switzerland). Forensic Sci Int. 1997;85:95–104. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(96)02084-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karjalainen KK, Lintonen TP, Impinen AO, Lillsunde PM, Ostamo AI. Poly-Drug findings in drugged driving cases during 1977–2007. J Subst Use. 2010;15:143–56. doi:10.3109/14659890903271608.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour A, Oliver JS. Role of drugs and alcohol in impaired drivers and fatally injured drivers in the Strathclyde police region of Scotland, 1995–1998. Forensic Sci Int. 1999;103:89–100. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(99)00061-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skurtveit S, Abotnes B, Christophersen AS. Drugged drivers in Norway with benzodiazepine detections. Forensic Sci Int. 2002;125:75–82. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(01)00623-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldock M, Lindsay T. Illicit drugs are now more common than alcohol among South Australian crash-involved drivers and riders. Traffic Inj Prev. 2020;21:1–6. doi:10.1080/15389588.2020.1712715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aitken B, Hayley AC, Downey LA. The combined effects of alcohol and benzodiazepines on driving-related neurocognitive skills: a systematic review. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2021;82:553–63. doi:10.15288/jsad.2021.82.553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Smith SM, Jung J, Zhang H, Chou SP, Pickering RP, Ruan WJ, Huang B, Saha TD, et al. The alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule-5 (AUDADIS-5): reliability of substance use and psychiatric disorder modules in a general population sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;148:27–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehm J, Marmet S, Anderson P, Gual A, Kraus L, Nutt DJ, Room R, Samokhvalov AV, Scafato E, Trapencieris M, et al. Defining substance use disorders: do we really need more than heavy use? Alcohol Alcohol. 2013;48:633–40. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agt127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association, editor. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. 5th ed. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Garrisson H, Scholey A, Ogden E, Benson S. The effects of alcohol intoxication on cognitive functions critical for driving: a systematic review. Accid Anal Prev. 2021;154:106052. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2021.106052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. IBM SPSS statistics for windows. Armonk, NY: IBM; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Conway KP, Compton W, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Lifetime comorbidity of DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders and specific drug use disorders: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:247–58. doi:10.4088/JCP.v67n0211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott-Parker B, Watson B, King MJ. Understanding the psychosocial factors influencing the risky behaviour of young drivers. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2009;12:470–82. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2009.08.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Votaw VR, Geyer R, Rieselbach MM, McHugh RK. The epidemiology of benzodiazepine misuse: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;200:95–114. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stinson FS, Grant BF, Dawson DA, Ruan WJ, Huang B, Saha T. Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol and specific drug use disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;80:105–16. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.03.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dassanayake T, Michie P, Carter G, Jones A. Effects of benzodiazepines, antidepressants and opioids on driving: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological and experimental evidence. Drug Saf. 2011;34:125–56. doi:10.2165/11539050-000000000-00000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin C, Iudakhina E, Desbrow B, McCartney D. Effects of acute alcohol consumption on measures of simulated driving: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Accid Anal Prev. 2017;102:248–66. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legrand S-A, Gjerde H, Isalberti C, Van der Linden T, Lillsunde P, Dias MJ, Gustafsson S, Ceder G, Verstraete AG. Prevalence of alcohol, illicit drugs and psychoactive medicines in killed drivers in four European countries. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2014;21:17–28. doi:10.1080/17457300.2012.748809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummer OH, Yap S. The involvement of prescribed drugs in road trauma. Forensic Sci Int. 2016;265:17–21. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EuroSafe. Injuries in the European Union: summary of injury statistics for the years 2008-2019. Amsterdam: EuroSafe; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang H, Livingston M, Manton E. The effects of random breath testing and lowering the minimum legal drinking age on traffic fatalities in Australian states. Inj Prev. 2015;21:77–83. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department for Transport U. Changes to drug driving law [internet]. GOV.UK. 2017 [accessed 2020 May 10]. https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/drug-driving#table-of-drugs-and-limits.
   Google Scholar
• Papoutsis I, Khraiwesh A, Nikolaou P, Spiliopoulou C, Athanaselis S. Benzodiazepines and driving: pharmacological and legal aspects. Eur J Forensic Sci. 2016;3:26–34. doi:10.5455/ejfs.192042.
   Google Scholar
• Hayley AC, Shiferaw B, Aitken B, Vinckenbosch F, Brown TL, Downey LA. Driver monitoring systems (DMS): the future of impaired driving management? Traffic Inj Prev. 2021;1–9. doi:10.1080/15389588.2021.1899164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey LA, Hayley AC. Prescription medication use and crash risk: taking responsibility for a new global challenge. Lancet Public Health. 2021;6:e349–e350. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00045-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar