References
- Ahmad FB, Cisewski JA, Rossen LM, Sutton P. Provisional drug overdose death counts. National Center for Health Statistics. 2022. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP21-07-01-003, NSDUH Series H-56). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2021. Available at: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). U.S overdose deaths in 2021 increased half as much in 2020- but are Still Up 15%. National Center for Health Statistics. 2022 May 11. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2022/202205.htm.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-41, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 11-4658. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2011.
- Suba C, Lieberman A, Davis C. Laws limiting the prescribing or dispensing of opioids for acute pain in the United States: a national systematic legal review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018;194:166–72. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.022.
- Broaddus M, Bailey P, Aron-Dine A. Medicaid expansion dramatically increased coverage for people with opioid-use disorders, latest data show. Washington, DC: Center Budget Policy Priorities. 2018 Feb 28. Available at: https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/medicaid-expansion-dramatically-increased-coverage-for-people-with-opioid-use.
- Tofighi B, Williams AR, Chemi C, Suhail-Sindhu S, Dickson V, Lee JD. Patient barriers and facilitators to medications for opioid use disorder in primary care. Subst Use Misuse 2019 Dec 6;54:2409–19. doi:10.1080/10826084.2019.1653324.
- Farhoudian A, Razaghi E, Hooshyari Z, Noroozi A, Pilevari A, Mokri A, Mohammadi MR, Malekinejad M. Barriers and facilitators to substance use disorder treatment: an overview of systematic reviews. Subst Abuse 2022 Aug;16:11782218221118462. doi:10.1177/11782218221118462.
- Elms N, Link K, Newman A, Brogly SB. Need for women-centered treatment for substance use disorders: results from focus group discussions. Harm Reduct J 2018 Dec;15:1–8. doi:10.1186/s12954-018-0247-5.
- Haffajee RL, Bohnert AS, Lagisetty PA. Policy pathways to address provider workforce barriers to buprenorphine treatment. Am J Prev Med 2018 Jun 1;54:S230–42. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.12.022.
- Mendoza S, Rivera-Cabrero AS, Hansen H. Shifting blame: buprenorphine prescribers, addiction treatment, and prescription monitoring in middle-class America. Transcult Psychiatry 2016 Aug;53:465–87. doi:10.1177/1363461516660884.
- Netherland J, Botsko M, Egan JE, Saxon AJ, Cunningham CO, Finkelstein R, Gourevitch MN, Renner JA, Sohler N, Sullivan LE, et al. Factors affecting willingness to provide buprenorphine treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2009 Apr 1;36:244–51. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2008.06.006.
- Substance Use and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA). Enhancing motivation for change in substance use disorder treatment. 2019. Available at: https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/tip35_final_508_compliant_-_02252020_0.pdf.
- Marlatt GA. Harm reduction: come as you are. Addict Behav 1996 Nov 1;21:779–88. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(96)00042-1.
- National Harm Reduction Coalition. Principles of Harm Reduction. 2021. Available at: https://harmreduction.org/about-us/principles-of-harm-reduction/.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U.S DHHS). Harm reduction. Overdose Prevention Strategy. 2022. Available at: https://www.hhs.gov/overdose-prevention/harm-reduction#objective-2-2.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Faqs about the new buprenorphine practice guidelines. 2022 Mar 3. Available from: https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/become-buprenorphine-waivered-practitioner/new-practice-guidelines-faqs.
- Franz B, Cronin CE, Pagan JA. What strategies are hospitals adopting to address the opioid epidemic? Evidence from a national sample of nonprofit hospitals. Public Health Rep 2021 Mar;136:228–38. doi:10.1177/0033354920968805.
- Simon R, Snow R, Wakeman S. Understanding why patients with substance use disorders leave the hospital against medical advice: a qualitative study. Subst abuse 2020 Oct 1;41:519–25. doi:10.1080/08897077.2019.1671942.
- Ti L. Leaving the hospital against medical advice among people who use illicit drugs: a systematic review. Am J Public Health 2015 Dec;105:e53–9. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302885.
- Schuller KA, Franz B, Cronin CE. Patient characteristics affect discharge status for opioid-related infective endocarditis. Med Care 2020 Jan 19;58:13–17. doi:10.1097/MLR.0000000000001233.
- Sharma M, Lamba W, Cauderella A, Guimond TH, Bayoumi AM. Harm reduction in hospitals. Harm Reduct J 2017 Dec;14:1–4. doi:10.1186/s12954-017-0163-0.
- Rachlis BS, Kerr T, Montaner JS, Wood E. Harm reduction in hospitals: is it time? Harm Reduct J 2009 Dec;6:1–4. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-6-19.
- Lennox R, Martin L, Brimner C, O’Shea T. Hospital policy as a harm reduction intervention for people who use drugs. Int J Drug Policy 2021 Nov 1;97:103324. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103324.
- McNeil R, Kerr T, Pauly B, Wood E, Small W. Advancing patient-centered care for structurally vulnerable drug-using populations: a qualitative study of the perspectives of people who use drugs regarding the potential integration of harm reduction interventions into hospitals. Addiction 2016 Apr;111:685–94. doi:10.1111/add.13214.
- Hyshka E, Morris H, Anderson-Baron J, Nixon L, Dong K, Salvalaggio G. Patient perspectives on a harm reduction-oriented addiction medicine consultation team implemented in a large acute care hospital. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019 Nov 1;204:107523. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.025.
- Perera R, Stephan L, Appa A, Giuliano R, Hoffman R, Lum P, Martin M. Meeting people where they are: implementing hospital-based substance use harm reduction. Harm Reduct J 2022 Dec;19:1–7. doi:10.1186/s12954-022-00594-9.
- Miskovic M, Chan Carusone S, Guta A, O’Leary B, dePrinse K, Strike C. Distribution of harm reduction kits in a specialty HIV hospital. Am J Public Health 2018 Oct;108:1363–65. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304600.
- Internal Revenue Services (IRS). Requirements for 501(c)(3) hospitals under the affordable care act- section 501(r). 2021 Sep 7. Available at: https://www.irs.gov/charities-non-profits/charitable-organizations/requirements-for-501c3-hospitals-under-the-affordable-care-act-section-501r.
- Indiana Hospital Association (IHA). Not for profit hospitals. 2022. Available at: https://www.ihaconnect.org/iha-advocacy/Issues/Pages/Not_for_Profit.aspx.
- American Hospital Association (AHA). American Hospital Directory. 2021 Mar 12. Available at: https://www.ahd.com/.
- Wickramatilake S, Zur J, Mulvaney-Day N, Klimo MC, Selmi E, Harwood H. How states are tackling the opioid crisis. Public Health Rep 2017 Mar;132:171–79. doi:10.1177/0033354916688206.
- Kaiser Family Foundation. Medicaid eligibility income limits adults as a percent of the federal poverty level. 2022 Jan 1. Available at: https://www.kff.org/health-reform/state-indicator/medicaid-income-eligibility-limits-for-adults-as-a-percent-of-the-federal-poverty-level/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U.S. DHHS). Area health resources file. 2015. Health Resources and Services Administration. Available at: https://datawarehouse.hrsa.gov/topics/ahrf.aspx.
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Social Determinants of Health Database (Beta Version). 2021 Jun. Available at: https://www.ahrq.gov/sdoh/data-analytics/sdoh-data.html
- Orgera K, Tolbert J The opioid epidemic and medicaid’s role in facilitating access to treatment. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2019 May 24. Available at: https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/the-opioid-epidemic-and-medicaids-role-in-facilitating-access-to-treatment/.
- Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF). Status of state medicaid expansion decisions: interactive map. 2022 Feb 25. Available at: https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/status-of-state-medicaid-expansion-decisions-interactive-map/.
- Englander H, Davis CS. Hospital standards of care for people with substance use disorder. N Engl J Med 2022 Aug 25;387:672–75. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2204687.
- Friedmann PD, Hendrickson JC, Gerstein DR, Zhang Z, Stein MD. Do mechanisms that link addiction treatment patients to primary care influence subsequent utilization of emergency and hospital care? Med Care 2006 Jan;1:8–15. doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000188913.50489.77.
- Vold JH, Aas C, Leiva RA, Vickerman P, Chalabianloo F, Løberg EM, Johansson KA, Fadnes LT. Integrated care of severe infectious diseases to people with substance use disorders; a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2019 Dec;19:1–5. doi:10.1186/s12879-019-3918-2.
- Ho SB, Bräu N, Cheung R, Liu L, Sanchez C, Sklar M, Phelps TE, Marcus SG, Wasil MM, Tisi A, et al. Integrated care increases treatment and improves outcomes of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and psychiatric illness or substance abuse. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015 Nov 1;13:2005–14. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2015.02.022.
- Laudet AB, Humphreys K. Promoting recovery in an evolving policy context: what do we know and what do we need to know about recovery support services? J Subst Abuse Treat 2013 Jul 1;45:126–33. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2013.01.009.
- Hawk KF, Vaca FE, D’Onofrio G. Focus: addiction: reducing fatal opioid overdose: prevention, treatment and harm reduction strategies. Yale J Biol Med 2015 Sep;88:235.
- Heller D, McCoy K, Cunningham C. An invisible barrier to integrating HIV primary care with harm reduction services: philosophical clashes between the harm reduction and medical models. Public Health Rep 2004 Jan;119:32–39. doi:10.1177/003335490411900109.
- Regis C, Gaeta JM, Mackin S, Baggett TP, Quinlan J, Taveras EM. Community care in reach: mobilizing harm reduction and addiction treatment services for vulnerable populations. Front Public Health. 2020;501. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00501.
- Faul M, Dailey MW, Sugerman DE, Sasser SM, Levy B, Paulozzi LJ. Disparity in naloxone administration by emergency medical service providers and the burden of drug overdose in US rural communities. Am J Public Health 2015 Jul;105:e26–32. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302520.
- Waye KM, Goyer J, Dettor D, Mahoney L, Samuels EA, Yedinak JL, Marshall BD. Implementing peer recovery services for overdose prevention in Rhode Island: an examination of two outreach-based approaches. Addict Behav 2019 Feb 1;89:85–91. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.027.
- Marlatt GA, Larimer ME, Witkiewitz K. Harm reduction: pragmatic strategies for managing high-risk behaviors. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 2011 Dec 1.
- Executive Office of the President (EOTP). The Biden-Harris administration’s statement of drug policy priorities for year one. Office of National Drug Control Policy. 2021 Apr 1. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/BidenHarris-Statement-of-Drug-Policy-Priorities-April-1.pdf.