314
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspective

Iteration is not solving the opioid crisis, it’s time for transformation

Pages 151-158 | Received 06 Sep 2022, Accepted 17 Jan 2023, Published online: 15 Mar 2023

References

  • Gray E. As an ex-heroin, I know getting off opioids is near impossible. Washington Post; 2022. [Accessed 2022 Jun 16]. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/05/27/opioid-addict-epidemic-withdrawal/
  • O’Donnell J, Tanz LJ, Gladden RM, Davis NL, Bitting J. Trends in and characteristics of drug overdose deaths involving illicitly manufactured fentanyls - United States, 2019-2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Dec 17;70:1740–46. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7050e3.
  • Bergeria CL, Strain EC. Opioid use disorder: pernicious and persistent. Am J Psychiatry. 2022 Oct; 179:708–14. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20220699.
  • Hartnett KP, Jackson KA, Felsen C, McDonald R, Bardossy AC, Gokhale RH, Kracalik I, Lucas T, McGovern O, Van Beneden CA, et al. Bacterial and fungal infections in persons who inject drugs — Western New York, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Jul 5;68:583–86. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6826a2.
  • Antoine D, Huhn AS, Strain EC, Turner G, Jardot J, Hammond AS, Dunn KE. Method for successfully inducting individuals who use illicit fentanyl onto buprenorphine/naloxone. Am J Addict. 2021;30:83–87. doi:10.1111/ajad.13069.
  • Spadaro A, Sarker A, Hogg-Bremer W, Love JS, O’Donnell N, Nelson LS, Perrone JReddit discussions about buprenorphine associated precipitated withdrawal in the era of fentanyl. Clin Toxicol. 2022 Jun;60:694–701. doi:10.1080/15563650.2022.2032730.
  • Sue KL, Cohen S, Tilley J, Yocheved A. A plea from people who use drugs to clinicians: new ways to initiate buprenorphine are urgently needed in the fentanyl era. J Addict Med. 2022 Jul-Aug 01;16:389–91. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000952.
  • Silverstein SM, Daniulaityte R, Martins SS, Miller SC, Carlson RG. “Everything is not right anymore”: buprenorphine experiences in an era of illicit fentanyl. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;74:76–83. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.09.003.
  • Santo T Jr., Clark B, Hickman M, Grebely J, Campbell G, Sordo L, Chen A, Tran LT, Bharat C, Padmanathan P, et al. Association of opioid agonist treatment with all-cause mortality and specific causes of death among people with opioid dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021 Sep 1;78:979–93. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0976.
  • Ahmed BH, Courcoulas AP, Monroe AL, Gourash WF, Chelly JE. Auricular nerve stimulation using the NSS-2 BRIDGE device to reduce opioid requirement following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2021 Dec;17:2040–46. doi:10.1016/j.soard.2021.08.003.
  • Velez FF, Ruetsch C, Maricich Y. Evidence of long-term real-world reduction in healthcare resource utilization following treatment of opioid use disorder with reSET-O, a novel prescription digital therapeutic. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2021 Aug;21:519–20. doi:10.1080/14737167.2021.1939687.
  • Wang W, Gellings Lowe N, Jalali A, Murphy SM. Economic modeling of reSET-O, a prescription digital therapeutic for patients with opioid use disorder. J Med Econ. 2021 Jan-Dec;24:61–68. doi:10.1080/13696998.2020.1858581.
  • Krawczyk N, Rivera BD, Jent V, Keyes KM, Jones CM, Cerda M. Has the treatment gap for opioid use disorder narrowed in the U.S.?: a yearly assessment from 2010 to 2019”. Int J Drug Policy. 2022 Dec;110: 103786. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103786.
  • Bentzley BS, Barth KS, Back SE, Aronson G, Book SW. Patient perspectives associated with intended duration of buprenorphine maintenance therapy. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2015 Sep;56: 48–53. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2015.04.002.
  • Wyse JJ, Mackey K, Lovejoy TI, Kansagara D, Tuepker A, Gordon AJ, Todd Korthuis P, Herreid-O’Neill A, Williams B, Morasco BJ. Expanding access to medications for opioid use disorder through locally-initiated implementation. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2022 Jun 20;17:32. doi:10.1186/s13722-022-00312-7.
  • Volkow ND, McLellan T, Blanco C. How academic medicine can help confront the opioid crisis. Acad Med. 2022 Feb 1;97:171–74. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000004289.
  • Morgan JR, Schackman BR, Leff JA, Linas BP, Walley AY. Injectable naltrexone, oral naltrexone, and buprenorphine utilization and discontinuation among individuals treated for opioid use disorder in a United States commercially insured population. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2018 Feb;85: 90–96. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2017.07.001.
  • Strickland JC, Huhn AS, Bergeria CL, Strain EC, Dunn KE. Provider continuity in the prescribing of buprenorphine/naloxone within medicare part D. J Addict Med. 2021 Jul-Aug 01;15:325–33. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000765.
  • Ciccarone D. The triple wave epidemic: supply and demand drivers of the US opioid overdose crisis. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;71:183–88. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.01.010.
  • Schwarcz J. Opium and laudanum history’s wonder drugs. Chemical Institute of Canada; 2022. Accessed 2022 Jun 06. https://www.cheminst.ca/magazine/article/opium-and-laudanum-historys-wonder-drugs/
  • Wright CRA. On the action of organic acids and their anhydrides on the natural alkaloids. Part I. J Chem Soc. 1874;27:1031–43. doi:10.1039/JS8742701031.
  • Crime UNOoDa. History of Heroin. 1953;3–16. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1953-01-01_2_page004.html
  • Pettey GE. The heroin habit another curse. Alabama Med J. 1903;15:174–80.
  • Justice USDo. Opium and narcotic laws. National Institute of Justice; 1981. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1953-01-01_2_page004.html
  • Brecher EM. Drug laws and drug law enforcement- a review and evaluation based on 111 years of experience. Drugs Soc. 1986;1:1–27. doi:10.1300/J023v01n01_01.
  • Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, Ch 1, 38, Stat 785. 1914. https://www.naabt.org/documents/harrison_narcotics_tax_act_1914.pdf
  • Situation Special CotND. Report of the committee on the narcotic drug situation in the United States. 1920. Minutes of the 71st session of the American Medical Association.
  • Webb Vs. United States. (U.S. Supreme Court 1919). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/249/96/
  • United States Vs. Doremus. (U.S. Supreme Court 1919). https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-doremus
  • Investigation FBo. The bureau and the great experiment: how prohibition fueled bootleggers, mobsters, and corruption; 2022. [Accessed 2022 Jun 16]. https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/the-bureau-and-the-great-experiment-012420
  • Act Establishing Narcotic Farms and a Narcotics Division in the Public Health Service, 672 (H.R. 13645). 1929. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4579258
  • Campbell A, Olsen JP, Walden L. The narcotic farm: the rise and fall of America’s first prison for drug addicts. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky; 2021.
  • Wang RI, Wiesen RL, Lamid S, Roh BL. Rating the presence and severity of opiate dependence. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1974 Oct;16:653–58. doi:10.1002/cpt1974164653.
  • Dunn K, Bergeria C, Huhn AS, Strain EC. Differences in patient-reported and observer-rated opioid withdrawal symptom etiology, time course, and relationship to clinical outcome. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020 Oct 1;215:108212. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108212.
  • Scott CC, Chen KK. The action of 1,1-diphenyl-1 (dimethylaminoisopropyl) butanone-2, a potent analgesic agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1946 May;87:63–71. doi:10.1097/00000542-194609000-00028.
  • Isbell H, Eisenman AJ. The addiction liability of some drugs of the methadon series. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1948 Jul;93:305–13.
  • Isbell H, Vogel VH. The addiction liability of methadon (amidone, dolophine, 10820) and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1949 Jun;105:909–14. doi:10.1176/ajp.105.12.909.
  • Gearing FR. Methadone maintenance treatment. Five years later–where are they now? Am J Public Health. 1974 Dec;64:44–50. doi:10.2105/ajph.64.12_suppl.44.
  • Gearing FR, Schweitzer MD. An epidemiologic evaluation of long-term methadone maintenance treatment for heroin addiction. Am J Epidemiol. 1974 Aug;100:101–12. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112012.
  • Dole VP, Joseph H. Long-term outcome of patients treated with methadone maintenance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1978;311:181–89. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb16775.x.
  • Dole VP, Nyswander M. A medical treatment for diacetylmorphine (heroin) addiction. A clinical trial with methadone hydrochloride. JAMA. 1965 Aug 23;193:646–50. doi:10.1001/jama.1965.03090080008002.
  • Controlled Substances Act. 1970. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-84/pdf/STATUTE-84-Pg1236.pdf#page=7
  • Federal Register. 126; 1972. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1972-06-29/pdf/FR-1972-06-29.pdf
  • Federal Register. 1973. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1973-03-15/pdf/FR-1973-03-15.pdf
  • Jasinski DR, Pevnick JS, Griffith JD. Human pharmacology and abuse potential of the analgesic buprenorphine: a potential agent for treating narcotic addiction. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1978;35:501–16. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770280111012.
  • Johnson RE, Strain EC, Amass L. Buprenorphine: how to use it right. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003;70:59. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(03)00060-7.
  • Andraka-Christou B. The opioid fix: America’s addiction crisis and the solution they don’t want you to have. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2020.
  • Jones CM, Baldwin GT, Manocchio T, White JO, Mack KA. Trends in methadone distribution for pain treatment, methadone diversion, and overdose deaths - United States, 2002-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 Jul 8;65:667–71. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6526a2.
  • Sigmon SC. The untapped potential of office-based buprenorphine treatment. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:395–96. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2421.
  • Jarvis BP, Holtyn AF, Subramaniam S, Tompkins DA, Oga EA, Bigelow GE, Silverman K. Extended-release injectable naltrexone for opioid use disorder: a systematic review. Addiction. 2018;113:1188–209. doi:10.1111/add.14180.
  • Dyer KR, Foster D, White JM, Somogyi AA, Menelaou A, Bochner F. Steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in methadone maintenance patients: comparison of those who do and do not experience withdrawal and concentration-effect relationships. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999;65:685–94. doi:10.1016/S0009-9236(99)90090-5.
  • Dale O, Sheffels P, Kharasch ED. Bioavailabilities of rectal and oral methadone in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;58:156–62. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02116.x.
  • Inturrisi CE, Colburn WA, Kaiko RF, Houde RW, Foley KM. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methadone in patients with chronic pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1987;41:392–401. doi:10.1038/clpt.1987.47.
  • Morgan JR, Walley AY, Murphy SM, Chatterjee A, Hadland SE, Barocas J, Linas BP, Assoumou SA. Characterizing initiation, use, and discontinuation of extended-release buprenorphine in a nationally representative United States commercially insured cohort. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021 Aug 1;225:108764. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108764.
  • Saunders EC, Moore SK, Walsh O, Metcalf SA, Budney AJ, Scherer E, Marsch LA. Perceptions and preferences for long-acting injectable and implantable medications in comparison to short-acting medications for opioid use disorders. J Subst Abuse Treat 2020 Apr;111:54–66. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2020.01.009.
  • Ferguson M, Parmar A, Papamihali K, Weng A, Lock K, Buxton JA. Investigating opioid preference to inform safe supply services: a cross sectional study. Int J Drug Policy. 2022 Mar;101: 103574. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103574.
  • Oviedo-Joekes E, Guh D, Brissette S, Marsh DC, Nosyk B, Krausz M, Anis A, Schechter MT. Double-blind injectable hydromorphone versus diacetylmorphine for the treatment of opioid dependence: a pilot study. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2010;38:408–11. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2010.03.003.
  • Oviedo-Joekes E, Nosyk B, Marsh DC, Guh D, Brissette S, Gartry C, Krausz M, Anis A, Schechter MT. Scientific and political challenges in North America’s first randomized controlled trial of heroin-assisted treatment for severe heroin addiction: rationale and design of the NAOMI study. Clin Trials. 2009;6:261–71. doi:10.1177/1740774509105222.
  • Karow A, Reimer J, Schafer I, Krausz M, Haasen C, Verthein U. Quality of life under maintenance treatment with heroin versus methadone in patients with opioid dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;112:209–15. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.06.009.
  • Nosyk B, Guh DP, Bansback NJ, Oviedo-Joekes E, Brissette S, Marsh DC, Meikleham E, Schechter MT, Anis AH. Cost-effectiveness of diacetylmorphine versus methadone for chronic opioid dependence refractory to treatment. CMAJ. 2012;184:317. doi:10.1503/cmaj.110669.
  • Oviedo-Joekes E, Brissette S, Marsh DC, Lauzon P, Guh D, Anis A, Schechter MT. Diacetylmorphine versus methadone for the treatment of opioid addiction. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:777–86. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0810635.
  • Oviedo-Joekes E, Guh D, Brissette S, Marchand K, MacDonald S, Lock K, Harrison S, Janmohamed A, Anis AH, Krausz M, et al. Hydromorphone compared with diacetylmorphine for long-term opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73:447–55. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0109.
  • Oviedo-Joekes E, Marsh DC, Guh D, Brissette S, Schechter MT. Potency ratio of hydromorphone and diacetylmorphine in substitution treatment for long-term opioid dependency. J Opioid Manag. 2011;7:371–76. doi:10.5055/jom.2011.0078.
  • Strang J, Metrebian N, Lintzeris N, Potts L, Carnwath T, Mayet S, Williams H, Zador D, Evers R, Groshkova T, et al. Supervised injectable heroin or injectable methadone versus optimised oral methadone as treatment for chronic heroin addicts in England after persistent failure in orthodox treatment (RIOTT): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;375:1885–95. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60349-2.
  • Volkow ND, Blanco C. The changing opioid crisis: development, challenges and opportunities. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;1–16. doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0661-4.
  • Association SAa MH. Highlights for the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. National Survey on Drug Use and Health; 2022. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/2022-12/2021NSDUHFFRHighlights092722.pdf
  • Ng J, Sutherland C, Kolber MR. Does evidence support supervised injection sites? Can Fam Physician 2017 Nov;63:866.
  • Panagiotoglou D, Lim S. Evaluating the population-level effects of overdose prevention sites and supervised consumption sites in British Columbia, Canada: controlled interrupted time series. PLoS One. 2022;17:e0265665. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265665.
  • Park JN, Frankel S, Morris M, Dieni O, Fahey-Morrison L, Luta M, Hunt D, Long J, Sherman SG. Evaluation of fentanyl test strip distribution in two Mid-Atlantic syringe services programs. Int J Drug Policy 2021 Aug;94:103196. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103196.
  • Park JN, Tomko C, Silberzahn BE, Haney K, Marshall BDL, Sherman SG. A fentanyl test strip intervention to reduce overdose risk among female sex workers who use drugs in Baltimore: results from a pilot study. Addict Behav. 2020 Nov;110: 106529. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106529.
  • Reed MK, Salcedo VJ, Guth A, Rising KL. “If I had them, I would use them every time”: perspectives on fentanyl test strip use from people who use drugs. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2022 Sep;140: 108790. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108790.
  • Bonn M, Palayew A, Bartlett S, Brothers TD, Touesnard N, Tyndall M. “The Times They are a-Changin’”: addressing common misconceptions about the role of safe supply in North America’s overdose crisis. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2021 Jan;82:158–60. doi:10.15288/jsad.2021.82.158.
  • Duthie K, Mathison E, Eyford H, Ghosh SM. Prescribing safe supply: ethical considerations for clinicians. J Med Ethics. 2022 Aug 19; medethics-2021-108087. doi:10.1136/jme-2021-108087.
  • Klaire S, Sutherland C, Kerr T, Kennedy MC. A low-barrier, flexible safe supply program to prevent deaths from overdose. CMAJ. 2022 May 16;194:E674–76. doi:10.1503/cmaj.211515.
  • McNeil R, Fleming T, Mayer S, Barker A, Mansoor M, Betsos A, Austin T, Parusel S, Ivsins A, Boyd J. Implementation of safe supply alternatives during intersecting COVID-19 and overdose health emergencies in British Columbia, Canada, 2021. Am J Public Health. 2022 Apr;112:S151–58. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2021.306692.
  • Selfridge M, Card K, Kandler T, Flanagan E, Lerhe E, Heaslip A, Nguyen A, Moher M, Pauly B, Urbanoski K, et al. Factors associated with 60-day adherence to “safer supply” opioids prescribed under British Columbia’s interim clinical guidance for health care providers to support people who use drugs during COVID-19 and the ongoing overdose emergency. Int J Drug Policy. 2022 Jul;105:103709. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103709.
  • Hawk M, Coulter RWS, Egan JE, Fisk S, Reuel Friedman M, Tula M, Kinsky S. Harm reduction principles for healthcare settings. Harm Reduct J. 2017 Oct 24;14:70. doi:10.1186/s12954-017-0196-4.
  • Taylor JL, Johnson S, Cruz R, Gray JR, Schiff D, Bagley SM. Integrating harm reduction into outpatient opioid use disorder treatment settings : harm reduction in outpatient addiction treatment. J Gen Intern Med. 2021 Dec; 36:3810–19. doi:10.1007/s11606-021-06904-4.
  • Health NIo. NIH launches harm reduction research network to prevent overdose fatalities; 2023. [Accessed 2023 Nov 01]. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-launches-harm-reduction-research-network-prevent-overdose-fatalities
  • Madden EF, Prevedel S, Light T, Sulzer SH. 2021. Intervention stigma toward medications for opioid use disorder: a systematic review. Subst Use Misuse. 56:2181–201. doi:10.1080/10826084.2021.1975749.
  • Simon C, Vincent L, Coulter A, Salazar Z, Voyles N, Roberts L, Frank D, Brothers S. The methadone manifesto: treatment experiences and policy recommendations from methadone patient activists. Am J Public Health. 2022 Apr;112:S117–22. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2021.306665.
  • Yarborough BJ, Stumbo SP, McCarty D, Mertens J, Weisner C, Green CA. Methadone, buprenorphine and preferences for opioid agonist treatment: a qualitative analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016 Mar 1;160:112–18. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.031.
  • Facher L Top U.S., addiction researcher calls for broad deregulation of methadone; 2023. [Accessed 2023 Nov 01]. https://www.statnews.com/2022/11/16/nora-volkow-nida-broad-deregulation-methadone/
  • Kleinman RA, Brothers TD, Danilewitz M, Bahji A. Office-based methadone prescribing for opioid use disorder: the Canadian model. J Addict Med. 2022 Sep-Oct 01;16:499–504. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000950.
  • Calcaterra SL, Bach P, Chadi A, Chadi N, Kimmel SD, Morford KL, Roy P, Samet JH. Methadone matters: what the United States can learn from the global effort to treat opioid addiction. J Gen Intern Med. 2019 Jun;34:1039–42. doi:10.1007/s11606-018-4801-3.
  • Dunn KE, Tompkins DA, Bigelow GE, Strain EC. Efficacy of tramadol extended-release for opioid withdrawal: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74:885–93. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1838.
  • Jones CM, Campopiano M, Baldwin G, McCance-Katz E. National and state treatment need and capacity for opioid agonist medication-assisted treatment. J Inf. 2015;105:e55–63. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302664.
  • Rao IJ, Humphreys K, Brandeau ML. Effectiveness of policies for addressing the US opioid epidemic: a model-based analysis from the Stanford-Lancet commission on the North American opioid crisis. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2021 Nov 3. 100031. doi:10.1016/j.lana.2021.100031.
  • Fisher A, Marel C, Teesson M, Mills K. Assessing patient information and decision-support needs in problematic alcohol use and co-occurring depression to inform shared decision-making interventions. Bull Menninger Clin. 2021 Spring;85:143–76. doi:10.1521/bumc.2021.85.2.143.
  • Friedrichs A, Spies M, Harter M, Buchholz A, Fischer G. Patient preferences and shared decision making in the treatment of substance use disorders: a systematic review of the literature. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0145817. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145817.
  • Beachler T, Zeller TA, Heo M, Lanzillotta-Rangeley J, Litwin AH. Community attitudes toward opioid use disorder and medication for opioid use disorder in a rural appalachian county. J Rural Health. 2021 Jan;37:29–34. doi:10.1111/jrh.12503.
  • Cabreros I, Griffin BA, Saloner B, Gordon AJ, Kerber R, Stein BD. Buprenorphine prescriber monthly patient caseloads: an examination of 6-year trajectories. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021 Nov 1;228:109089. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109089.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.