- For a survey of political instability in Eastern Europe, see Sarah M. Terry, “Economic Stringency, Political Succession, and Stability in Eastern Europe,” prepared for the U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee (1984). For figures on Soviet aid to Poland see p. 21 of that draft.
- The Cyrillic alphabet descends from the Greek and was coextensive with Turkish control mainly because that area of Europe was Christianized and, to some degree, ruled from Byzantium (Constantinople, now Istanbul), not Rome.
- See Michael Kaser, “From Versailles to Helsinki: Structural Change in the Economies of Eastern Europe,” Acta Oeconomica, 27, 3–4 (1981), pp. 343–50.
- Jan Vanous, “East European Economic Slowdown,” Problems of Communism, 31 (July-August 1982), pp. 1–19. This is an excellent survey of the period since 1970, and most trade data, here and below, are derived from it.
- On the Soviet Union's declining terms of trade in the 1980s, see also Franklyn D. Holzman, The Soviet Economy: Past, Present and Future (New York: Foreign Policy Association, Headline Series, no. 260, Sept.-Oct., 1982), especially pp. 44–50.
- Poland's debt, over $22 billion by the end of 1981, was by far the highest; but others had considerable hard-currency deficits: East Germany, $12.8 billion; Romania, $10.1 billion; Hungary, $7.2 billion; Czechoslovakia, $3.4 billion; Bulgaria, $2.2 billion. Figures from Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates.
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
Volume 40, 1984 - Issue 10: Nuclear War: A Teaching Guide