Aquatic Risk Assessment of A Polycarboxylate Dispersant Polymer Used in Laundry Detergents

REFERENCES

• Bascietto , J. , Hinckley , J. and Slimak , M. 1990 . Ecotoxicity and environmental risk assessment . Environ. sci. Technol. , 24 : 10 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cekolin , C. S. 1991 . Toxicity studies of antiscalant agents using Arbacia punctulata gametes and embryos as test organisms , MS thesis Mobile : University of South Alabama, Department of Biological Sciences. .
   Google Scholar
• Cekolin , C. S. , Donachy , J. E. and Sikes , C. S. 1993 . Toxicity studies of antiscalant agents using Arbacia punctulata gametes and embryos as test organisms . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 50 : 108 – 115 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiaudani , G. and Poltronieri , P. 1990 . Study on the environmental compatibility of polycarboxylates used in detergent formulations . Ing. Ambientale , 11 : 1 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Cowan , C. E. , Larson , R. J. , Feijtel , T. C. and Rapaport , R. A. 1993 . An improved model for predicting the fate of consumer product chemicals in wastewater treatment plants . Water Res. , 27 : 561 – 573 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer , M. , Yeoman , S. , Jester , J. N. and Perry , R. 1990 . A review of proposed nonphosphate detergent builders, utilization, and environmental assessment . Environ. Technol. , 11 : 263 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre . 1993 . Joint Assessment of Commodity Chemicals: Polycarboxylate Polymers Brussels , , Belgium : ECETOC. . Report No. 23
   Google Scholar
• European Union . 1993 . Technical Guidance on Environmental Exposure Assessment in the Context of the 7th Amendment Directive 67/548/EU Berlin : Umweltbundesamt. .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , M. B. and Bender , T. M. 1993 . An environmental fate and safety assessment for a low molecular weight polyacrylate detergent additive . Environ. Technol. , 14 : 101 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , J. D. , Freeman , M. B. and Reinert , K. H. 1994 . Aquatic risk assessment of polymers: Evaluation during research and development of new products . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 28 ( 4 ) : 187A – 192A .
   Google Scholar
• Hennes , E. C. 1991 . Fate and Effects of Polycarboxylates in the Environment Strombeek-Bever , , Belgium : Procter and Gamble Company. . Technical Report
   Google Scholar
• Marr , J. K. and Canale , R. P. 1988 . Load allocation for toxics using Monte Carlo techniques . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 60 : 659 – 666 .
   Google Scholar
• McAvoy , D. C. , Eckhoff , W. S. and Rapaport , R. A. 1988 . Fate of linear alkyl sulfonate in the environment . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 12 : 977 – 987 .
   Google Scholar
• Nabholz , J. V. 1991 . Environmental hazard and risk assessment under the United States Toxic Substances Control Act. So . Total Environ. , 109/110 : 649 – 665 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabholz , J. V. and Zeeman , M. G. The environmental concerns of polymers from the perspective of OPPT/USEPA . At 15th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry . Denver , CO .
   Google Scholar
• Nabholz , J. V. , Miller , P. and Zeeman , M. G. 1993 . “ Environmental risk assessment of new chemicals under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Section Five. ” . In Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment ASTM STP 1179 Edited by: Landis , W. G. , Hughes , J. S. and Lewis , M. A. 40 – 55 . Philadelphia , PA : American Society for Testing and Materials. .
   Google Scholar
• Opgenorth , H.-J. 1992 . “ Polymeric materials polycarboxylates. ” . In The handbook of environmental chemistry Edited by: Hutzinger , O. Vol. 3 , 337 – 350 . New York : Springer-Verlag. . Part F
   Google Scholar
• Rapaport , R. A. 1988 . Prediction of consumer product chemical concentrations as a function of publicly owned treatment works treatment type and riverine dilution . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 7 : 108 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Rohm and Haas Co . 1982 . Acute Toxicity of ACRYSOL LMW-45X to Daphnia magna Spring House , PA : Rohm and Haas Company. . Final Report, (For more complete information about this study, contact Isadore Morici, Rohm and Haas Co., 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, PA 19477.)
   Google Scholar
• Rohm and Haas Co . 1983a . Acute Toxicity of ACRYSOL LMW-45X to Bluegill Sunfish, Final Report Spring House , PA : Rohm and Haas Company. . (For more complete information about this study, contact Isadore Morici, Rohm and Haas Co., 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, PA 19477.)
   Google Scholar
• Rohm and Haas Co . 1983b . Acute Toxicity of ACRYSOL LMW-45X to Rainbow Trout, Final Report Spring House , PA : Rohm and Haas Company. . (For more complete information about this study, contact Isadore Morici, Rohm and Haas Co., 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, PA 19477.)
   Google Scholar
• Rohm and Haas Co . 1991a . Early Life-Stage Toxicity of ACUSOL 445N to the Fathead Minnow, Final Report Spring House , PA : Rohm and Haas Company. . (For more complete information about this study, contact Isadore Morici, Rohm and Haas Co., 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, PA 19477.)
   Google Scholar
• Rohm and Haas Co . 1991b . Chronic Toxicity of ACUSOL 445N to the Daphnid Spring House , PA : Rohm and Haas Company. . Final Report, (For more complete information about this study, contact Isadore Morici, Rohm and Haas Co., 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, PA 19477.)
   Google Scholar
• Rohm and Haas Co . 1991c . C0₂ Production Test Spring House , PA : Rohm and Haas Company. . Final Report, (For more complete information about this study, contact Michael Freeman, Rohm and Haas Co., 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, PA 19477.)
   Google Scholar
• Rohm and Haas Co . 1991d . SCAS Removability Test, Final Report Spring House , PA : Rohm and Haas Company. . (For more complete information about this study, contact Michael Freeman, Rohm and Haas Co., 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, PA 19477.)
   Google Scholar
• Rohm and Haas Co . 1992 . C0₂ Production Test in Activated Sludge, Final Report Spring House , PA : Rohm and Haas Company. . (For more complete information about this study, contact Michael Freeman, Rohm and Haas Co., 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, PA 19477.)
   Google Scholar
• Rohm and Haas Co . 1993 . Removal During Secondary Wastewater Treatment, Final Report Spring House , PA : Rohm and Haas Company. . (For more complete information about this study, contact Michael Freeman, Rohm and Haas Co., 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, PA 19477.)
   Google Scholar
• Schecher , W. and Cowan , C. E. 1993 . Introduction to the Global River Dilution System, GRIDS Version 1.1 Cincinnati , OH : Procter and Gamble Company. .
   Google Scholar
• Stanford Research Institute . 1992 . Water Soluble Polymers San Francisco : SRI. . Specialty Chemicals Report
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1985a . Standard Evaluation Procedure, Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater Fish Washington , DC : U.S. EPA. . EPA-540/9–85-006
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1985b . Standard Evaluation Procedure, Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater Invertebrates Washington , DC : U.S. EPA. . EPA-540/9–85-005
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1991 . Technical Support Document for Water Quality-Based Toxics Control Washington , DC : Office of Water, U.S. EPA. . EPA/505/2–90-001
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1992 . Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment Washington , DC : U.S. EPA. . EPA/630/R-92/001. EPA Risk Assessment Forum
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1993a . A Review of Ecological Assessment Case Studies from a Risk Assessment Perspective Washington , DC : U.S. EPA. . EPA/630/R-92/005. EPA Risk Assessment Forum
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1993b . Standards for the use or disposal of sewage sludge Final rules. 40 CFR Part 257:9248–9415
   Google Scholar
• Water Pollution Control Federation . 1990 . Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Alexandria , VA : WPCF. .
   Google Scholar