Dose, Timing, and Duration of Flaxseed Exposure Affect Reproductive Indices and Sex Hormone Levels in Rats

References

• Adlercreutz , H. , Hockerstedt , K. , Bannwart , C. , Hamalainen , E. , Fotsis , T. and Bloigu , S. 1988 . Progress in cancer research and therapy: Hormones and cancer, , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Bresciani , F. , King , R. J. B. , Lippman , M. E. and Raynaud , J. P. 409 – 412 . New York : Raven Press . Association between dietary fiber, urinary excretion of lignans and isoflavonic phytoestrogens and plasma non-protein bound sex hormone in relation to breast cancer, in
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Council on Animal Care. 1984 . Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals Ottawa, Ontario, , Canada
   Google Scholar
• Cunnane , S. C. and Thompson , L. U. , eds. 1995 . Flaxseed in human nutrition. , Champaign, IL : AOCS Press .
   Google Scholar
• Biegel , L. B. , Cook , J. C. , Hurtt , M. E. and O'Connor , J. 1998 . Effects of 17β-estradiol on serum hormone concentrations and estrous cycle in female Crl:CD BR rats: Effects on parental and first generation rats . Toxicol. Sci. , 44 : 143 – 154 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brawer , J. R. , Munoz , M. and Farookh , R. 1986 . Development of the polycystic ovarian condition (PCO) in the estradiol valerate treated rats . Biol. Reprod. , 35 : 647 – 655 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faber , K. A. and Hughes , C. L. 1991 . The effect of neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol, genistein, and zearalenone on pituitary responsiveness and sexually dimorphic nucleus volume in the castrated adult rat . Biol. Reprod. , 45 : 649 – 653 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faber , K. A. and Hughes , C. L. 1993 . Dose response characteristic of neonatal exposure to genistein on pituitary responsiveness to gonadotrophin releasing hormone and volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) in postpubertal castrated female rats . Reprod. Toxicol. , 7 : 35 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , B. , Selub , M. and Hughes , C. L. 1990 . Reproductive effects of environmental agents . Semin. Reproduct. Endocrinol. , 8 : 44 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Frisch , R. E. 1994 . The right weight, body fat, menarche and fertility . Proc. Nutr. Soc. , 53 : 113 – 129 . Haumann, B. F. 1997. Soy protein foods gain storage space. Inform 6:588-596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano , T. , Fukuoka , K. , Oka , K. , Naito , T. , Hosaka , K. , Mitsuhashi , H. and Matumoto , Y. 1990 . Antiproliferative activity of mammalian lignan derivatives against the human breast carcinoma cell line, ZR-75–1 . Cancer Invest. , 8 : 595 – 602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulka , B. S. , Liu , E. T. and Lininger , R. A. 1994 . Steroid hormones and risk of breast cancer . Cancer , 74 : 1111 – 1124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenab , M. and Thompson , L. U. 1996 . The influence of flaxseed and lignans on colon carcinogenesis and beta-glucuronidase activity . Carcinogenesis , 17 : 1343 – 1348 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy , G. C. and Mitra , J. 1963 . Body weight, food intake as initiation factors for puberty in the rat . J. Physiol. , 166 : 408 – 418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamartiniere , C. A. , Moore , J. , Holland , M. and Barnes , S. 1995 . Neonatal genistein chemoprevents mammary cancer . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 208 : 120 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy , J. R. , Faber , K. A. , Ayyash , L. and Hughes , C. L. 1995 . The effect of prenatal exposure to the phytoestrogen genistein on sexual differentiation in rats . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 208 : 60 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLusky , N. J. and Naftolin , F. 1981 . Sexual differentiation of the central nervous system . Science , 211 : 1298 – 1306 .
   Google Scholar
• Makela , S. I. , Pylkkanen , L. H. , Santii , R. S. S. and Adlercruetz , H. 1995 . Dietary soybean may be antiestrogenic in male mice . J. Nutr. , 124 : 437 – 445 .
   Google Scholar
• Manson , J. M. and Kang , Y. J. 1989 . Principles and methods of toxicology, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Hayes , A. W. 311 – 359 . New York : Raven Press . Test methods for assessing female reproductive and developmental toxicology. In
   Google Scholar
• Mayr , U. , Butsch , A. and Schneider , S. 1992 . Validation of two in vitro test systems for estrogenic activities with zearalenone, phytoestrogens and cereal extracts . Toxicology , 74 : 135 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mousavi , Y. and Adlercreutz , H. 1992 . Enterolactone and estradiol inhibit each other's proliferative effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cells in culture . J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 41 : 615 – 619 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orcheson , L. J. , Rickard , S. E. , Seidl , M. M. and Thompson , L. U. 1998 . Flaxseed and its mammalian lignan precursor cause a lengthening or cessation of estrous cycling in rats . Cancer Lett. , 125 : 69 – 76 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pasqualini , J. R. , Kind , F. A. and Sumida , C. 1985 . Hormones and the fetus , Edited by: Pasqualini , J. R. 1 – 50 . New York : Pergamon Press . The binding of hormones in maternal and fetal biological fluids. In
   Google Scholar
• Phipps , W. R. , Martini , M. C. , Lampe , J. W. , Slavin , J. L. and Kurzer , M. S. 1993 . Effect of flaxseed ingestion on the menstrual cycle . J. Clin. Endocrinol. , 77 : 1215 – 1219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins , C. S. 1997 . Prostate: Basic and clinical aspects , Edited by: Naz , R. K. 246 – 260 . CRC Press . Developmental estrogenization of the prostate gland. In. Boca Raton, FL
   Google Scholar
• Reeves , P. G. , Nielson , F. H. and Fahey , G. C. Jr. 1993 . AIN-93 purified diets for the laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-96A rodent diet . J. Nutr. , 123 : 1939 – 1951 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serraino , M. R. and Thompson , L. U. 1991 . The effect of flaxseed supplementation on early risk markers for mammary carcinogenesis . Cancer Lett. , 60 : 125 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Serraino , M. R. and Thompson , L. U. 1992 . The effect of flaxseed supplementation on early risk markers for colon carcinogenesis . Cancer Lett. , 63 : 159 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , L. U. , Seidl , M. M. , Rickard , S. E. , Orcheson , L. J. and Fong , H. H. 1996a . Antitumorigenic effect of a mammalian precursor from flaxseed . Nutr. Cancer , 26 : 156 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , L. U. , Rickard , S. E. , Orcheson , L. J. and Seidl , M. M. 1996b . Flaxseed and its lignan and oil components reduce mammary tumor growth at a late stage of carcinogenesis . Carcinogenesis , 17 : 1373 – 1376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tou , J. C. L. , Chen , J. and Thompson , L. U. 1998 . Flaxseed and its lignan precursor secoisolariciresinol diglycoside affects pregnancy outcome and reproductive development in rats . J. Nutr. , 128 : 1861 – 1868 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitten , P. L. and Naftolin , F. 1992 . Effects of a phytoestrogen diet on estrogen-dependent reproductive process in immature female rats . Steroids , 57 : 56 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitten , P. L. , Russell , E. and Naftolin , F. 1992 . Effect of a normal human-concentration, phytoestrogen diet on rat uterine growth . Steroids , 57 : 98 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitten , P. L. , Lewis , C. , Russell , E. and Naftolin , F. 1995 . Potential adverse effects of phytoestrogens . J. Nutr. , 125 (suppl.):771–776
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilcox , G. , Wahlqvist , M. L. , Burger , H. G. and Medley , G. 1990 . Oestrogenic effects of plant foods in postmenopausal women . Br. Med. J. , 301 : 905 – 906 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar