Effect of alcohol type and amount on the total energy consumption and yield of the free fatty acids esterification reaction with simultaneous adsorptive water removal

References

• Alcantara, R., Amores, J., Canoira, L., Fidalgo, E., Franco, M. J., and Navarro, A. (2000). Catalytic production of biodiesel from soy bean oil, used frying oil and tallow, Biomass Bioenerg., 18, 515–527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aranda, D. A. G., Santos, R. T. P., Tapanes, N. C. O., Ramos, A. L. D., and Antunes, O. A. C. (2008). Acid catalyzed homogeneous esterification reaction for biodiesel production from palm fatty acids, Catal. Lett., 122, 20–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrios, M., Gutierrez, M. C., Martin, M. A., and Martin, A. (2010). Obtaining biodiesel from spanish used frying oil: Issues in meeting the EN 14214 biodiesel standard, Biomass Bioenerg., 34, 312–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrios, M., Siles, J., Martin, M. A., and Martin, A. (2007). A kinetic study of the esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) in sunflower oil, Fuel, 86, 2383–2388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canakci, M. (2007). The potential of restaurant waste lipids as biodiesel feedstocks, Bioresour. Technol., 98, 180–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canakci, M., and Van Gerpen, J. (2001). Biodiesel production from oils and fats with high free fatty acids, Trans. ASAE, 44, 1429–1436.
   Google Scholar
• Canakci, M., and Van Gerpen, J. (2003). A pilot plant to produce biodiesel from high free fatty acid feedstocks, Trans. ASAE, 46, 945–954.
   Google Scholar
• Chongkhong, S., Tongurai, C., and Chetpattananondh, R. (2009). Continuous esterification for biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate using economical process, Renew. Energy, 34, 1059–1063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPA420-P-02–001 (2002). A comprehensive analysis of biodiesel impacts on exhaust emissions, Draft technical report. Air and radiation.
   Google Scholar
• Freedman, B., Pryde, E. H., and Mounts, T. L. (1984). Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable oils, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 61, 1638–1643.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghadge, S. V., and Raheman, H. (2005). Biodiesel production from mahua (Madhuca indica) oil having high free fatty acids, Biomass Bioenerg., 28, 601–605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, E. G. (1998). Personal Communication, Department of Food Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
   Google Scholar
• Jalama, K. (2012). Waste oils pre-esterification for biodiesel synthesis: Effect of feed moisture contents, Int. J. Chem. Mol. Nucl. Mater. Metall. Eng., 6, 342–347.
   Google Scholar
• Kaur, N., and Ali, A. (2014). One-pot transesterification and esterification of waste cooking oil via ethanolysis using Sr:Zr mixed oxide as solid catalyst, RSC Adv., 4(82), 43671–43681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur, M., and Ali, A. (2015). An efficient and reusable Li/NiO heterogeneous catalyst for ethanolysis of waste cottonseed oil, Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 117(4), 550–560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knothe, G., Van Gerpen, J., and Krahl, J. (2005). The Biodiesel Handbook, AOCS Press, Urbana, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, D., and Ali, A. (2015). Direct synthesis of fatty acid alkanolamides and fatty acid alkyl esters from high free fatty acid containing triglycerides as lubricity improvers using heterogeneous catalyst, Fuel, 159, 845–853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, D. Y. C., Wu, X., and Leung, M. K. H. (2010). A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification, Appl. Energy, 87, 1083–1095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., Lotero, E., and Goodwin Jr, J. G. (2006). Effect of water on sulfuric acid catalyzed esterification, J. Mol. Catal. A Chem., 245, 132–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucena, I. L., Saboya, R. M. A., Oliveira, J. F. G., Rodrigues, M. L., Torres, A. E. B., Cavalcante Jr, C. L., Parente Jr, E. J. S., Silva, G. F., and Fernandes, F. A. N. (2011). Oleic acid esterification with ethanol under continuous water removal conditions, Fuel, 90, 902–904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucena, I. L., Silva, G. F., and Fernandes, F. A. N. (2008). Biodiesel production by esterification of oleic acid with methanol using a water adsorption apparatus, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 47, 6885–6889.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, F., Clements, L. D., and Hanna, M. A. (1998). The effects of catalyst free fatty acids and water on transesterification of beef tallow, Trans. ASAE, 41, 1261–1264.
   Google Scholar
• Ma, F., and Hanna, M. A. (1999). Biodiesel production: A review, Bioresour. Technol., 70, 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchetti, J. M., and Errazu, A. F. (2008). Esterification of free fatty acids using sulfuric acid as catalyst in the presence of triglycerides, Biomass Bioenerg., 32, 892–895.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meher, L. C., Vidya Sagar, D., and Naik, S. N. (2006). Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification - A review. Renew. Sustainable Energy Rev., 10, 248–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nye, M. J., and Southwell, P. H. (1984). Conversion of rapeseed oil to esters for use as diesel fuel. Fifth Canadian bioenergy R and D seminar, Elsevier Applied Science, London, UK, pp. 487–490.
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira, J. F. G., Lucena, I. L., Saboya, R. M. A., Rodrigues, M. L., Torres, A. E. B., Fernandes, F. A. N., Cavalcante Jr, C. L., and Parente Jr, E. J. S. (2010). Biodiesel production from waste coconut oil by esterification with ethanol: the effect of water removal by adsorption, Renew. Energy, 35, 2581–2584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pahl, C., Pasel, C., Luckas, M., and Bathen, D. (2012). Adsorptive water removal from primary alcohols and acetic acid esters in the ppm-region, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 57, 2465–2471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J. Y., Wang, Z. M., Kim, D. K., and Lee, J. S. (2010). Effects of water on the esterification of free fatty acids by acid catalysts, Renew. Energy, 35, 614–618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisarello, M. L., Dalla Costa, B., Mendow, G., and Querini, C. A. (2010). Esterification with ethanol to produce biodiesel from high acidity raw materials kinetic studies and analysis of secondary reactions, Fuel Process. Technol., 91, 1005–1014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabudak, T., and Yildiz, M. (2010). Biodiesel production from waste frying oils and its quality control, Waste Manag., 30, 799–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, J., Camobreco, V., Duffield, J., Graboski, M., and Shapouri, H. (1998). Life cycle inventory of biodiesel and petroleum diesel for use in an urban bus, final report for U.S. Dept. of Energy’s Office of Fuel Development and the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture’s Office of Energy, by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/SR-580–24089.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, A., He, B., Thompson, J., and Van Gerpen, J. (2006). Process optimization of biodiesel production using alkaline catalysts, Appl. Eng. Agric., 22, 597–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gerpen, J., Shanks, B., Pruszko, R., Clements, D., and Knothe, G. (2004). Biodiesel production technology. NREL/SR-510–36244.
   Google Scholar
• Zhen, X., and Wang, Y. (2015). Numerical analysis on original emissions for a spark ignition methanol engine based on detailed chemical kinetics, Renew. Energy, 81, 43–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar