MEMBRANE SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES: CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS

References

• Agrawal , R. and Xu. J. ( 1996 ) Gas separation membrane cascades II. Two-compressor cascades . J. Membrane Sci , 112 , 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed , T. and Semmens , M. J. ( 1992 ) Use of selected hollow fibers for bubbleless membrance aeration experimental studies . J. Membrane. Sci. , 69 , 1 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athayde , A. L. , Markiewicz , G. , Miller , B. and Wijmans , J. G. ( 1995 ) “ Removal and Recovery of Volatile Organic Compounds from Water by Pervaporation-Opportunities and Applications ,” Proc. 7th Int'I Conf. on Pervaporation Processes in the Chemical Industry , p. 338 , Reno , Nevada . March 1 .
   Google Scholar
• Auerswald , D. ( 1994 ) Power regeneration without chemicals . Ultrapure Water , 11 ( 3 ), 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Backhouse , I. W. , Puri , P. S. , Jones , K. , and Murphy , M. K. ( 1995 ) “ Design of Membrane Systems for Use in Challenging Environments ,” presented at 1995 Spring National AIChE Mtg. , Houston , TX . March 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , R. W. ( 1985 ) Process for Recovering Organic Vapors from Air , U.S. Patent No. 4,553,983. Nov . 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Bakker , W. J. W. , Poppe , J. , Zheng , G. , Kaptezin , F. , Moulijin , J. A. , Geus , E. R. and Bekjum , H. V. ( 1993 ) “ Permeation Behavior of Single Components and Mixtures through a Metal-supported Silicalite Zeolite Membrane ,” paper presented at the Int'I Congress on Membranes and Membrane Processes , Heidelberg , Germany . Aug . 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Beerlage , M. A. M. , Heijnen , M. L. , Mulder M. H. V. , Smolders , C. A. and Strathmann , H. ( 1996 ) Nonaqueous retention measurements ultrafiltration behavior of polystyrene solutions and colloidal silver particles . J. Membrane Sci. , 113 ( 259 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balachandran , U. , Dusek , J. T. , Sweeney , S. M. , Mieville , R. L. , Maiya , P. S. , Kleefisch , M. S. , Pei , S. , Kobylinski , T. P. and Bose , A. C. ( 1994 ) “ Dense Ceramic Membranes for Partial Oxygenation of Methane .” presented at the 3rd Int'I Conf. on Inorganic Membranes , Worcester , MA . July 10 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Bhattacharyya , D. , Williams , M. E. , Ray R. J. and McCray , S. B. ( 1992 ) “ Reverse Osmosis ” in Winston Ho, W. S. and Sirkar, K. K. (Eds.) Membrane Handbook , Chaps. 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25 , Chapman and Hall , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Bhaumik , S. , Majumdar , S. and Sirkar , K. K. ( 1996 ) Hollow fiber membrane-based rapid pressure swing absorption . AIChE. J. , 42 ( 2 ), 409 .
   Google Scholar
• Bhave , R. R. ( 1991 ) Inorganic Membranes , Van Nostrand Reinhold , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Bishop , B. , Makris , P. , Khalil , N. Randolph , M. and Goldsmith , R. ( 1995 ) “ Regenerable Gas Particulate Filters for Industrial Applications ,” presented at the 7th Annual Mtg. of NAMS , Portland , OR . May 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Brandt , S. , Goffe , R. L. , Kessler , S. B. , O'Connor J. L. and Zale , S. E. ( 1988 ) Membrane-based affinity technology for commercial purifications . Biotechnol. , 6 , 779 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewster , M. E. , Chung , K. -Y. and Belfort , G. ( 1993 ) Dean vortices with wall flux in a curved channel membrane system 1. A new approach to membrane module design , J. Membrane Sci , 81 , 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookes , P. R. and Livingston , A. G. ( 1994 ) Biotreatment of a point-source industrial wastewater arising in 3, 4-dichloroaniline manufacture using an extractive membrane bioreac-lor , Biotechnol. Progr. , 10 , 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briischke , H. E. A. , Ellinghorst , G. and Schneider , W. H. ( 1995 ) “ Optimization of a Coupled Reaction-Pervaporation Process ,” Proc. 7th Int'l Conf. on Pervaporation Processes in the Chemical Industry , p, 310 , Reno , Nevada . Feb. 26-March 1 .
   Google Scholar
• Buxbaum , R. E. ( 1992 ) “ Hydrogen Extraction via Nonporous Coated-Metai Membrances,” presented at the 1st Sep . Div. Topical Conf, AIChE, Miami Beach . Nov . 2 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Buxbaum , R. E. and Kinney , A. B. ( 1996 ) Hydrogen transport through tubular membranes of palladium-coated tantalum and niobium . I&EC Res. , 35 , 530 .
   Google Scholar
• Byszewski , C. and Jaffari , M. ( 1993 ) “ Diffusion Dialysis for the Recovery of Waste Aluminum Etchant .” presented at the Int'l Congress of Membranes and Membrane Process , Heidelberg , Germany Sept . 1 .
   Google Scholar
• Byszewski , C. and Piccari , J. ( 1995 ) “ Commercial Applications of Bipolar Membrane Water-splitting for the Recovery of HF from KF ,” presented at the 7ih Annual Mtg. of NAMS , Portland , OR . May 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Cen , Y. and Lichtenthaler , R.N. ( 1995 ) “ Vapor Permeation ” in R.D. Noble and S.A. Stern (Eds) , Membrane Separations Technology Principles and Applications , Chap. 3 , Elsevier , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Cha , J. S. , Malik , V. , Bhaumik , D. , Li , R. and Sirkar , K. K. ( 1996 ) “ Removal of VOCs from Waste Gas Streams by Permeation in a Hollow Fiber Permeator ,” presented at the 8th Annual Mtg. of NAMS , Ottawa , Canada . May 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Cheryan , M. ( 1986 ) Ultrafiltration Handbook , Technomic Publishing Co. , Lancaster , PA .
   Google Scholar
• Chlanda , F. P. , Chiao , Y. -C. and Mani , K. N. ( 1988 ) Water splitting efficiency of bipolar membranes . AIChE Symp. Ser. , 84 ( 261 ), 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Choe , J. S. , Auvil , S. R. and Agarwal , R. ( 1987 ) Process for Separating Components of a Gas Stream , U.S. Patent No. 4, 701, 187. October 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Chung , K -Y. , Bates , R. and Belfort , G. ( 1993 ) Dean vortices with wall flux in a curved channel membrane system 4. Effect of vortices on permeation fluxes of suspensions in microporous membrane . J. Membrane Sci. , 81 , 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooley , T.E. , Mologne , LA. and Fleming , G. ( 1995 ) “ The Use of Membranes in Difficult Environments ,” presented at 1995 Spring National AIChE Mtg. , Houston , TX . March 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Costello , L. M. Walker , D- R. B. and Koros , W. J. ( 1994 ) Analysis of a thermally stable poly-pyrrolone for high temperature membrane-based gas separation . J. Membrane Sci. , 90 , 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culkin , B. and Armando , A. D. ( 1992 ) “ Vibrational Shear Enhanced Processing Applied to Liquid-Solid Separation,” presented at the 1st Sep . Div. Topical Conf. AIChE, Miami Beach . Nov . 2 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Datla , R. and Tsai , S. -P. ( 1995 ) “ Advances in Electrodialysis Separation of Fermentation-derived Organic Acids ,” presented at the 7th Annual Mtg. of NAMS , Portland , OR . May 23 .
   Google Scholar
• DiLeo , A.J. Allegrezza Jr , A. E. and Builder , S. E. ( 1992 ) High resolution removal of virus from protein solutions using a membrane of unique structure . Biotechnology , 10 , 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding , H. , Yang , M. C. , Schisla , D. and Cussler , E. L. ( 1989 ) Hollow-fiber liquid chromatography . AIChE J. , 35 ( 5 ), 814 .
   Google Scholar
• Dodds , D. R. and Lopez , J. L. ( 1993 ) Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Glycidate Esters in the Presence of Bisulfite Anion , U.S. Patent No. 5, 274, 300, December 28 .
   Google Scholar
• DOE , ( 1990 ) Membrane Separation Systems, Research Needs Assessment, Final Report DOE/ER/30133-H1, 2, U.S. Department of Energy .
   Google Scholar
• DOE , ( 1995 ) PETC Review , Spring , 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Dolecek , P. , Mikulasek , P. and Belfort , G. ( 1995 ) The performance of a rotating filter 1. Theoretical analysis of flow in an annulus with a rotating inner wall . J. Membrane. Sci. , 99 , 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doshi , K. ( 1987 ) Enhanced Gas Separation Process , U.S. Patent No. 4, 690, 695, September 1 .
   Google Scholar
• Edlund , D. J. and Pledger , W. A. ( 1993 ) Thermolysis of hydrogen sulfide in a metal-membrane September 1. reactor . J. Membrane. Sci. , 77 , 5 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggerstedt , P. M. , Zievers , J. F. , and Zievers , E. C. , ( 1993 ) Choose the right ceramic filter for filtering hot gases . Chem. Eng. Progr. , January , 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellinghorst , G. , Abouchar , R. and Briischke , H. E. A. ( 1995 ) “ Pervaporation Dehydration of Saturated Vapor Feed Streams ,” Proc, 7th Int'l Conf, on Pervaporation Processes in the Chemical Industry , p. 285 , Reno , Nevada . March .
   Google Scholar
• Falconer , J. L. , Noble , R. D. and Sperry , D. ( 1995 ) “ Catalytic Membrance Reactors ” in Noble R.D and Stern, S.A. (Eds) , Membrane Separations Technology Principles and Applications , Chap. 14 , Elsevier , New ork .
   Google Scholar
• Fleming , H. L. and Slater , C. S. ( 1992 ) “ Pervaporation ” in Winston Ho, W.S. and Sirkar, K.K. (Eds.) , Membrane Handbook , Chaps 7-10 , Chapman and Hall , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Friesen , D. T. , McCray , S. B. , Newbold , D. D. and Ray , R.J. ( 1994 ) “ Chemically Resistant Hollow-fiber Composite Membranes for Separation of Organics Using a Vapor Permeation Process ,” presented at the AIChE Annual Mtg . San Francisco , CA . Nov. 13-1 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Futselaar , H. , Reith , T. and Racz , I. G. ( 1992 ) “ The Countercurrent Transverse Flow Hollow Fiber Membrane Module for the Separation of Liquid Streams ,” presented at Engineering of Membrane Processes, Gramish-Partenkirchent , Bavaria , Germany . pMay p 13 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Ganzi , G. C. ( 1988 ) Electrodeionization for high purity water production . AIChE Symp. Ser. , 84 ( 261 ), 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Ganzi , G. C. and Parise , P. L. ( 1990 ) The production of pharmaceutical grades of water using continuous deionization post-reverse osmosis . Parenteral Sci. and Tech. , 44 ( 4 ), 231 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilleskie , G. L. , Parker , J. L. and Cussler , E. L. ( 1995 ) Gas separations in hollow fiber adsorbers . AIChE J. , 41 ( 6 ), 1413 .
   Google Scholar
• Glater , J. , Hong , S. K. and Elimelech , M. ( 1994 ) The search for a chlorine-resistant reverse osmosis membrane . Desalination , 95 , 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleason , K. J. , Yu , J. , Bunge , A. L. and Wright , J. D. ( 1995 ) “ Removal of Selenium from Contaminated Waters ,” Paper 072 presented at 209th ACS National Mtg. , l&EC Division , Anaheim , CA . April 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Goel , V. , Accomazzo , M. A. , DiLeo , A. J. , Meier , P. , Pitt , A. and Pluskal , M. ( 1992 ) “ Deadend Microfiltration ,” in Winston Ho, W.S, and Sirkar, K.K. (Eds.). , Membrane Handbook , Chap. 34 , Chapman and Hall , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Gottschlich , D. E. and Roberts , D. L. ( 1990 ) SRI Project 6519 for DOE Contract No. ACO7-76ID0157O, Energy Minimization of Separation Process Using Conventional/ Membrane Hybrid Systems . June .
   Google Scholar
• Govind , R. and Itoh , N. ( Eds. ), ( 1989 ) Membrane Reactor Technology . AIChE Symp, Ser. , 85 ( 268 ).
   Google Scholar
• Guha , A. K. , Yun , C. H. , Basu , R. and Sirkar , K. K. ( 1994 ) Heavy metal removal and recovery from wastewater by a hollow fiber contained liquid membrane permeator , AIChE J. , 40 ( 7 ), 122 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Guha , A. K. , Shanbhag , P. V. , Sirkar , K. K. Vaccari , D. A. and Trivedi , D. H. ( 1995 ) Multiphase ozonolysis of organics in wastewater by a novel membrane reactor . AIChE. J. , 41 , 1998 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, W. S. Winston and Li , N. N. ( 1992 ) “ Emulsion Liquid Membranes ,” in Winston Ho W. S. and Sirkar K. K. (Eds.), (1992) Membrane Handbook , Chaps. 36-38 , Chapman and Hall , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Ho W. S. Winston Kamalesh K. Sirkar (Eds.), ( 1992 ) Membrane Handbook , Chapman and Hall , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Ho , W. S. W. , Sartori , G. , Thaler , W. A. , Dalrymple , D. C. , Mastondrea , R. P. and Savage , D. W. ( 1995 ) “ Membrane Separation of Aromatics from Fuels ,” presented at the Eng. Found. Conf. on Separation Technology VI , Snowbird , Utah , July 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Ho , S. V. ( 1996 ) “ Supported Polymeric Liquid Membranes for Wastewater Treatment ,” presented at the 8th Annual Mtg. of NAMS , Ottawa , Canada , May 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Ho , S. V. , Sheridan , P. W. and Krupetsky , E. ( 1996 ) “ Supported Polymeric Liquid Membranes for Removing Organics from Aqueous Solutions. I. Transport Characteristics of Poly-glycol Liquid Membranes ,” J. Membrane Sci. , 112 ( 1 ), 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Ho W. S. Winston and Ying , J. ( 1995 ) Draft of the chapter on “Separations ” for the DOE Research Needs Assessment , “ Energy Application of Nanostructured Materials ”.
   Google Scholar
• Hon , T. , Hashino , M. , Omori , A. , Matsuda , T. , Takasa , T. and Watanabe , K. ( 1995 ) ” Synthesis of Novel Microfilters with Ion-exchange Capacity and its Application to Ultrapure Water Production Systems ,” presented at the 7th Annual Mtg. of NAMS , Portland , OR , May 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh , H. P. ( 1988 ) Inorganic membranes . AIChE Symp. Ser. , 84 ( 261 ), 1 .
   Google Scholar
• Hsu , K. K. , Nalaraj , S. , Thorogood , R. M. and Puri , P. S. ( 1993 ) Oi/Nj selectivity improvement for polylrimethylsilylpropyne membranes by UV-radiation and further enhancement by subambient temperature operation . J. Membrane Sci. , 79 , 1 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , R. Y. M. (Ed). ( 1991 ) Pervaporation Membrane Separation Processes . Elsevier Science Publishers , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Humphrey , J. L. and Seibert , A. F. ( 1992 ) Separation technologies an opportunity for energy savings . Chem. Eng, Prog. , March , 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izatt , R. M. , Lamb , J. D. , Bruening , R. L. , Wang , C. , Edge , N. and Bradshaw , J. L. ( 1993 ) Cation separations using a proton-ionizabte macrocycle in a dual module hollow fiber membrane system . Sep. Sci. & Tech. , 28 ( 1–3 ), 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia , M.-D. , Peinemann , K. V. and Behling , R.-D. ( 1993 ) Ceramic-zeolite composite membranes. Preparation, characterization and gas permeation . J. Membrane Sci. , 82 , 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia , M.-D. , Chen , B. , Noble , R. D. and Falconer , J. L. ( 1994 ) Ceramic Zeolite composite membranes and their application for separation of vapor/gas mixtures . J. Membrane Sci. , 90 , 1 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , C. W. and Koros , W.J. ( 1995 ) Carbon composite membranes a solution to adverse humidity effects , lnd. Eng. Chem. Res. , 34 , 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karoor, S. May ( 1992 ) “ Gas Absorption Studies Using Microporous Hollow Fiber Membranes ”, Ph. D. Thesis , Chemical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology ,.
   Google Scholar
• Karoor , S. and Sirkar , K. K. ( 1993 ) Gas absorption studies in microporous hollow fiber membrane modules . I&EC Res. , 32 , 674 .
   Google Scholar
• Kathios , D J. , Jarvinen , G. D. , Yarbro , S. L. and Smith , B. F. ( 1994 ) Preliminary evaluation of microporous hollow fiber membrane modules for the liquid-liquid extraction of actinides . J. Membr. Sci. , 97 , 1 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kedem , O. and Maoz , Y. ( 1976 ) Ion conducting spacer for improved ED . Desalination , 19 , 465 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keizer , K. , Uhlhorn , R. J. R. and Burggraaf , T. J. ( 1995 ) ” Gas Separation using Inorganic Membranes ”, in R. D. Noble and S. A. Stern (Eds.) , Membrane Separations Technology Principles and Applications , Chap. 12 , Elsevier , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Kessler , S. and Klein , E. ( 1992 ) “ Dialysis ” in W. S. Winston Ho and K. K. Sirkar (Eds.) , Membrane Handbook , Chaps. 11-15 , Chapman and Hall , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Kiani , A. , Bhave , R. R. and Sirkar , K. K. ( 1984 ) Solvent extraction with immobilized interfaces in a microporous hydrophobic membrane , J. Membrane Sci. , 20 , 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , M. Y. ( 1991 ) “ Applications of New and Improved Nanofiltration Thin Film Composite Membranes ,” presented at the 4th Annual Mtg. of NAMS , San Diego , CA . , May 29–31 .
   Google Scholar
• Kita , H. , Hon , K. , Tanaka , K. , Okamoto , K.-I. , Miyake , N. and Kondo , M. ( 1995 ) “ Pervaporation of Water-Organic Liquid Mixtures using a Zeolite NaA Membrane , Proc. 7th Int'l Conf. on Pervaporation Processes in the Chemical Industry , p. 364 , Reno , Nevada . , March 1 .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , E. ( 1995 ) personal communication .
   Google Scholar
• Koresh , J. E. and Soffer , A. ( 1987 ) The carbon molecular sieve membranes. General properties and the permeability of CH4H2 mixture . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 22 , 973 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koros , W. J. and Fleming , G. K. ( 1993 ) Membrane-based gas separation . J. Membrane Sci. , 83 , 1 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer , R. and Al-Samadi , R. A. ( 1995 ) ldquo; Cost Savings with Improved Organic Acid Recovery Operation from Biomass Water Streams ,” presented at the 2nd Sep. Div. Topical Conf. AIChE, Miami Beach Nov . 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Kulkarni , S. S. , Funk , E. W. and Li , N. N. ( 1992 ) “ Ultrafiltration ” in W. S. Winston Ho and K. K. Sirkar (Eds) , Membrane Handbook , Chaps. 26-30 , Chapman and Hall , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Kulkarni , A. , Mukherjee , D. and Gill , W. N. ( 1994 ) Reprocessing hydrofluoric acid etching solutions by reverse osmoiss . Chem. Eng. Comm. , 129 , 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni , A. , Mukherjee , D. and Gill , W. N. ( 1996 ) Flux enhancement by hydrophilization of thin film composite reverse osmosis membranes . J. Membrane Sci. , 114 , 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb , J. D. , Bruening , R. L. , Linsley , D. L. , Smith , C. and Izatt , R. M. ( 1990 ) Characterization of a macrocycle-mediated dual hollow fiber membrane contactor for making cation separations . Sep. Sci. and Tech. , 25 ( 13–15 ), 1407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , G.-Q. , Konishi , S. , Saito , K. and Sugo , T. ( 1994 ) High collection rate of Pd in hydrochloric acid medium using chelating microporous membranes . J. Membrane Sci. , 95 , 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , N.N. ( 1993 ) “ Novel Membranes for Industrial Separations ,” paper presented at the Int'l Congress of Membranes and Membrane Processes , Heidelberg , Germany , September 1 .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , C. , Flowers , D. F. and Liu , P. K. T. ( 1992 ) “ Characterization and Performance Evaluation of Modified Ceramic Commercial Membranes ,” presented at 5th Annual Mtg. of NAMS , Lexington , KY May 17 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Lin Y.-S. , Wang , W. and Han , J. ( 1994 ) Oxygen permeation through thin mixed conducting solid oxide membranes . AlChE J. , 40 , 786 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston , A. G. , Brookes , P. R. , Freitas dos Santos , L. M. L. and Gikas , P. ( 1995 ) “ Mass Transfer Coefficients in Process Scale Shell and Tube Membrane Extraction Module ”, presented at 1995 AIChE Annual Mtg. , Miami Beach , FL , Nov . 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Lodaya , M. ( 1995 ) ldquo; 1995 Latex from Process Effluents ”, presented at the 7th Annual Mtg. of NAMS , Portland , OR May 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Lokhandwala , K. A. ( 1995 ) MTR, Inc. , Palo Alto , CA , personal communication, August 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Lopez , J. L. ( 1993 ) “ Development of Diltiazem Chiral Intermediate (MMPG) Process “, poster 6.16 presented at the Int'l Congress of Membranes and Membrane Processes , Heidelberg , Germany Aug . 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Liidtke , O. and Behling , R.-D. ( 1995 ) “ A Combined Membrane and Adsorption Unit in a Hybrid Process for the Recovery of Organic Vapors ,” presented at the 7th Annaul Mtg. of NAMS , Portland , OR , May 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Maclean , D. L. , Krishnamurthy , R. Lerner , S. I. ( 1987 ) Argon Recovery from Hydrogen Depleted Ammonia Plant Purge Gases Utilizing a Combination of Cryogenic and Non-Cryogenic Means , U.S. Patent No. 4,687,498, August 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Majumdar , S. , Sirkar , K. K. and Sengupta , A. ( 1992 ) “ Hollow-Fiber Contained Liquid Membrane ,” in W. S. Winston Ho and K. K. Sirkar (Eds.) , Membrane Handbook , Chap. 42 Chapman and Hall , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Marr , R. J. and Draxler , J. ( 1992 ) “ Applications and Capital and Operating Costs for Emulsion Liquid Membranes ,” in W, S, Winston Ho and K. K. Sirkar (Eds,) , Membrane Handbook , Chaps. 39-40 , Chapman and Hall , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Mateus , M. and Cabral , J. M. S. ( 1995 ) Modeling membrane filtration of protein and cell suspensions in a vortex flow filtration system . AIChE J. , 41 , 764 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matson , S. L. and Quinn , J. A. ( 1992 ) “ Membrane Reactors ,” in W, S. Winston Ho and K. K. Sirkar (Eds.) , Membrane Handbook , Chap. 43 , Chapman and Hall , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Matsumoto , H. , Kitamura , H. , Kamata , T. , Ishibashi , M. and Nishikawa , N. ( 1992 ) “ Fundamental Study on COj Removal from the Flue Gas of Thermal Power Plant by Hollow-Fiber Gas-Liquid Contactor ”. Preprints, 1st Sep. Div. Topical Conf. AIChE , Miami Beach , FL , Nov . 2 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Matsuura , T. ( 1993 ) Synthetic Membranes and Membrane Separation Processes . CRC Press , Boca Raton , FL .
   Google Scholar
• Moll , D. J. , Burmaster , A. F. , Hayes , D. A. and Smith , B. L. ( 1994 ) “ Cryogenic Gas Separation Membranes ,” presented at the 6th Annual Mtg. of NAMS , Breckenridge , CO May 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Mourato , D. , Senthilnathan , P. R. and Rollins , R. M. ( 1995 ) “ Application of Membrane Bio-reactor and Reverse Osmosis to Treat Highly Saline Wastewater from a Pharmaceutical Industry ,” presented at 1995 AIChE Annual Mtg. , Miami Beach . Nov . 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Mukherjee , D. , Kulkarni , A. and Gill , W. N. ( 1994 a ) Ultrapurification and recycling of hydrofluoric acid etching solutions by reverse osmosis membrane perfromance and multicom-ponent rejection . Chem. Eng. Comm. , 130 , 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee , D. , Kulkarni , A. and Gill , W.N. ( 1994 b ) Flux enhancement of reverse osmosis membranes by chemical surface modification . J. Membrane Sci. , 97 , 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder , M. ( 1991 ) Basic Principles of Membrane Technology . Kluwer Academic Publishers , Dordrecht , Netherlands .
   Google Scholar
• Noble , R. D. and Armor , J. N. ( 1993 ) J. Membrane Sci. , 11 , 135 and all other articles in this issue .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble , R. D. and Stern , S. A. (Eds,). ( 1995 ) Membrane Separations Technology Principles and Applications , Elsevier , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Ohlrogge , K. , Wind , J. and Behling , R.-D. ( 1995 ) Off-gas purification by means of membrane vapor separation systems . Sep. Sci & Tech. , 30 ( 7–9 ), 1625 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OIT, Office of Industrial Technologies, US DOE , “New Hybrid Membrane/Distillation System for Olefin Recovery Saves Energy and Money,” DOE/CH10093-193-DE93OO0O58, June .
   Google Scholar
• Pan , C.Y. and McMinis , C. W. ( 1992 ) “ Hollow Fiber Bundle Element .” US Patent No. 5,139,668. August 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Papadopoulos , T. H. and Sirkar , K. K. ( 1993 ) Separation of a 2-propanol/n-heptane mixture by liquid membrane perstraction . I&EC Res. , 32 , 663 .
   Google Scholar
• Papadopoulos , T. H. and Sirkar , K. K. ( 1994 ) A modified hollow fiber contained liquid membrane technique for gas separation at high pressures . J. Membrane Sci. , 94 , 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen , R. J. ( 1993 ) Composite reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes . J. Membrane Sci. , 83 , 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poddar , T. , Majumdar , S. and Sirkar , K. K. ( 1996 ) “ Membrane-based Absroption of VOCs from a Gas Stream ,” AlChE J. , In press. (Presented at AIChE Annual Mtg. , San Francisco , CA , November (1994) .
   Google Scholar
• Prasad , R. and Sirkar , K. K. ( 1992 ) “ Membrane-Based Solvent Extraction ,” in W. S. Winston Ho and K. K. Sirkar (Eds.) , Membrane Handbook , Chap. 41 , Chapman and Hall , New York T .
   Google Scholar
• Prasad , R. Notaro , F. and Thompson , D. R. ( 1994 ) Evolution of membranes in commercial air separation . J. Membr. Sci. , 94 , 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi , Z. and Cussler , E. L. ( 1995 ) Microporous hollow fibers for gas absorption. I. mass transfer in the liquid. II. mass transfer across the membrane , J. Membrane Sci. , 23 , 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Raman , L. P. , Cheryan , M. and Rajagopalan , N. ( 1994 ) Consider nanofiltration for membrane separations . Chem. Eng. Prog. , March , 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , M. B. and Sircar , S. ( 1993 ) Nanoporous carbon membranes for separation of gas mixtures by selective surface flow . J. Membrane Sci , 85 , 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rautenbach , R. and Albrecht , R. ( 1989 ) Membrane Separation Processes . John Wiley , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Rautenbach , R. and Groschl , A. ( 1990 ) Separation potential of nanofiltration membranes . Desalination , 77 , 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Ray , R. , Wytcherley , R. W. , Newbold , D. , McCray , D. , Friesen , D. and Brose , D. ( 1991 ) Synergistic, membrane-based hybrid separation systems . J. Membr. Sci. , 62 , 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redkar , S. and Davis , R. H. ( 1995 ) Cross-flow microfiltration with high-frequency reverse filtration . AIChE J. , 41 ( 3 ), 501 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed , B. W. , Klassen , R. , Jansen , A. E. , Akkerhuis , J. J. , Bull , B. A. and Oesterholt , F. I. H. M. ( 1994 ) “ Removal of Hydrocarbons from Wastewater by Membrane Extraction ,” paper presented at the 1994 AIChE Spring National Mlg. , Atlanta , GA , April 17 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Reed , B. W. , Semmens , M. J. and Cussler , E. L. ( 1995 ) “ Membrane Contactors,” in R. D. Noble and S. A. Stern (Eds.) , Membrane Separations Technology Principles and Applications , Chap. 10 , Elsevier , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Robeson , L. M. ( 1991 ) Correlation of separation factor versus permeability for polymeric membranes . J. Membrane Sci. , 62 , 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers , V. G. J. and Sparks , R. E. ( 1991 ) Reduction of membrane fouling in the ultrafiltration of binary protein mixtures . AIChE J. , 37 ( 10 ), 1517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman , I.C. ( 1996 ) “ Membranes for N2 Generation Recent Advances and Impact on Other Gas Separations ,” paper presented at the Seminar on the Ecological Applications of Innovative Membrane Technology in the Chemical Industry , Cetraro , Italy . May .
   Google Scholar
• Roper , D. K. and Lightfoot , E.N. ( 1995 ) Separation of biomolcules using adsorptive membranes . J. Chromatogr., A. , 702 , 3 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saracco , G. , Versteeg , G. F. van Swaaij , W. P. M. ( 1994 ) Current hurdles to the success of high temperature membrane reactors . J. Membrane Sci. , 95 , 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schow , A. J. , Peterson , R. T. and Lamb , J. D. ( 1996 ) Polymer membranes containing macro-cyclic carriers for use in cation separation , J. Membr. Sci. , in Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schucker , R. C. ( 1995 a ) “ Separation of Organic Liquids by Perstraction ,” Proc. 7th Int'l Conf. ¦ on Pervaporation Processes in the Chemical Industry , p. 321 , Reno , Nevada . March 1 .
   Google Scholar
• Schucker , R. C. ( 1995 b ) “ Hollow Fiber Premeators for the Separation of Aromatic from Aliphatic Molecules in Transportation Fuels ,” paper presented at the AIChE Annual Mtg. , Miami , FL , Nov . 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Sengupta , A. , Reed , B. W. and Seibert , F. ( 1994 ) “ Liquid-Liquid Extraction Studies on Semi-Commercial Scale using Recently Commercialized Large Membrane Contactors and Systems ,” presented at the AlChE Annual Mtg. , San Francisco , CA , November 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Sengupta , A. , Sodaro , R. A. and Reed , B. W. ( 1995 ) “ Oxygen Removal from Water using Process-scale Extra-Flow Membrane Contactors and Systems ,” presented at the 7th Annual Mtg. of NAMS , Portland , OR , May 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Shanbhag , P. V. , Guha , A. K. and Sirkar , K.. K. ( 1995 ) Single-phase membrane ozonation of hazardous organic compounds in aqueous streams , J. Hazardous Materials , 41 , 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirkar , K. K. ( 1992 ) “ Other New Membrane Processes ,” in W. S. Winston Ho and K. K Sirkar (Eds.) , Membrane Handbook , Chap. 46 , Chapman and Hall , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Sirkar , K. K. ( 1995 ) “ Membrane Separations Newer Concepts and Applications for the Food Industry ,” in R. K.. Singh and S. S. H. Rizvi (Eds.) , Bioseparation Processes in Foods , Chap. 10 , Marcel Dekker , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Sirkar , K. K. ( 1996 ) “ Hollow Fiber Contained Liquid Membrane for Separations An Overview ,” in R. A. Bartsch and J. D. Way (Eds.) , Chemical Separations with Liquid Membranes, ACS Symp. Ser. , In press , Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Spillman , R. ( 1995 ) “ Economics of Gas Separation Membrane Processes ” in R. D. Noble and S. A. Stern (Eds.) , Membrane Separations Technology Principles and Applications , Chap. 13 , Elsevier , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Stanford , P. T. and Vail , P. ( 1992 ) New membrane process for recycle and reuse of wastewater streams . Industrial Water Treatment , 11 , July-August , 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Stanford , P. T. ( 1995 ) “ Open Channel Membrane Modules for the Reduction of Hazardous Liquids ,” presented at the 7th Annual Mtg. of NAMS , Portland , OR , May 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Stephan , W. , Noble , R. D. , and Koval , C. ( 1995 ) Design methodology for a membrane/distillation column hybrid process . J. Membrane Sci. , 99 , 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , S. A. ( 1994 ) Polymers for gas separations the next decade (Review) J. Membrane Sci. , 94 , 1 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strathmann , H. ( 1992 ) “ Electrodialysis ” in W. S. Winston Ho and K. K. Sirkar (Eds.) , Membrane Handbook , Chaps. 16-20 , Chapman and Hall , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Tabatabai , A. , Scamehorn , J. F. and Christian , S. D. ( 1995 ) Economic feasibility study of poly-electrolyte-enhanced ultrafiltration (PEUF) for water softening . J. Membrane Sci , 100 , 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takigawa , D. Y. , Metcalfe , P. F. , Chu , H. C. , Light , W. G. , Murrer , J. and Holden , P. ( 1995 ) “ Ultra-low Pressure Reverse Osmosis Membranes ,” presented at 1995 Membrane Technology Conference sponsored by AWWA , Reno , Nevada , Aug . 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Thommes , J. and Kula , M.-R. , ( 1995 ) Membrane chromatography-an integrative concept in the downstream processing of proteins . Biolechnol, Prog. , 11 , 357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• and Tompkins , C. J. , Michaels , A. S. and Peretti , S. W. ( 1994 ) “ Use of a Contained Liquid Membrane Brioreactor System for the Extraction and Degradation of Nitroaromatic Pollutants ,” presented at the 1994 AIChE Annual Mtg. , San Francisco , CA , November 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Tonkovich , A. L. Y. , Jimenez , D. M. , Roberts , G. L. , and Cox , J. L. ( 1995 ) “Inorganic Membrane Reactors for Partial Oxidation Reactions,” presented at the 7th Annual Mtg, of NAMS, Portland, OR, May 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Tsou , D. T. , Blachman , M. W. and Davis , J. C. ( 1994 ) Silver-faciltated olefin/paraffin separation in a liquid membrane contactor system. I&EC Res., 33 , 3209 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Reis , R. , Leonard , L. C. , Hsu , C. C. and Builder , S. E. ( 1991 ) Industrial scale harvest of proteins from mammalian cell culture by tangential flow filtration . Biolechnol. Bioeng. , 38 , 413 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Way , J. D. and Noble , R. D. ( 1992 ) “ Facilitated Transport ,” in W. S. Winston Ho and K. K. Sirkar (Eds.) , Membrane Handbook , Chap. 44 , Chapman and Hall , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Wijmans , J. G. ( 1992 ) Process for Removing Condensable Components for Gas Streams , U.S. Patent No. 5,089,033, Feb . 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Wu , J. C. S. , Sabol , H. , Smith , G W. , Flowers , D. L. and Liu , P. K. T. ( 1994 ) Characterization of hydrogen-permselective microporous ceramic membranes . J. Membrane Sci. , 96 , 275 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , J. and Agrawal , R. ( 1996 ) Gas separation membrane cascades I. One-compressor cascades with minimal exergy losses due to mixing . J. Membrane Sci , 112 , 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan , Y. , Davis , M. E. and Gavalas , G. R. ( 1995 ) Preparation of zeolite ZSM-5 membranes by in-situ crystallization on porous a-Alj03 , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 34 , 1652 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan , Y. , Davis , M. E. and Gavalas , G. R. ( 1996 ) “ Preparation of highly selective ZSM-5 membranes ,” presented at the 8th Annual Mtg. of NAMS , Ottawa , Canada , May 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , D. , Majumdar , S. , Kovenklioglu , S. and Sirkar , K. K. ( 1995 ) Hollow fiber contained liquid membrane pervaporation system for the removal of toxic volatile organics from wastewater . J. Membrane Sci. , 103 , 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolandz , R. R. and Fleming , G. K. ( 1992 ) “ Gas Permeation ” in W. S. Winston Ho and K. K. Sirkar (Eds.) , Membrane Handbook , Chaps. 2-6 , Chapman and Hall , New York .
   Google Scholar