486
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

“Discovering” normative power as a state strategy in the framework of security, foreign, and defense policy: the case of Japan

&
Pages 78-97 | Received 14 Jul 2013, Accepted 18 Feb 2014, Published online: 29 May 2014

References

  • AFP (Agence France-Presse). 2011. “Japan Eases Long-Standing Arms Export Ban.” Defense News, December 27. Accessed January 22, 2014. http://www.defensenews.com/article/20111227/DEFSECT04/112270304/Japan-Eases-Long-Standing-Arms-Export-Ban.
  • Acharya, A.2004. “How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism.” International Organization58 (2): 239–275.
  • Act on Cooperation for United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and Other Operations (国際連合平和維持活動等に対する協力に関する法律), Act. 79 of June 19. 1992. “Secretariat of the International Peace Cooperation Headquarters.” Accessed January 7, 2014. http://www.pko.go.jp/PKO_J/data/law/pdf/law_e.pdf.
  • Asahi Shimbun, ‘National Security’ Amendment to Nuclear Law Raises Fears of Military Use. 2012. June 21. Accessed January 7, 2014. http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/politics/AJ201206210061.
  • Ashizawa, K.2008. “When Identity Matters: State Identity, Regional Institution-Building, and Japanese Foreign Policy.” International Studies Review10 (3): 571–598.
  • Bellamy, A. J., and S. E.Davies. 2009. “The Responsibility to Protect in the Asia-Pacific Region.” Security Dialogue40 (6): 547–574.
  • Berger, T.1993. “From Sword to Chrysanthemum: Japan's Culture of Anti-militarism.” International Security17 (4): 119–150.
  • Berger, T.1998. Cultures of Antimilitarism: National Security in Germany and Japan. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Berger, T.1999. “Alliance Politics and Japan's Postwar Culture of Antimilitarism.” In The US-Japan Alliance: Past, Present, and Future, edited by M.Green and P.Cronin, 199–202. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press.
  • Björkdahl, A.2002. From Idea to Norm: Promoting Conflict Prevention. Lund: Lund University.
  • Björkdahl, A.2007. “Swedish Norm Entrepreneurship in the UN.” International Peacekeeping14 (4): 538–552.
  • Brommerson, D.2010. “Normative Europeanization: The Case of Swedish Foreign Policy Reorientation.” Cooperation & Conflict45 (2): 224–244.
  • Buzan, B.1991. People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
  • Calder, K.1988. “Japanese Foreign Economic Policy Formation: Explaining the Reactive State.” World Politics40 (4): 517–541.
  • Callahan, W., and E.Barbantseva. 2011. China Orders the World: Normative Soft Power and Foreign Policy. Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center Press with John Hopkins University Press.
  • Catalinac, A. L.2007. “Identity Theory and Foreign Policy: Explaining Japan's Responses to the 1991 Gulf War and the 2003 U.S. War in Iraq.” Politics & Policy35 (1): 58–100.
  • Christensen, T. J.1999. “China, the U.S.-Japan Alliance, and the Security Dilemma in East Asia.” International Security23 (4): 49–80.
  • Chung, C.-P.2011. “Japan's involvement in Asia-Centered Regional Forums in the Context of Relations with China and the United States.” Asian Survey51 (3): 407–428.
  • Crawford, B.2010. “The Normative Power of a Normal State: Power and Revolutionary Vision in Germany's Post-Wall Foreign Policy.” German Politics & Society28 (2): 165–184.
  • Diez, T.2004. “Constructing the Self and Changing Others: Reconsidering ‘Normative Power Europe.’Millennium.” Journal of International Studies33 (3): 613–636.
  • Diez, T., and I.Manners. 2007. “Reflecting on Normative-power Europe.” In Power in World Politics, edited by F.Berenskoetter and M. J.Williams, 173–188. New York: Routledge.
  • Dirdala, L.-D.2013. “After Vilnius: the European Union's Smart Power and the Eastern Neighbourhood.” Eastern Journal of European Studies4 (2): 123–136.
  • Drifte, R.1982. “Part Two – Diplomacy.” In Japan's Quest for Comprehensive Security: Defense-Diplomacy-Dependence, edited by J. W. M.Chapman, R.Drifte and I. T. M.Gow, 81–142. New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Drifte, R.1996. Japan's Foreign Policy in the 1990s: From Economic Power to What Power?London: Macmillan Press.
  • Duchêne, F.1973. “The European Community and the Uncertainties of Interdependence.” In A Nation Writ Large? Foreign Policy Problems before the European Community, edited by M.Kohnstamm and W.Hager, 1–21. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
  • Edström, B.2008. Japan and the Challenge of Human Security: The Founding of a New Policy 1995–2003. Stockholm: Institute for Security and Development Policy.
  • Finnemore, M., and K.Sikkink. 1998. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization52 (4): 887–917.
  • Gosh, M.2008. “India and Japan's Growing Synergy: From a Political to a Strategic Focus.” Asian Survey48 (2): 282–302.
  • Green, M.1995. Arming Japan: Defense Production, Alliance Politics, and the Postwar Search for Autonomy. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Green, M.2001. Japan's Reluctant Realism: Foreign Policy Challenges in an Era of Uncertain Power. New York: Palgrave.
  • Grizold, A., and B.Bučar. 2011. “Izzivi sodobne varnosti: od nacionalne in mednarodne do človekove varnosti.” Teorija in Praksa48 (4): 827–851.
  • Hagström, L.2009. “Normalizing Japan: Supporter, Nuisance, or Wielder of Power in the North Korean Nuclear Talks?” Asian Survey49 (5): 831–851.
  • Hamilton, D.2007. “The United States: A Normative Power?” In Who is a Normative Foreign Policy Actor? The European Union and its Global Partners, edited by N.Tocci, 76–155. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies.
  • Hook, G., J.Gilson, C.Hughes, and H.Dobson. 2001. Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security. London: Routledge.
  • Hughes, C. W.2009. Japan's Remilitarisation. London: Routledge.
  • Inoguchi, T., J.Ikenberry, and Y.Sato. 2011. The US-Japan Security Alliance: Regional Multilateralism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Inoue, M. S.2007. Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Iokibe, M.2011. “Japanese Diplomacy after the Cold War.” In The Diplomatic History of Postwar Japan, edited by M.Iokibe, 173–209. London: Routledge.
  • Ito, K.1991. “The Japanese State of Mind: Deliberations on the Gulf Crisis.” Journal of Japanese Studies17 (2): 275–290.
  • Ito, M.2011. “Government Goes Ahead With Easing Arms Export Ban.” Japan Times, December 28. Accessed January 18, 2014. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20111228a3.html.
  • Katzenstein, P. J.1996a. The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Katzenstein, P. J.1996b. Cultural Norms and National Security: Policy and Military in Postwar Japan. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Katzenstein, P. J., N.Okawara, Y.Tsujinaka, H. R.Friman, D.Leheny, C.Hemmer, and R.Sil.2008. Rethinking Japanese Security: Internal and External Dimensions. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Kavalski, E.2013. “The Struggle for Recognition of Normative Powers: Normative Power Europe and Normative power China in Context.” Cooperation and Conflict48 (2): 247–267.
  • Kliman, D. M.2006. Japan's Security Strategy in the Post-9/11 World. London: Praeger.
  • Koivisto, M.2012. Normative State Power in International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kokubun, R.2006. “The Shifting Nature of Japan–China relations After the Cold War.” In Japan's Relations with China: Facing A Rising Power, edited by P. E.Lam, 21–36. New York: Routledge.
  • Krasner, S.1982. “Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables.” International Organization36 (2): 185–205.
  • Krasner, S.1983. “Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes and Intervening Variables.” In International Regimes, edited by StephenKrasner, 1–22. Cambridge, MA: Cornell University Press.
  • Kratochwil, F.1995. Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lam, P. E.1996. “Japan and the Spratlys Dispute: Aspirations and Limitations.” Asian Survey36 (10): 995–1010.
  • Lam, P. E.2009. Japan's Peace-building Diplomacy in East Asia: Seeking a More Active Political Role. New York: Routledge.
  • Lam, P. E.2011. “Japan's Relations with Southeast Asia in the Post-Cold War Era: ‘Abnormal’ No More?” In Japan as a ‘Normal Country’? edited by Y.Soeya, M.Tadokoro and D. A.Welch, 193–208. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Leheny, D.2006. Think Global, Fear Local: Sex, Violence, and Anxiety in Contemporary Japan. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Malešič, M, and L. Jelušičova. 2003. “National Security Issues in Public Eyes: the Perception of NATO and Military in Slovenia [Problematika narodnej bezpečnosti v očiach verejnosti: vnimanie NATO a vojska v Slovinsku.].” Sociologia35 (5): 479–494.
  • Manners, I. 2001. “Normative Power Europe: The International Role of the EU.” Paper presented at the biennial conference of the European Community Studies Association, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, May 31. http://aei.pitt.edu/7263/1/002188_1.PDF.
  • Manners, I.2002. “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies40 (2): 235–258.
  • Manners, I.2006. “Normative Power Europe Reconsidered: Beyond the Crossroads1.” Journal of European Public Policy13 (2): 182–199.
  • Mearsheimer, J.2001. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: Norton.
  • MOD (Japan Ministry of Defense). 2011. “Defense of Japan 2011: Defense Chronology.” MOD. Accessed February 4, 2014. http://www.mod.go.jp/e/publ/w_paper/pdf/2011/44Defense_Chronology.pdf.
  • MOD (Japan Ministry of Defense). 2012a. “Defense of Japan 2012.” MOD. Accessed February 26, 2014. http://www.mod.go.jp/e/publ/w_paper/2012.html.
  • MOD (Japan Ministry of Defense). 2012b. “Defense of Japan 2012: Content of the New NDPG.” MOD. Accessed February 5, 2014. http://www.mod.go.jp/e/publ/w_paper/pdf/2012/21_Part2_Chapter2_Sec2.pdf.
  • MOD (Japan Ministry of Defense). 2012d. “Defense of Japan 2012: Multi-layered Security Cooperation with the International Community.” MOD. Accessed February 6, 2014. http://www.mod.go.jp/e/publ/w_paper/pdf/2012/34_Part3_Chapter3_Sec1.pdf.
  • MOD (Japan Ministry of Defense). 2012e. “Promotion of Defense Cooperation and Exchanges.” MOD. Accessed February 2, 2014. http://www.mod.go.jp/e/publ/w_paper/pdf/2012/35_Part3_Chapter3_Sec2.pdf.
  • MOD (Japan Ministry of Defense).2012c. “Defense of Japan 2012: For the Deeper and Broader Japan-U.S. Alliance.” MOD. Accessed February 5, 2014. http://www.mod.go.jp/e/publ/w_paper/pdf/2012/32_Part3_Chapter2_Sec2.pdf.
  • MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan). 2009. The Trust Fund for Human Security: For the ‘Human Centered’ 21st Century. Tokyo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
  • MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan). 2011. Bluebook 2011. MOFA. Accessed February 1, 2014. http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2011/html/h1/h1_01.html#h1_02.
  • MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan). 2013. Japan's Official Development Assistance White Paper 2012: Japan's International Cooperation. Tokyo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
  • Nakanishi, H. 2011. “The Gulf War and Japanese Diplomacy.” Accessed January 30, 2014. http://www.nippon.com/en/features/c00202/.
  • Nakano, R, and J.Prantl. 2011. “Global Norm Diffusion in East Asia: How China and Japan Implement the Responsibility to Protect.” International Relations25 (2): 204–223.
  • Nishikawa, Y.2005. Japan's Changing Role in Humanitarian Crises. New York: Routledge.
  • Nye, J.1990. “The Changing Nature of World Power.” Political Science Quarterly105 (2): 177–192.
  • Nye, J. 2002. The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone?New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Nye, J.2004. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. 1st ed.New York: Public Affairs.
  • Obuchi, K. 1998. “Toward the Creation of a Bright Future for Asia.” MOFA. Accessed February 8, 2014. http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/asean/pmv9812/policyspeech.html.
  • Okawara, N., and P. J.Katzenstein. 2008. “Japan and Asian-Pacific Security: Regionalization, Entrenched Bilateralism, and Incipient Multilateralism.” In Rethinking Japanese Security: Internal and External Dimensions, edited by P. J.Katzenstein, 104–132. London: Routledge.
  • Oros, A. L.2008. Normalizing Japan: Politics, Identity, and the Evolution of Security Practice. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Ozawa, I.1994. Blueprint for a New Japan: The Rethinking of a Nation. Tokyo: Kodansha International.
  • Paris, R.2001. “Human Security: Paradigm Shift or Hot Air?” International Security26 (2): 87–102.
  • Pyle, K.2007. Japan Rising: The Resurgence of Japanese Power and Purpose. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Risse, T., S. C.Ropp, and K.Sikkink. 1999. The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rothman, S. B.2011. “Revising the Soft Power Concept: What are the Means and Mechanisms of Soft Power?” Journal of Political Power4 (1): 49–64.
  • Rowan, J. P.2005. “The U.S.-Japan Security Alliance, ASEAN, and the South China Sea Dispute.” Asian Survey45 (3): 414–436.
  • Rozman, G.2007. “The North Korean Nuclear Crisis and U.S. Strategy in Northeast Asia.” Asian Survey47 (4): 601–621.
  • Samuels, R. J.2007. Securing Japan: Tokyo's Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
  • Samuels, R. J.2008. “‘New Fighting Power!’-Japan's Growing Maritime Capabilities and East Asian Security.” International Security32 (3): 84–112.
  • Sebata, T.2010. Japan's Defense Policy and Bureaucratic Politics, 1976–2007. New York: University Press of America.
  • Shinoda, T.2011. “Costs and Benefits of the U.S.-Japan Alliance from the Japanese Perspective.” In The U.S.-Japan Security Alliance: Regional Multilateralism, edited by T.Inoguchi, J. G.Ikenberry and Y.Sato, 13–29. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Smith, S. A.2003. “Beyond the ‘Post-Cold War’? U.S.–Japan Alliance and the Future of Asia-Pacific Security.” In Reinventing the Alliance: U.S.–Japan Security Partnership in an Era of Change, edited by J. G.Ikenberry and T.Inoguchi, 117–140. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Smith, S. A.2011. “Refining the U.S.-Japan Strategic Bargain.” In The U.S.-Japan Security Alliance: Regional Multilateralism, edited by T.Inoguchi, G. J.Ikenberry and Y.Sato, 31–52. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Tadokoro, M. 2011. “Change and Continuity in Japan's ‘Abnormalcy’: An Emerging External Attitude of the Japanese Public.” In Japan as a ‘Normal Country’? edited by Y. Soeya, M. Tadokoro and D. A.Welch. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Tsutomu, K.2001. “Japan and Multilateralism: The Regional Level.” In Japan and Multilateral Diplomacy, edited by P.Régnier and D.Warner, 38–71. London: Ashgate.
  • Uddin, Zohir. 2011. “Soft and Normative Power: The Importance and Power of ‘Attraction’ in International Politics and International Economics.” Cultural Diplomacy. Accessed January 3, 2014. http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/content/pdf/participant-papers/2011-symposiumusa/Soft-and-Normative-Power–The-Importance-and-Power-of-_Attraction_-in-International-Politics-and-International-Economics–Zohir-Uddin.pdf3.
  • Udovič, B.2011. “Slovene Commercial Diplomacy in the Western Balkan Countries.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies44 (4): 357–368.
  • Udovič, B., and M.Svetličič. 2012. “Does the Trio Matter?: The Case of the Slovenian EU Council Presidency.” Romanian Journal of Political Science12 (2): 4–28.
  • UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 1994. Human Development Report 1994. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • US Navy. 2012. “RIMPAC to begin June 29.” US Navy. Accessed January 23, 2014. http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/Pages/RIMPACtobeginJune29.aspx#.T9DG1G9in7k.
  • Vuga, J.2010. “Cultural Differences in Multinational Peace Operations: A Slovenian Perspective.” International Peacekeeping17 (4): 554–565.
  • Vyas, U.2011. Soft Power in Japan-China Relations: State, Sub-State and Non-State Relations. New York: Routledge.
  • Weiss, T.2012. “Fighting Wars or Controlling Crowds?” The Case of the Czech Military Forces and the Possible Blurring of Police and Military Functions. Armed Forces and Society39 (3): 450–466.
  • Yakushiji, T.1994. “Technology and the Setting for Japan's Agenda.” In Japan's International Agenda, edited by Y.Funabashi, 57–80. New York and London: New York University Press.
  • Zupančič, R., and M.Hribernik. 2011. “Small States as ‘Contributing Nations’ to the EU's Normative Power: The Case of Slovenia.” Romanian Journal of European Affairs11 (4): 34–49.
  • Zupančič, R., and M.Hribernik. 2013. “Normative Power Japan: The European Union's Ideational Successor or Another ‘contradiction in terms’?” Romanian Journal of Political Science13 (2): 106–136.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.