Modernizing propaganda in Republican China under a foreign gaze

References

• Bess, D. C. (1928, July 1). Dr. Sun’s tomb is Mecca of all true Nationalists. The Shanghai Sunday Times, 13.
   Google Scholar
• Bland, J. O. (1929). A study of Kuomintang propaganda. The English Review, 11, 582–590.
   Google Scholar
• Buy Chinese Association is launched in gathering here. (1935, September 23). The China Press, 8.
   Google Scholar
• Cai, M. (1998). Zhongguo guomindang dangbao lishi yanjiu (1927-1949) [A historical study of the Kuomintang news organs, 1927-1949]. Tuanjie chubanshe.
   Google Scholar
• Cai, Z. (1996). Sanshi niandai guomindang xinwen zhengce de yanbian [The shift of the Kuomintang’s news policies in the 1930s]. Xinwen yu Chuanbo Yanjiu, 2, 71–78.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Y. (2006). Zhishujie yu Sun Zhongshan chongbai [Tree Planting Day and worship of Sun Yat’sen]. Nanjing Daxue Xuebao, 43, 76–90.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, Q. (1976). Zhanshi zhongguo baoye [Wartime Chinese press]. Zhongguo guomindang zhongyang weiyuanhui dangshi weiyuanhui.
   Google Scholar
• Chinese Observe “Animal Day”. (1934, October 5). The North-China Daily News, 10.
   Google Scholar
• Despite Nanking’s Propaganda. (1931, March 30). The North-China Daily News, 12.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, L. (2013). Drawing sexual violence in wartime China: Anti-Japanese propaganda cartoons. The Journal of Asian Studies, 72(3), 563–586. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911813000521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, H. (1981). Zhongguo jinxiandai baokan shi [History of modern Chinese press]. Shanxi renmin chubanshe.
   Google Scholar
• Fang, X. (2004). Zhongguo xinwen shi [History of Chinese journalism]. Nanjing shifan daxue chubanshe.
   Google Scholar
• Fans as Strike Propaganda. (1925, August 5). The Shanghai Times, 5.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, J. (1996). Awakening China: Politics, culture, and class in the Nationalist revolution. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Flath, J. A. (2004). The cult of happiness: Nianhua, art, and history in rural north China. University of British Columbia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsbourg, M. J. (1934, December 15). Hupeh’s propaganda schools. The China Weekly Review, 94.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, J. M. (1986). The Missouri news monopoly and American altruism in China: Thomas F. F. Millard, J. B. Powell, and Edgar Snow. Pacific Historical Review, 55(1), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.2307/3639111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handkerchiefs latest form of Tsinan propaganda. (1928, June 3). The Shanghai Sunday Times, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, H. (2000). The making of the Republican citizen: Political ceremonies and symbols in China 1911-1929. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hsu, I. C. Y. (1999). The rise of modern China. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Huge lantern parade to end New Life Movement propaganda. (1934, April 5). The China Press, 6.
   Google Scholar
• Hung, C. (1994). War and popular culture: Resistance in modern China, 1937–1945. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• In an instruction to the various propaganda departments. (1929, July 5). The Shanghai Times, 18.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. D. (2011). Propaganda and sovereignty in wartime China: Morale operations and psychological warfare under the Office of War Information. Modern Asian Studies, 45(2), 303–344. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X11000023
   Google Scholar
• Kawase, C. (2000). Sensō to nenga: Jūgonen senso ki no Ni Chū ryōkoku no shikakuteki puropaganda [War and New Year pictures: The visual propaganda between Japan and China in the fifteen years of battles]. Azusa Shuppansha.
   Google Scholar
• Keon, M. (1949, February 2). Reds take over Peiping quietly, use propaganda. The China Press, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Kuomintang figures in the movies. (1937, February 13). The Shanghai Times, 3.
   Google Scholar
• Li, H. (2018). Qianxi guomindang guanying dianying yu kangzhan xuanchuan [Kuomintang’s officially operated films and anti-Japanese war propaganda]. Dangdai Dianying, 3, 106–109.
   Google Scholar
• Li, K. (2020). Education, entertainment, and indoctrination educational film in interwar China. Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society, 12(1), 24–42. https://doi.org/10.3167/jemms.2020.120102
   Google Scholar
• Li, X. (2011). Nanjing datusha zhenxiang de duiwai chuanbo [Spreading the truth of the Nanjing Massacre overseas]. Gonggong Waijiao Jikan, 2, 176–182.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, C. (2015). Red tourism: Rethinking propaganda as a social space. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 12(3), 328–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420.2015.1037777
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, C. (2017). From “poison” to “seeder”: The gap between propaganda and xuanchuan is cultural. Asian Journal of Communication, 27(5), 451–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2017.1294190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, H. (2013a). Xuanchuan: guannian, huayu jiqi zhengchanghua [Propaganda: Concept, discourse, and its legitimation]. Zhongguo dabaike quanshu chubanshe.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Y. (2013b). Nanjing guomin zhengfu qianqi xinwen yulun guankong jizhi yanjiu [Research on the control mechanism of news and public opinion in the early stage of the Nanjing Nationalist Government]. Zhongguo yanshi chubanshe.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, K. (2019). Press control in “New China” and “Old China”. In C. C. Lee (Ed.), China’s media, media’s China (pp. 147–161). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, Y. (2016). Danghua xinwenjie”: 1927-1937 nian guomindang dui xuanchuan yulun de guankong [“Partifying the press”: KMT’s control of propaganda and public opinion from 1927 to 1937]. Dongfang Luntan, 1, 57–62.
   Google Scholar
• Lufkin, F. (2016). Folk art and modern culture in Republican China. Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ma, G. (1995). Shanghai xinwenjie de kangri xuanchuan [Anti-Japanese propaganda in Shanghai press]. Shanghai Dangshi Yanjiu, 1, 137–141.
   Google Scholar
• Murdock, M. G. (2006). Disarming the allies of imperialism: The state, agitation, and manipulation during China’s Nationalist Revolution, 1922–1929. Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• New method of propaganda. (1929, September 14). The Shanghai Times, 20.
   Google Scholar
• Novel form of anti-opium and anti-cigarette propaganda. (1935, June 1). The China Weekly Review, 28.
   Google Scholar
• Peiping to launch anti-dope propaganda week tomorrow. (1935, January 27). The China Press, p. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, J. B. (1945). My twenty-five years in China. Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Preparing for Dr. Sun’s funeral. (1929, May 10). The North-China Daily News, 13.
   Google Scholar
• Propaganda. (1929, September 15). Shanghai Sunday Times, 12.
   Google Scholar
• Propaganda by pictures to be taught in city. (1943, February 7). The Shanghai Sunday Times, 3.
   Google Scholar
• Propaganda department of the Shanghai special district. (1930, January 14). The Shanghai Times, 18.
   Google Scholar
• Propaganda even on banknotes. (1933, December 14). The Shanghai Times, 9.
   Google Scholar
• Propaganda month in Peking, Tientsin. (1950, November 27). The North-China Daily News, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Propaganda on Yangtze. (1928, October 10). The China Press, 13.
   Google Scholar
• Propaganda scheme in Nanking. (1928, December 19). The North-China Daily News, 13.
   Google Scholar
• Propaganda work required. (1919, September 4). The North-China Daily News, 8.
   Google Scholar
• Reed, C. A. (2015). Propaganda by the book: Contextualizing and reading the Zhejiang GMD’s 1929 textbook essentials for propaganda workers. Frontiers of History in China, 10, 96–125.
   Google Scholar
• Reed, C. A. (2022). Competing with the marketplace: The Chinese nationalist party (KMT)’s department of propaganda and its political publishing program, 1924–1937. In I. Sablin & E. M. Bandeira (Eds.), Parties as governments in Eurasia, 1913–1991 (pp. 127–150). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Regulations for filming in China announced. (1934, March 3). The Shanghai Times, 4.
   Google Scholar
• Ruhe dizhi guonei zhi waiwen baozhi [How to boycott foreign newspapers in China]. (1932, August 2). Zhongyang ribao, 2.
   Google Scholar
• Scientific propaganda campaign: Kuomintang methods borrowed from Russian Reds. (1926, October 23). The North - China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette, p. 2.
   Google Scholar
• Sha, W. (2011). Guomindang dui Sun Zhongshan sangshi de zhengzhi yunzuo [KMT’s political operations on Sun Yat Sen’s funeral]. Lishi Jiaoxue, 4, 15–20.
   Google Scholar
• Some 500 members of the Central Propaganda Committee met on Friday. (1934, March 25). The Shanghai Sunday Times, 16.
   Google Scholar
• Strand, D. (2011). An unfinished republic: Leading by word and deed in modern China. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Summer propaganda in Peiping. (1938, June 18). The North-China Daily News, 10.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, J. C. (1925, May 11). 44 newspapers in Peking are mere propaganda sheets. The Shanghai Times, 5.
   Google Scholar
• Takishita, S. (2010). Creating images of resistance: The anti-Japanese cartoon movement and the contributors to “Guojia Zongdongyuan Huabao”. Modern Asian Studies Review, 3, 77–102.
   Google Scholar
• Tang Leang-li says personal contacts more valuable than propaganda. (1936, September 5). The China Weekly Review, 21.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. E. (2015). Cartoons and collaboration in wartime China: The mobilization of Chinese cartoonists under Japanese occupation. Modern China, 41(4), 406–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0097700414538386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tientsin municipal government. (1935, April 6). The North-China Daily News, 6.
   Google Scholar
• Tsui, B. (2018). China’s conservative revolution: The quest for a new order, 1927–1949. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Untitled. (1935, June 4). The Shanghai Times, 15.
   Google Scholar
• Van de Ven, H. J. (2003). War and nationalism in China, 1925-1945. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Volz, Y. Z., & Lee, C. C. (2009). American pragmatism and Chinese modernization: Importing the Missouri model of journalism education to modern China. Media, Culture & Society, 31(5), 711–730. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443709339455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L. (1995). Zhongguo guomindang xinwen zhengce zhi yanjiu (1928-1945) [A study on the KMT news policies, 1928-1945]. Zhongguo guomindang zhongyang weiyuanhui dangshi weiyuanhui.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, M. (2017). Guomindang xinwen jiancha zhidu queli guocheng zhi kaocha – yi beifa qianhou (1926-1930) de hui sha hu han wei zhongxin [The establishment of the KMT news censorship system: A case study of Guangzhou, Changsha, Shanghai, and Hankou before and after the Northern Expedition, 1926-1930]. Xinwen xue, 5, 34–44.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, M. (2020). Guogong xuanchuanzhan zhong guomindang xuanchuan heyi shibai: jiyu zuzhi xingwei xue de yizhong kaocha [Why the KMT failed in the propaganda war against the Communist: An investigation based on organizational behavior]. Guoji Xinwenjie, 6, 153–176.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X. (1998). Kangzhan shiqi de guogong xuanchuan zhan [The propaganda war between the KMT and the CCP during the War of Resistance to Japan]. Beijing Dangshi Yanjiu, 1, 16–21.
   Google Scholar
• Wei, S. (2017). News under fire: China’s propaganda against Japan in the English-language press, 1928–1941. Hong Kong University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wen, J. (2008). Guomindang zhanshi duiwai xuanchuan yu Nanjing datusha zhenxiang chuanbo yanjiu [A study on the Kuomintang’s external propaganda and the dissemination of the truth of the Nanjing Massacre during wartime]. Minguo Dang’an, 1, 111–120.
   Google Scholar
• World’s Animals’ Day. (1935, September 25). The North-China Daily News, 6.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Y. (1990). Kangzhan shiqi de guoji xuanchuan chu [The department of international propaganda during the War of Resistance to Japan]. Mingguo Dangan, 2, 125–136.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Y. (2009). Hu Feng zai guoji xuanchuanchu renzhi qingkuang kao [A study on Hu Feng’s role in the department of international propaganda]. Jianghan Luntan, 9, 89–92.
   Google Scholar
• Xiang, F. (2009). Dalu shiqi guomindang xinwen chuanbo zhidu pingxi (1927-1949) [An analysis of the Kuomintang’s news policies during the mainland period, 1927-1949]. Xinwen yu Chuanbo Yanjiu, 16, 45–52.
   Google Scholar
• Ye, Q. (1941). Zhenyang kan yingwen baozhi [How to read English newspapers]. Zhongxue Shenghuo, 4, 9–10.
   Google Scholar
• Zeng, X. (1996). Zhongguo xinwen shi [History of Chinese journalism]. Sanmin shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, S. (2020). The making of harmony and war, from New Year Prints to propaganda cartoons during China’s Second Sino-Japanese War. In R. Scully & A. Varnava (Eds.), Comic empires: Imperialism in cartoons, caricature, and satirical art (pp. 161–191). Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, R. (2012). Guoji xuachuan chu yu zhanshi minjian waijiao [The department of international propaganda and wartime public diplomacy]. Shehui Kexue Zhanxian, 1, 253–256.
   Google Scholar