References
- See “Development Theory and Communications Policy: The Changing Paradigms”, by Tehranian in Progress in Communication Sciences edited by Melvin J. Voigt. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publications, 1979.
- See Lamberton, ed., The Economics of Information and Knowledge, London: Penguin Books, 1971.
- See Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism, 3 vols., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978
- See Frederick W. Frey, “Communication and Development”, in Handbook of Communication, edited by Ithiel de Sola Pool et al. Chicago: Rand McNally Publishing Co., 1973.
- Since this school of thought has proliferated in all sorts of directions, it is difficult to cite any single source. The works of Mannoni, Fannon, Friere, and Illich should be definitely consulted. However, the works of many counterculture authors in the West also bear a close theoretical affinity, see especially the works of R.D. Laing, Joseph Schumacher, Theodore Roszack, Alvin Toffler, etc. In a curious but important way, the works of Innis Claude and Marshall McLuhan, the prophets of a mediacentric view of history, are also relevant.
- For a review of this literature, see Frey, op. cit. Three important studies are: Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society. Chicago: The Free Press; Wilbur Schramm, Mass Media and National Development: The Role of Information in Developing Countries. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1964; and Everett M. Rogers and Floyd F. Shoemaker, Communication of Innovations. New York: Free Press, 1970. Subsequent revisions and reconsiderations in the original formulations are reflected in Wilber Schramm and Daniel Lerner, eds. Communication and Change: The Last Ten Years and the Next. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1976; and Everett M. Rogers, “Communication and Development: The Passing of the Dominant Paradigm”, Communication Research, 3:2, April 1976, pp. 213–240.
- The themes in this and the succeeding paragraphs have been further developed in the author’s earlier works, especially “The Curse of Modernity”, op. cit; Towards a Systemic Theory of National Development, Tehran, Industrial Management Institute, 1974; and Communication Policy for National Development, London, Routledge, Kegan and Paul, 1977.
- Marx's great contempt for “oriental despotism” and great enthusiasm for the civilizing mission of the West show through the remarkable passages on India (“The British Rule in India”, New York Daily Tribune, 14 June 1853, as quoted in Helene Carrere d’Encausse and Stuart R. Schram, Marxism and Asia; An Introduction with Readings. Aland Lane, The Penguine Press, 1969, p. 117)