References
- Abbasi, J. (2022). Widespread misinformation about infertility continues to create COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. JAMA, 327(11), 1013–1015. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.2404
- Abrol, S. (2017, October 24). #WorldPolioDay: How Amitabh Bachchan drove India to become Polio-free. India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/health/story/amitabh-bachchan-world-Polio-day-eradication-india-virus-pulse-Polio-bill-gates-lifest-1070241-2017-10-24
- Agha, S. (2003). The impact of a mass media campaign on personal risk perception, perceived self-efficacy and on other behavioural predictors. AIDS Care, 15(6), 749–762. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14617497/ https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120310001618603
- Ahlers, D. (2006). News consumption and the new electronic media. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 11(1), 29–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X05284317
- Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour, 278. Prentice-Hall.
- Al-Zaman, M. S. (2021a). COVID-19-related social media fake news in India. Journalism and Media, 2(1), 100–114. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2010007
- Al-Zaman, M. S. (2021b). Prevalence and source analysis of COVID-19 misinformation in 138 countries. IFLA Journal, 48(1), 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352211041135
- Ali, S. I. (2019). April 8). New HIV infections reduce by 37% in Rajasthan. The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/new-hiv-infections-reduce-by-37-in-raj/articleshow/68769501.cms
- Allom, V., Jongenelis, M., Slevin, T., Keightley, S., Phillips, F., Beasley, S., & Pettigrew, S. (2018). Comparing the cost-effectiveness of campaigns delivered via various combinations of television and online media. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 83. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5876296/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00083
- Alluri, A. (2020, September 20). The Indian queens who modelled for the world’s first vaccine. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53944723
- Althaus, S., & Tewksbury, D. (2000). Patterns of internet and traditional news media use in a networked community. Political Communication, 17(1), 21–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846000198495
- Aneez, Z., Neyezi, T. A., Kalogeropoulos, A., Nielsen, R. K. (2021). June). Reuter institute india digital news report. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/india-digital-news-report
- Araujo, T., Copulsky, J. R., Hayes, J. L., Kim, S. J., & Srivastava, J. (2020). From purchasing exposure to fostering engagement: Brand–consumer experiences in the emerging Computational advertising landscape. Journal of Advertising, 49(4), 428–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2020.1795756
- Arora, N., Khanna, S. (2022, February 4). India’s Covid Deaths Cross 500,000 but some analysts count millions more. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-reports-over-500000-deaths-covid-19-experts-count-millions-more-2022-02-04/
- Awale, J., Choudhary, M., Solomon, R., & Chaturvedi, A. (2019). Effective partnership mechanisms: A legacy of the polio eradication initiative in india and their potential for addressing other public health priorities. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101(4_Suppl), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0938
- Bajoria, J. (2021, May 27). Op-Ed: Why India desperately needs a new—and more just—COVID vaccine policy. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2021-05-27/india-covid-vaccination-policy
- Balaiah, D., Naik, D. D., Parida, R. C., Ghule, M., Hazari, K. T., & Juneja, H. S. (1999). Contraceptive knowledge, attitude and practices of men in rural Maharashtra. Advances in Contraception: The Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception, 15(3), 217–234. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1006753617161
- Ball, P., & Maxmen, A. (2020). The epic battle against coronavirus misinformation and conspiracy theories. Nature, 581(7809), 371–374. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01452-z
- Bansal, M., & Gupta, S. (2014). Impact of newspaper advertisement on consumer behavior. Global Journal of Finance and Management, 6(7), 669–674. https://www.ripublication.com/gjfm-spl/gjfmv6n7_09.pdf
- Bardosh, K., de Figueiredo, A., Gur-Arie, R., Jamrozik, E., Doidge, J., Lemmens, T., Keshavjee, S., Graham, J. E., & Baral, S. (2022). The unintended consequences of COVID-19 vaccine policy: Why mandates, passports and restrictions may cause more harm than good. BMJ Global Health, 7(5), e008684. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35618306/ https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008684
- Barkay, N., Cobb, C., Eilat, R., Galili, T., Haimovich, D., LaRocca, S., Morris, K., Sarig, T. (2020). Weights and methodology brief for the COVID-19 symptom survey by University of Maryland and Carnegie Mellon University, in Partnership with Facebook. arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.14675. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.14675.pdf
- Basuroy, T. (2022, January). India: Leading social media sites 2021. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1115648/india-leading-social-media-sites-by-page-traffic/
- Bendix, A. (2022, September 6). Covid vaccines will likely become annual like flu shots, White House officials say. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/covid-vaccines-likely-annual-like-flu-shots-rcna46456
- Bendixen, M. T. (1993). Advertising effects and effectiveness. European Journal of Marketing, 27(10), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090569310045861
- Biener, L., Ji, M., Gilpin, E., & Albers, A. B. (2004). The impact of emotional tone, message, and broadcast parameters in youth anti-smoking advertisements. Journal of Health Communication, 9(3), 259–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730490447084
- Bruhn, M., Schoenmueller, V., & Schäfer, D. (2012). Are social media replacing traditional media in terms of brand equity creation? Management Research Review, 35(9), 770–790. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211255948
- Campbell, D. (2020, November 29). NHS to enlist 'sensible’ celebrities to persuade people to take coronavirus vaccine. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/nov/29/nhs-enlist-sensible-celebrities-coronavirus-vaccine-take-up
- Carpenter, C. J. (2010). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of health belief model variables in predicting behavior. Health Communication, 25(8), 661–669. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2010.521906
- Carter, S. M., Rychetnik, L., Lloyd, B., Kerridge, I. H., Baur, L., Bauman, A., Hooker, C., & Zask, A. (2011). Evidence, ethics, and values: A framework for health promotion. American Journal of Public Health, 101(3), 465–472. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2010.195545
- Chadwick, A. (2013). The hybrid media system: Politics and power (1st ed.). Oxford Studies in Digital Politics. Oxford Academic.
- Chadwick, A., Vaccari, C., & O’Loughlin, B. (2018). Do tabloids poison the well of social media? Explaining democratically dysfunctional news sharing. New Media & Society, 20(11), 4255–4274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818769689
- Chandani, S., Jani, D., Sahu, P. K., Kataria, U., Suryawanshi, S., Khubchandani, J., Thorat, S., Chitlange, S., & Sharma, D. (2021). COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in India: State of the nation and priorities for research. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health, 18, 100375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100375
- Chen, J., & Wang, Y. (2021). Social media use for health purposes: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(5), e17917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33978589/ https://doi.org/10.2196/17917
- Chowdhury, S. R., Motheram, A., Pramanik, S. (2021, April 14). Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy: Trends across states, over time. Ideas For India. https://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/governance/covid-19-vaccine-hesitancy-trends-across-states-over-time.html
- Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi, A., Valensise, C. M., Brugnoli, E., Schmidt, A. L., Zola, P., Zollo, F., & Scala, A. (2020). The COVID-19 social media infodemic. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 16598. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73510-5
- Damasceno, C. S. (2021). Multiliteracies for combating information disorder and fostering civic dialogue. Social Media + Society, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120984444
- Dănescu, T., & Popa, M. A. (2020). Public health and corporate social responsibility: Exploratory study on pharmaceutical companies in an emerging market. Globalization and Health, 16(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00646-4
- Deshpande, T. (2021, May 19). How health workers are fighting vaccine hesitancy in villages. IndiaSpend. https://www.indiaspend.com/covid-19/how-health-workers-are-fighting-vaccine-hesitancy-in-villages-749588
- Detrani, J. R. (2011). Mass communication: Issues, perspectives and techniques. Apple Academic Press.
- Dhaliwal, B. K., Chandrashekhar, R., Rattani, A., Seth, R., Closser, S., Jain, A., Bloom, D. E., & Shet, A. (2021). Community perceptions of vaccination among influential stakeholders: Qualitative research in rural India. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 2122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12188-4
- Dhar, A. (2014, March 27). WHO officially declares India ‘polio-free’. THE HINDU. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/policy-and-issues/who-officially-declares-india-poliofree/article5839833.ece
- Diamond, B. (2021, February 25). ‘It’s Up to You’: Ad campaign to encourage coronavirus vaccination gets underway. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/02/25/covid-vaccine-ad-council/
- Didyala, A. (2021, October 12). 25 lakh people in Telangana give second Covid dose vaccination a miss. The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/25-lakh-people-in-telangana-give-second-covid-dose-vaccination-a-miss/articleshow/86954360.cms
- Donta, B., Begum, S., & Naik, D. D. (2014). Acceptability of male condom: An Indian scenario. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 140(Suppl 1), S152–S156. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4345747/
- Duggal, R. (2021, July 3). Getting vaccinated against Covid-19 – Access issues and discrimination. The Leaftlet. https://www.theleaflet.in/getting-vaccinated-against-covid-19-access-issues-and-discrimination/
- Durkin, S. J., Biener, L., & Wakefield, M. A. (2009). Effects of different types of antismoking ads on reducing disparities in smoking cessation among socioeconomic subgroups. American Journal of Public Health, 99(12), 2217–2223. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2009.161638
- Dutta, T., Meyerson, B. E., Agley, J., Barnes, P. A., Sherwood-Laughlin, C., & Nicholson-Crotty, J. (2020). A qualitative analysis of vaccine decision makers’ conceptualization and fostering of ‘community engagement’ in India. International Journal for Equity in Health, 19(1), 185. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01290-5
- Farrelly, M. C., Davis, K. C., Haviland, M. L., Messeri, P., & Healton, C. G. (2005). Evidence of a dose—response relationship between “truth” antismoking ads and youth smoking prevalence. American Journal of Public Health, 95(3), 425–431. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2004.049692
- Fauzia, M. (2021). May 12). Fact check: COVID-19 vaccines don’t cause magnetic reactions or contain tracking devices. USA TODAY. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2021/05/12/fact-check-covid-19-vaccines-dont-contain-tracking-devices/5037132001/
- Gadiyar, A., Ankola, A., & Rajpurohit, L. (2018). Awareness of anti-tobacco advertisements and its influence on attitude toward tobacco use among 16 to 18-year-old students in Belgaum city: A Cross-sectional study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 7(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_27_18
- Garrett, L. (2020). COVID-19: The medium is the message. Lancet (London, England), 395(10228), 942–943. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30600-0
- Garett, R., & Young, S. D. (2021). Online misinformation and vaccine hesitancy. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 11(12), 2194–2199. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibab128
- Gautam, S. K. (2018). Role of television in making polio-free India. Dev Sanskriti Interdisciplinary International Journal, 12, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.36018/dsiij.v12i0.103
- Gelfand, H. (1966). A critical examination of the Indian smallpox eradication program. American Journal of Public Health and the Nation’s Health, 56(10), 1634–1651. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.56.10.1634
- Gentzkow, M. (2007). Valuing new goods in a model with complementarity: Online newspapers. American Economic Review, 97(3), 713–744. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.3.713
- Glenza, J. (2021, July 26). ‘There’s a disconnect’: After a rapid rollout why has US vaccine effort stalled? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/26/us-vaccine-effort-nuance-covid-coronavirus
- Gold, J., Hellard, M. E., Lim, M. S., Dixon, H., Wakefield, M., & Aitken, C. K. (2012). Public-Private Partnerships for Health Promotion. American Journal of Health Education, 43(4), 250–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2012.10599243
- Goldman, E. (2021). How the unvaccinated threaten the vaccinated for COVID-19: A Darwinian perspective. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(39), e2114279118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2114279118
- Gowd, K. K., Veerababu, D., Reddy, V., & Reddy, V. R. (2021). COVID ‐19 and the legislative response in India: The need for a comprehensive health care law. Journal of Public Affairs, 21(4), e2669. 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2669
- Graeber, D., Schmidt-Petri, C., & Schröder, C. (2021). Attitudes on voluntary and mandatory vaccination against COVID-19: Evidence from Germany. PloS One, 16(5), e0248372. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248372
- Gye, H. (2021, October 22). Government launches national advertising campaign to drive up numbers of Covid-19 boosters and flu jabs. inews. https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/government-launches-national-advertising-campaign-to-drive-up-numbers-of-covid-19-boosters-and-flu-jabs-1262719
- Hansson, S., Orru, K., Torpan, S., Bäck, A., Kazemekaityte, A., Meyer, S. F., Ludvigsen, J., Savadori, L., Galvagni, A., & Pigrée, A. (2021). COVID-19 information disorder: Six types of harmful information during the pandemic in Europe. Journal of Risk Research, 24(3-4), 380–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1871058
- Heffner, J., Vives, M., & FeldmanHall, O. (2021). Emotional responses to prosocial messages increase willingness to self-isolate during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, 110420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110420
- Hernandez-Aguado, I., & Zaragoza, G. A. (2016). Support of public–private partnerships in health promotion and conflicts of interest. BMJ Open, 6(4), e009342. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009342
- Hirose, H., Nakaune, N., Ishizuka, T., Tsuchida, S., & Takanashi, Y. (1998). A study on the role of AIDS mass communication: How do the mass media affect HIV testing behaviour? Japanese Psychological Research, 40(4), 246–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5884.00098
- Inci, B., Sancar, O., & Bostanci, S. H. (2017). Usage of health-themed public service announcements as a social marketing communication tool: A content analysis related to public service announcements in the republic of Turkey, ministry of health’s web site. Marketing and Branding Research, 4(2), 148–168. https://mbr.cikd.ca/article_60370.html https://doi.org/10.33844/mbr.2017.60370
- Ishikawa, H., & Kiuchi, T. (2010). Health literacy and health communication. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 4(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-4-18
- Jha, A. (2022, July 14). 92% of population late for Covid Booster Dose: Data. Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/92-of-population-late-for-covid-booster-dose-data-101657738256654.html
- Jha, P., Deshmukh, Y., Tumbe, C., Suraweera, W., Bhowmick, A., Sharma, S., Paul, N., Fu, S. H., Newcombe, L., Gelband, H., & Brown, P. (2022). COVID mortality in India: National survey data and health facility deaths. Science (New York, N.Y.), 375(6581), 667–671. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abm5154
- Kadam, A. B., & Atre, S. R. (2020). Negative impact of social media panic during the COVID-19 outbreak in India. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa057
- Kanabar, K., & Bhatt, N. (2021). Communication interventions to address COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in India. Media Asia, 48(4), 330–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2021.1965304
- Kaur, J., Kishore, J., & Kaur, J. (2012). Effect of anti-tobacco audiovisual messages on knowledge and attitude towards tobacco use in North India. Indian Journal of Community Medicine: Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 37(4), 227–231. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3531015/ https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.103470
- Kohli, C., Thomas, S., & Suri, R. (2015). Can you hear me now? Antecedents of slogan recall. In: Dato-on, M. (eds). The Sustainable Global Marketplace. Developments in Marketing Science. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10873-5_160
- Kok, G. (2014). A practical guide to effective behaviour change: How to apply theory- and evidence-based behaviour change methods in an intervention. European Health Psychologist, 16(5), 156–170. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/r78wh
- Korda, H., & Itani, Z. (2013). Harnessing social media for health promotion and behavior change. Health Promotion Practice, 14(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839911405850
- Kulsrestha, S. (2021, May 25). Ujjain villagers attack medical team believing vaccines are fatal, leave one injured. India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ujjain-villagers-attack-medical-team-over-vaccination-drive-1806704-2021-05-25
- LaCroix, J., Snyder, L., Huedo-Medina, T., & Johnson, B. (2014). Effectiveness of mass media interventions for HIV prevention, 1986–2013. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 66 Suppl 3(Supplement 3), S329–S340. https://doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000000230
- Laghate, G. (2021, March 01). TV viewership rises 9% in 2020 on COVID-19 pandemic. The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/tv-viewership-rises-9-in-2020-on-covid-19-pandemic/articleshow/81276540.cms?from=mdr
- Laghate, G. (2022, March 07). With 1.8 million seconds, television advertising volumes grow 22% in 2021, says BARC report. The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/after-covid-19-dip-television-advertising-volumes-grow-22-in-2021/articleshow/90055200.cms?from=mdr
- Lahariya, C. (2014). A brief history of vaccines & vaccination in India. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 139(4), 491–511. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4078488/
- Liao, T. F. (2022). Understanding anti-COVID-19 vaccination protest slogans in the US. Frontiers in Communication, 7, 941872. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2022.941872
- Local Circles (2022, February 5). 42% of those eligible currently unwilling to take the precaution or booster dose. https://www.localcircles.com/a/press/page/booster-dose-survey
- Maharjan, M., Negi, N. S., Mullin, V. M. S., Murukutla, N. (2021, March). Responses to Public Service Announcements About Tuberculosis and Its Comorbidities. Findings From a Message Testing Study in India. Vital Strategies. New York. https://www.vitalstrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/Responses-to-Public-Service-Announcements-About-Tuberculosis-and-Its-Comorbidities-Findings-from-a-Message-Testing-Study-in-India.pdf
- Maibach, E., & Parrott, R. L. (1995). Designing health messages: Approaches from communication theory and public health practice. SAGE Publications.
- Margolis, J. D., & Walsh, J. P. (2003). Misery loves companies: Rethinking social initiatives by business. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48(2), 268–305. https://doi.org/10.2307/3556659
- Mattoni, A., & Ceccobelli, D. (2018). Comparing hybrid media systems in the digital age: A theoretical framework for analysis. European Journal of Communication, 33(5), 540–557. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118784831
- McGuire, W. J. (1984). Public communication as a strategy for inducing health-promoting behavioural change. Preventive Medicine, 13(3), 299–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-7435(84)90086-0
- Media, O. (2021, March). And The Remote Goes To… Ormax Media. https://www.ormaxmedia.com/data/library/AndTheRemoteGoesTo-Report-Mar2021-OrmaxMedia.pdf
- Mehra, A., Deshmukh, A. (2021a, June 29). Misinformation alone can’t explain vaccine hesitancy among India’s marginalised. The Wire Science. https://science.thewire.in/health/vaccine-hesitancy-among-indias-marginalised-isnt-just-a-misinformation-issue/
- Mehra, A., Deshmukh, A. (2021b, July 04). What drives vaccine hesitancy among India’s educated and privileged? The Wire Science. https://science.thewire.in/health/what-drives-vaccine-hesitancy-among-indias-educated-and-privileged/
- Mills, M., & Rüttenauer, T. (2022). The effect of mandatory COVID-19 certificates on vaccine uptake: Synthetic-control modelling of six countries. The Lancet Public Health, 7(1), E15–E22. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00273-5
- Mishra, S. R., Adhikari, S., & Khanal, V. (2014). Role of mass media on knowledge generation and countering misconceptions about tuberculosis transmission in Nepal. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(Suppl 2), S610–S615. https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.2014APJTB-2014-0110
- Moraes, M., Gountas, J., Gountas, S., & Sharma, P. (2019). Celebrity influences on consumer decision making: New insights and research directions. Journal of Marketing Management, 35(13-14), 1159–1192. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2019.1632373
- Mukherji, B. (2021, November 2). 100 million Indians have skipped their second COVID vaccine dose, leaving the country vulnerable to a third COVID wave. Fortune. https://fortune.com/2021/11/02/india-covid-vaccine-covishield-skip-second-dose-third-wave-cases/
- Mustafa, R. (2021, May 24). Villagers jump into river in UP's Barabanki to escape Covid vaccination. India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/villagers-jump-river-up-barabanki-to-escape-covid-vaccination-1806217-2021-05-24
- Newell, J., Pilotta, J. J., & Thomas, J. C. (2008). Mass media displacement and saturation. International Journal on Media Management, 10(4), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/14241270802426600
- Noar, S., Palmgreen, P., Zimmerman, R. S., Lustria, M. L. A., & Lu, H. (2010). Assessing the relationship between perceived message sensation value and perceived message effectiveness: Analysis of PSAs from an effective campaign. Communication Studies, 61(1), 21–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510970903396477
- Obregón, R., Chitnis, K., Morry, C., Feek, W., Bates, J., Galway, M., & Ogden, E. (2009). Achieving polio eradication: A review of health communication evidence and lessons learned in India and Pakistan. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87(8), 624–630. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19705014/ https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.08.060863
- Oladipo, G. (2021, July 17). Unvaccinated could be breeding ground for Covid variants, US officials fear. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/17/unvaccinated-coronavirus-covid-variants-us
- Ort, A., Siegenthaler, P., & Fahr, A. (2021). How positively valenced health messages can foster information selection: Evidence from two experiments. Frontiers in Communication, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.534496
- Ozawa, S., & Stack, M. L. (2013). Public trust and vaccine acceptance-international perspectives. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 9(8), 1774–1778. https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.24961
- Patel, A. (2010). [The Survival of the Newspaper in the Digital Age of Communication ]. [Undergraduate thesis]. New York University]. https://www.stern.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/assets/documents/con_043010.pdf
- Prusty, R. K., & Kumar, A. (2014). Socioeconomic dynamics of gender disparity in childhood immunization in India, 1992–2006. PloS One, 9(8), e104598. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104598
- Raamkumar, A. S., Tan, S. G., & Wee, H. L. (2020). Use of health belief model–based deep learning classifiers for COVID-19 social media content to examine public perceptions of physical distancing: Model development and case study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(3), e20493. https://doi.org/10.2196/20493
- Rainey, J. J., Watkins, M., Ryman, T. K., Sandhu, P., Bo, A., & Banerjee, K. (2011). Reasons related to non-vaccination and under-vaccination of children in low and middle income countries: Findings from a systematic review of the published literature, 1999–2009. Vaccine, 29(46), 8215–8221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.096
- Rampal, N. (2022, May 22). NFHS shows double-digit drop in Indians reading papers, watching TV & listening to radio. ThePrint. https://theprint.in/india/nfhs-shows-double-digit-drop-in-indians-reading-papers-watching-tv-listening-to-radio/969314/
- Reece, B. R., Van den Bergh, B. G., & Li, H. (1994). What makes a slogan memorable and who remembers It. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 16(2), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.1994.10505018
- Rimal, R. N., & Lapinski, M. K. (2009). Why health communication is important in public health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87(4), 247–247a. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672574/ https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.08.056713
- Roberts, H. (2022, January 27). Vaccine mandates test the limits of persuasion. POLITICO. https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-vaccine-coronavirus-mandate-test-limit-persuasion/
- Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Education Monographs, 2(4), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817400200403
- Rosenstock, I. M., Strecher, V. J., & Becker, M. H. (1988). Social learning theory and the health belief model. Health Education Quarterly, 15(2), 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019818801500203
- Rubenking, B., & Bracken, C. C. (2021). Binge watching and serial viewing: Comparing new media viewing habits in 2015 and 2020. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 14, 100356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100356
- Rubin, R. (2021a). COVID-19 vaccines vs variants—Determining how much immunity is enough. JAMA, 325(13), 1241–1243. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.3370
- Rubin, R. (2021b). COVID-19 vaccine makers plan for annual boosters, but it’s not clear they’ll be needed. JAMA, 326(22), 2247–2249. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.21291
- Sama, R. (2019). Impact of media advertisements on consumer behaviour. Journal of Creative Communications, 14(1), 54–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973258618822624
- Sharma, A. K., & Sharma, R. (2007). Impact of mass media on knowledge about tuberculosis control among homemakers in Delhi. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease: The Official Journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 11(8), 893–897. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17705956/#:∼:text=The%20percentage%20of%20respondents%20who,that%20of%20television%20and%20billboards.
- Siegrist, M., & Zingg, A. (2014). The role of public trust during pandemics. European Psychologist, 19(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000169
- Singh, K. P., & Singh, A. (2017). Public service advertising in India: An evaluation through literature. International Journal of Marketing & Financial Management, 5(3), 53–64. https://zenodo.org/record/833713
- Singh, P., Dhawan, V., Rishi, G. (2020). COVID-19 vaccine communication strategy. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Government of India. https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/Covid19CommunicationStrategy2020.pdf
- Singh, S., & Khichar, M. S. (2017). Study on impact of TV advertisements by national aids control organization campaigns. Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education, 12(2), 1323–1325. https://ignited.in/I/a/160689
- Sinha, S. (2021, March 02). Lakhs of people missed second COVID-19 vaccine dose, Health Ministry advises caution. Zee News. https://zeenews.india.com/india/lakhs-of-people-missed-second-covid-19-vaccine-dose-health-ministry-advises-caution-2345314.html
- Speck, P. S., & Elliott, M. T. (1997). Predictors of advertising avoidance in print and broadcast media. Journal of Advertising, 26(3), 61–76. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4189042 https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1997.10673529
- Snyder, L. B. S. (2007). Health communication campaigns and their impact on behaviour. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 39(2 Suppl), S32–S40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2006.09.004
- Stead, M., Angus, K., Langley, T., Katikireddi, S. V., Hinds, K., Hilton, S., Lewis, S., Thomas, J., Campbell, M., Young, B., & Bauld, L. (2019). Mass media to communicate public health messages in six health topic areas: A systematic review and other reviews of the evidence. Public Health Research, 7(8), 1–206. https://doi.org/10.3310/phr07080
- Stieg, C. (2021, March 5). How the different Covid vaccines will handle new variants of the virus. CNBC make it. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/05/how-the-different-covid-vaccines-will-handle-variants.html
- Stone, J. (2021, April 25). Government launches new ad campaign encouraging under-50s to get vaccinated. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/government-ad-campaign-vaccine-under-50-b1837241.html
- Sullivan, A., Molay, A. (2020, March 24). U.S. tv viewing is increasing during coronavirus pandemic. Comscore. https://www.comscore.com/Insights/Blog/US-TV-Viewing-Is-Increasing-During-Coronavirus-Pandemic
- Tengland, P. (2016). Behaviour change or empowerment: On the ethics of health-promotion goals. Health Care Analysis: HCA: Journal of Health Philosophy and Policy, 24(1), 24–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10728-013-0265-0
- Thacker, N., Vashishtha, V. M., & Thacker, D. (2016). Polio eradication in India: The lessons learned. Pediatrics, 138(4), e20160461. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0461
- Umakanthan, S., Patil, S., Subramaniam, N., & Sharma, R. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in India explored through a population-based longitudinal survey. Vaccines, 9(10), 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101064
- van der Bles, A. M., van der Linden, S., Freeman, A. L. J., & Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2020). The effects of communicating uncertainty on public trust in facts and numbers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(14), 7672–7683. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913678117
- Wardle, C., Derakhshan, H. (2017, September). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe Report DGI (2017)09. the Council of Europe F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex. https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/PREMS-162317-GBR-2018-Report-de%CC%81sinformation-1.pdf?x56713
- Wedel, M., & Pieters, R. (2000). Eye fixations on advertisements and memory for brands: A model and findings. Marketing Science, 19(4), 297–312. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.19.4.297.11794
- Weibel, D., di Francesco, R., Kopf, R., Fahrni, S., Brunner, A., Kronenberg, P., Lobmaier, J. S., Reber, T. P., Mast, F. W., & Wissmath, B. (2019). TV vs. YouTube: TV advertisements capture more visual attention, create more positive emotions and have a stronger impact on implicit long-term memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 626. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00626
- Weiss, W. M., Rahman, M. H., Solomon, R., Singh, V., & Ward, D. (2011). Outcomes of polio eradication activities in Uttar Pradesh, India: The Social Mobilization Network (SM Net) and Core Group Polio Project (CGPP). BMC Infectious Diseases, 11(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-117
- Wheeler, R. T. (2009). Nonprofit advertising: Impact of celebrity connection, involvement and gender on source credibility and intention to volunteer time or donate money. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 21(1), 80–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495140802111984
- Zhang, Z. (2015). Online news outlets or online news outweighed? - A comparative analysis on Huffington Post and the paper (Pengpai Xinwen) [paper presentation]. Proceedings of ISIS Summit Vienna 2015—the Information Society at the Crossroads, Vienna, MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/isis-summit-vienna-2015-T1.2010