The Life Cycle of Party Manifestos: The Austrian Case

References

• Benoit , Kenneth , Laver , Michael and Mikhaylov , Slava . 2009 . ‘Treating Words as Data with Error: Uncertainty in Text Statements of Policy Positions’ . American Journal of Political Science , 53 ( 2 ) : 495 – 513 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brettschneider , Frank , Haseloff , Anikar M. and Kercher , Jan . 2009 . ‘Kann man Wahlaussagen verstehen? Über die Sprache der Parteiprogramme zur Bundestagswahl 2009’ . Forschung & Lehre , 9 : 668 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Budge , Ian . 2001 . ‘Validating Party Policy Placements’ . British Journal of Political Science , 31 ( 1 ) : 210 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Budge , Ian , Klingemann , Hans-Dieter , Volkens , Andrea , Bara , Judith and Tanenbaum , Eric . 2001 . Mapping Policy Preferences. Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments 1945–1998 , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Budge , Ian , Robertson , David and Hearl , Derek . 1987 . Ideology, Strategy and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-War Election Programmes in 19 Democracies , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cox , Gary W. and McCubbins , Matthew D. 1993 . Legislative Leviathan , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dolezal , Martin . 2010 . ‘Exploring the Stabilization of a Political Force. The Social and Attitudinal Basis of Green Parties in the Age of Globalization’ . West European Politics , 33 ( 3 ) : 534 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dooley , Kevin . 2002 . “ ‘Organizational Complexity’ ” . In International Encyclopedia of Business and Management , Edited by: Malcom , Warner . 5013 – 22 . London : Thomson Learning .
   Google Scholar
• Duverger , Maurice . 1954 . Political Parties , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Epstein , Leon D. 1967 . Political Parties in Western Democracies , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Flesch , Rudolf . 1948 . ‘A New Readability Yardstick’ . Journal of Applied Psychology , 32 ( 3 ) : 221 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , Richard H. 1991 . Organizations, Structures, Processes, and Outcomes , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Harmel , Robert and Janda , Kenneth . 1994 . ‘An Integrated Theory of Party Goals and Party Change’ . Journal of Theoretical Politics , 6 ( 3 ) : 259 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartley , James , Sotto , Eric and Fox , Claire . 2004 . ‘Clarity across the Disciplines. An Analysis of Texts in the Sciences, Social Sciences, and Arts and Humanities’ . Science Communication , 26 ( 2 ) : 188 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden , J. D. 2008 . ‘Readability in the British Journal of Surgery’ . British Journal of Surgery , 95 ( 1 ) : 119 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilke , Thomas , Joslyn , Mark R. and Aguado , Alex . 2003 . ‘The Changing Readability of Introductory Political Science Textbooks: A Case Study of Burns and Peltason, Government by the People’ . PS: Political Science and Politics , 36 ( 2 ) : 229 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopmann , David Nicolas , Elmelund-Praestekaer , Christian , Vliegenthart , Rens , De Vreese , Claes H. and Albaek , Erik . 2010 . ‘Party Media Agenda-setting: How Parties Influence Election News Coverage’ . Party Politics , 19 ( 1 ) : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Horner , Franz . 1987 . “ ‘Austria 1949–1979’ ” . In Ideology, Strategy, and Party Change. Spatial Analyses of Post-War Election Programmes in 19 Democracies , Edited by: Budge , Ian , Robertson , David and Hearl , Derek . 270 – 93 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jenny , Marcelo . 2006 . “ ‘Programme: Parteien im politischen Wettbewerbsraum’ ” . In Politik in Österreich. Das Handbuch , Edited by: Dachs , Herbert , Gerlich , Peter , Gottweis , Herbert , Kramer , Helmut , Lauber , Volkmar , Müller , Wolfgang C. and Talos , Emmerich . 305 – 21 . Vienna : Manz .
   Google Scholar
• Kadan , Albert and Pelinka , Anton . 1979 . Die Grundsatzprogramme der österreichischen Parteien , St. Pölten : Verlag Niederösterreichisches Pressehaus .
   Google Scholar
• Karlhofer , Ferdinand . 2006 . “ ‘Arbeitnehmerorganisationen’ ” . In Politik in Österreich. Das Handbuch , Edited by: Herbert , Dachs , Peter , Gerlich , Herbert , Gottweis , Helmut , Kramer , Volkmar , Lauber , Müller , Wolfgang C and Emmerich , Tálos . 462 – 79 . Vienna : Manz .
   Google Scholar
• Kercher , Jan . 2010 . “ ‘Zur Messung der Verständlichkeit deutscher Spitzenpolitiker anhand quantitativer Textmerkmale’ ” . In Information – Wahrnehmung – Emotion. Politische Psychologie in der Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung , Edited by: Faas , Thorsten , Arzheimer , Kai and Roßteutscher , Sigrid . 97 – 121 . Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften .
   Google Scholar
• Klingemann , Hans-Dieter , Hofferbert , Richard I. and Budge , Ian . 1994 . Parties, Policies, and Democracy , Boulder , CO : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Klingemann , Hans-Dieter , Volkens , Andrea , Bara , Judith , Budge , Ian and McDonald , Michael . 2006 . Mapping Policy Preferences II. Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments in Central and Eastern Europe, European Union and OECD 1990–2003 , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lauber , Volkmar . 1995 . ‘The Austrian Greens’ . Environmental Politics , 4 ( 2 ) : 313 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Lowrey , Tina M. 2006 . ‘The Relation between Script Complexity and Commercial Memorability’ . Journal of Advertising , 35 ( 3 ) : 7 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luther , Kurt Richard . 1999 . “ ‘Must What Goes Up Always Come Down? Of Pillars and Arches in Austria's Political Architecture’ ” . In Party Elites in Divided Societies. Political Parties in Consociational Democracy , Edited by: Richard Luther , Kurt and Deschouwer , Kris . 43 – 73 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Luther , Kurt Richard . 2006 . “ ‘Die Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) und das Bündnis Zukunft Österreich (BZÖ)’ ” . In Politik in Österreich. Das Handbuch , Edited by: Dachs , Herbert , Gerlich , Peter , Gottweis , Herbert , Kramer , Helmut , Lauber , Volkmar , Müller , Wolfgang C. and Talos , Emmerich . 364 – 88 . Vienna : Manz .
   Google Scholar
• Maisel , L. Sandy . 1993–1994 . ‘The Platform-Writing Process: Candidate-Centered Platforms in 1992’ . Political Science Quarterly , 108 ( 4 ) : 671 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller , Wolfgang C. 1992 . “ ‘Austria 1945–1990’ ” . In Party Organizations. A Data Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies, 1960–90 , Edited by: Katz , Richard S. and Mair , Peter . 21 – 120 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Müller , Wolfgang C. 1994 . “ ‘The Development of Austrian Party Organizations in the Post-war Period’ ” . In How Parties Organize. Change and Adaption in Party Organizations in Western Democracies , Edited by: Katz , Richard S. and Mair , Peter . 51 – 79 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Müller , Wolfgang C. 1996 . “ ‘Die Organisation der SPÖ, 1945–1995’ ” . In Die Organisation der österreichischen Sozialdemokratie , Edited by: Maderthaner , Wolfgang and Müller , Wolfgang C. 195 – 356 . Vienna : Löcker .
   Google Scholar
• Müller , Wolfgang C. 2000 . “ ‘Austria: Tight Coalitions and Stable Government’ ” . In Coalition Governments in Western Europe , Edited by: Müller , Wolfgang C. and Strøm , Kaare . 86 – 125 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Müller , Wolfgang C. and Steininger , Barbara . 1994 . ‘Party Organisation and Party Competitiveness: The Case of the Austrian People's Party, 1945–1992’ . European Journal of Political Research , 26 ( 1 ) : 1 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomper , Gerald E. 1990 . Voters, Elections, and Parties. The Practice of Democratic Theory , New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction .
   Google Scholar
• Ray , Leonard . 2007 . ‘Validity of Measured Party Positions on European Integration: Assumptions, Approaches, and a Comparison of Alternative Measures’ . Electoral Studies , 26 ( 1 ) : 11 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose , Richard and McAllister , Ian . 1986 . Voters Begin to Choose. From Closed-Class to Open Elections in Britain , London : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Shafer , Byron E. 1988 . Bifurcated Politics. Evolution and Reform in the National Party Convention , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stockinger , Alfred . 1982 . ‘Parteien und Sachverstand: Wissenschaftliche Politikberatungsdiskussion als Strategie der Imagepflege am Beispiel der Aktion 20 der ÖVP und der 1400 Experten der SPÖ’, doctoral thesis, Universität Wien .
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , Robert . 2001 . ‘The Programme to Policy Linkage: The Fulfilment of Election Pledges on Socioeconomic Policy in the Netherlands, 1986–1998’ . European Journal of Political Research , 40 ( 2 ) : 171 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar