The contested nature of political leadership in the European Union: conceptual and methodological cross-fertilisation

References

• Aggestam, Lisbeth, and Markus Johansson (2017). ‘The Leadership Paradox in EU Foreign Policy’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 55:6, 1203–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amadio Viceré, Maria Giulia (2016). ‘The Roles of the President of the European Council and the High Representative in Leading EU Foreign Policy on Kosovo’, Journal of European Integration, 38:5, 557–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, Benjamin R. (1998). A Passion for Democracy: American Essays. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 95–110.
   Google Scholar
• Bates, Thomas R. (1975). ‘Gramsci and the Theory of Hegemony’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 36:2, 351–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beach, Derek (2005). The Dynamics of European Integration: Why and When EU Institutions Matter. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Beach, Derek, and Colette Mazzucelli (2007). Leadership in the Big Bangs of European Integration. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Blondel, Jean (1987). Political Leadership: Towards A General Analysis. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Börzel, Tanja (2000). ‘Why There Is No “Southern Problem”: On Environmental Leaders and Laggards in the European Union’, Journal of European Public Policy, 7:1, 141–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, Archie (2014). The Myth of the Strong Leader: Political Leadership in the Modern Age. London: Bodley Head.
   Google Scholar
• Brummer, Klaus (2014). ‘Die Führungsstile von Präsidenten der Europäischen Kommission’, Zeitschrift für Politik, 3:61, 327–45.
   Google Scholar
• Bulmer, Simon J., and Jonathan Joseph (2016). ‘European Integration in Crisis?: Of Supranational Integration, Hegemonic Projects and Domestic Politics’, European Journal of International Relations, 22:4, 725–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulmer, Simon J., and William E. Paterson (1996). ‘Germany in the European Union: Gentle Giant or Emergent Leader?’, International Affairs, 72:1, 9–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulmer, Simon J., and William E. Paterson (2013). ‘Germany as the EU’s Reluctant Hegemon? Of Economic Strength and Political Constraints’, Journal of European Public Policy, 20:10, 1387–405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns, James MacGregor (2010 [1978]). Leadership. New York: HarperCollins.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, Ian (2009). ‘How Hierarchical Can International Society Be?’, International Relations, 23:3, 464–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, Robert W. (1969). ‘The Executive Head: An Essay on Leadership in International Organization’, International Organization, 23:2, 205–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, Robert W. (1993). ‘Gramsci, Hegemony and International Relations: An Essay in Method’, in Stephen Gill (ed.), Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 49–66.
   Google Scholar
• Cramme, Olaf (2011). ‘In Search of Leadership’, in Loukas Tsoukalis and Janis A. Emmanouilidis (eds.), The Delphic Oracle on Europe: Is There a Future for the European Union? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 30–49.
   Google Scholar
• Cronin, Thomas E., and Michael A. Genovese (2012). Leadership Matters: Unleashing the Power of Paradox. Boulder: Paradigm.
   Google Scholar
• Devost, Jean-Louis (1984). ‘La Présidence dans le cadre institutionnel des Communautés Européennes’, Revue du Marché Commun, 273, 31–4.
   Google Scholar
• Dinan, Desmond (2016). ‘Governance and Institutions: A More Political Commission’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 54:1, 101–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinan, Desmond (2017). ‘Leadership in the European Council: An Assessment of Herman Van Rompuy’s Presidency’, Journal of European Integration, 39:2, 157–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elgie, Robert (1995). Political Leadership in Liberal Democracies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Elgie, Robert (2015). Studying Political Leadership: Foundations and Contending Accounts. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Elgström, Ole (ed.) (2003). European Union Council Presidencies: A Comparative Perspective. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Endo, Ken (1999). The Presidency of the European Commission under Jacques Delors: The Politics of Shared Leadership. Oxford: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Fabbrini, Sergio, and Uwe Puetter (2016). ‘Integration without Supranationalisation: Studying the Lead Roles of the European Council and the Council in Post-Lisbon EU Politics’, Journal of European Integration, 38:5, 481–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Follesdal, Andreas, and Simon Hix (2006). ‘Why There Is a Democratic Deficit in the EU: A Response to Majone and Moravcsik’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 44:3, 533–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, Mark (2008). ‘Narrating the Process: Questioning the Progressive Story of European Integration’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 46:3, 641–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz, Klaus H. (2017). ‘Political Leadership in the European Union: A Time-Centred View’, European Political Science, 16:1, 48–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grint, Keith, Owain Smolovic Jones, and Clare Holt (2016). ‘What Is Leadership: Person, Result, Position or Process, or All or None of These?’, in John Storey, Jean Hartley, Jean-Louis Denis, Paul ‘t Hart, and Dave Ulrich (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Leadership. London: Routledge, 3–20.
   Google Scholar
• Groen, Lisanne, Arne Niemann, and Sebastian Oberthür (2012). ‘The EU as a Global Leader? The Copenhagen and Cancun UN Climate Change Negotiations’, Journal of Contemporary European Research, 8:2, 173–91.
   Google Scholar
• Haas, Ernst B. (2004 [1958]). The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces, 1950–1957. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haeussler, Mathias (2015). ‘A Pyrrhic Victory: Harold Wilson, Helmut Schmidt, and the British Renegotiation of EC Membership, 1974–5’, The International History Review, 37:4, 768–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam, S. Alexander, Stephen D. Reicher, and Michael J. Platow (2011). The New Psychology of Leadership: Identity, Influence and Power. London: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayward, Jack (2008). ‘Introduction: Inhibited Consensual Leadership within an Interdependent Confederal Europe’, in Jack Hayward (ed.), Leaderless Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Helms, Ludger (2005). Presidents, Prime Ministers and Chancellors: Executive Leadership in Western Democracies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Helms, Ludger (2012). ‘Poor Leadership and Bad Governance: Conceptual Perspectives and Questions for Comparative Inquiry’, in Ludger Helms (ed.), Poor Leadership and Bad Governance: Reassessing Presidents and Prime Ministers in North America, Europe and Japan. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Helms, Ludger (2017). ‘Introduction: Leadership Questions in Transnational European Governance’, European Political Science, 16:1, 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helms, Ludger, Femke van Esch, and Beverly Crawford (2018). ‘Merkel III: From Committed Pragmatist to “Conviction Leader”?’, German Politics, 28:3, 350–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodson, Dermot (2013). ‘The Little Engine That Wouldn’t: Supranational Entrepreneurship and the Barroso Commission’, Journal of European Integration, 35:3, 301–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooghe, Liesbeth, and Gary Marks (2009). ‘A Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus’, British Journal of Political Science, 39:1, 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judge, David, and David Earnshaw (2008). ‘The European Parliament: Leadership and “Followership”’, in Jack Hayward (ed.), Leaderless Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 245–68.
   Google Scholar
• Kaelberer, Matthias (1997). ‘Hegemony, Dominance or Leadership?: Explaining Germany’s Role in European Monetary Cooperation’, European Journal of International Relations, 3:1, 35–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, John, and Haig Patapan (2012). The Democratic Leader: How Democracy Defines, Empowers, and Limits Its Leaders. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kassim, Hussein (2017). ‘What’s New? A First Appraisal of the Juncker Commission’, European Political Science, 16:1, 14–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellerman, Barbara (1984). ‘Leadership as a Political Act’, in Barbara Kellerman (ed.), Leadership: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 63–90.
   Google Scholar
• Keohane, Robert O. (1984). After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kleine, Mareike (2007). ‘Leadership in the European Convention’, Journal of European Public Policy, 14:8, 1227–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreppel, Amie, and Buket Oztas (2017). ‘Leading the Band or Just Playing the Tune?: Reassessing the Agenda-Setting Powers of the European Commission’, Comparative Political Studies, 50:8, 1118–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krotz, Ulrich, and Joachim Schild (2013). Shaping Europe: France, Germany, and Embedded Bilateralism from the Elysée Treaty to Twenty-First Century Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Majone, Giandomenico (2014). ‘From Regulatory State to a Democratic Default’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 52:6, 1216–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manners, Ian (2006). ‘Normative Power Europe Reconsidered: Beyond the Crossroads’, Journal of European Public Policy, 13:2, 182–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara, Kathleen R. (2010). ‘The Eurocrisis and the Uncertain Future of European Integration’, Working Paper, Council on Foreign Relations.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, Henriette (2019). Political Leadership and the European Commission Presidency. Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, Henriette, and Femke A. W. J. van Esch (2019). ‘Collaborative Leadership in EMU Governance: A Matter of Cognitive Proximity’, West European Politics. doi:10.1080/01402382.2019.1678950
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, Henriette (2016). ‘Between Potential, Performance and Prospect: Revisiting the Political Leadership of the EU Commission President’, Politics and Governance, 4:2, 68–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, Henriette (2017). ‘Setting Europe’s Agenda: The Presidents and Political Leadership’, Journal of European Integration, 39:2, 129–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, Bodil, and Sandrino Smeets (2018). ‘The Role of the EU Institutions in Establishing the Banking Union: Collaborative Leadership in the EMU Reform Process’, Journal of European Public Policy, 25:9, 1233–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, Kristian L. (2013). ‘EU Soft Power and the Capability-Expectations Gap’, Journal of Contemporary European Research, 9:5, 723–39.
   Google Scholar
• Nye, Joseph S. (1990). ‘Soft Power’, Foreign Policy, 80, 153–71.
   Google Scholar
• Nye, Joseph S. (2008). The Powers to Lead. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Olsson, Eva-Karin, and Kajsa Hammargård (2016). ‘The Rhetoric of the President of the European Commission: Charismatic Leader or Neutral Mediator?’, Journal of European Public Policy, 23:4, 550–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero-Iglesias, Miguel (2017). ‘Still Waiting for Paris: Germany’s Reluctant Hegemony in Pursuing Political Union in the Euro Area’, Journal of European Integration, 39:3, 349–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, Charles F., Christer Karlsson, and Mattias Hjerpe (2017). ‘Assessing the European Union’s Global Climate Change Leadership: From Copenhagen to the Paris Agreement’, Journal of European Integration, 39:2, 239–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson, William E. (2011). ‘The Reluctant Hegemon? Germany Moves Centre Stage in the European Union’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 49:S1, 57–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raelin, Joseph A. (2005). ‘We the Leaders: In Order to Form a Leaderful Organization’, Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 12:2, 18–30.
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes, Roderick A. W., and Paul ‘t Hart (eds.) (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Political Leadership. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, George, and Jane Jenson (2017). ‘Reconsidering Jacques Delors’ Leadership of the European Union’, Journal of European Integration, 39:2, 113–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharpf, Fritz (2011). ‘Monetary Union, Fiscal Crisis and the Preemption of Democracy’, MPIfG Discussion Paper 11/11, p. 46.
   Google Scholar
• Schild, Joachim (2010). ‘Mission Impossible?: The Potential for Franco-German Leadership in the Enlarged EU’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 48:5, 1367–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schild, Joachim (2013). ‘Politische Führungsansprüche auf schwindender Machtbasis: Frankreichs Europapolitik unter François Hollande’, Integration, 36:1, 3–16.
   Google Scholar
• Schild, Joachim (2019). ‘The Myth of German Hegemony in the Euro Area Revisited’, West European Politics. doi:10.1080/01402382.2019.1625013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, John R. (2008). ‘Why Europe Leads on Climate Change’, Survival, 50:4, 83–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeller, Magnus G. (2017). ‘Providing Political Leadership? Three Case Studies on Germany’s Ambiguous Role in the Eurozone Crisis’, Journal of European Public Policy, 24:1, 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeller, Magnus G. (2018). ‘The Rise and Fall of Merkozy: Franco-German Bilateralism as a Negotiation Strategy in Eurozone Crisis Management’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 56:5, 1019–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeller, Magnus G. (2019). ‘Tracing Leadership: The ECB’s ‘Whatever It Takes’ and Germany in the Ukraine Crisis’, West European Politics. doi:10.1080/01402382.2019.1635801
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergi, Viviane, Jean-Louis Denis, and Ann Langley (2016). ‘Beyond the Hero-Leader’, in Storey, John, Jean Hartley, Jean-Louis Denis, Paul ‘t Hart, and Dave Ulrich (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Leadership. London: Routledge, 35–51.
   Google Scholar
• Story, Jonathan (1980). ‘The Franco-German Alliance within the Community’, The World Today, 36:6, 209–17.
   Google Scholar
• Swinkels, Marij (2019). ‘Beliefs of Political Leaders: Conditions for Change in the Eurozone Crisis’, West European Politics. doi:10.1080/01402382.2019.1635802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallberg, Jonas (2006). Leadership and Negotiation in the European Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tallberg, Jonas (2003). ‘The Agenda-Shaping Powers of the EU Council Presidency’, Journal of European Public Policy, 10:1, 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ‘t Hart, Paul (2015). Understanding Political Leadership. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Tömmel, Ingeborg (2013). ‘The Presidents of the European Commission: Transactional or Transforming Leaders?’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 51:4, 789–805.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tömmel, Ingeborg (2014). The European Union: What It Is and How It Works. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Tömmel, Ingeborg (2017). ‘The Standing President of the European Council: Intergovernmental or Supranational Leadership?’, Journal of European Integration, 39:2, 175–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tömmel, Ingeborg (2019). ‘Political Leadership in Times of Crisis: The Commission Presidency of Jean-Claude Juncker’, West European Politics. doi:10.1080/01402382.2019.1646507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tömmel, Ingeborg, and Amy Verdun (2017). ‘Political Leadership in the EU’, Journal of European Integration, 39:2, 103–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tortola, Pier Domenico, and Pamela Pansardi (2019). ‘The Charismatic Leadership of the ECB Presidency: A Language-Based Analysis’, European Journal of Political Research, 58:1, 96–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Esch, Femke A. W. J. (2009). ‘The Rising of the Phoenix: Building the European Monetary System on a Meeting of Minds’, L’Europe en Formation, 3, 133–48.
   Google Scholar
• Van Esch, Femke A. W. J. (2012). ‘Why Germany Wanted EMU: The Role of Helmut Kohl’s Belief System and the Fall of the Berlin Wall’, German Politics, 21:1, 34–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Esch, Femke A. W. J. (2014). ‘Exploring the Keynesian–Ordoliberal Divide: Flexibility and Convergence in French and German Leaders’ Economic Ideas during the Euro-Crisis’, Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 22:3, 288–302.
   Google Scholar
• Van Esch, Femke A. W. J. (2017). ‘The Nature of the European Leadership Crisis and How to Solve It’, European Political Science, 16:1, 34–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Esch, Femke A. W. J., and Eelke de Jong (2019). ‘National Culture Trumps EU Socialization: The European Central Bankers’ Views of the Euro Crisis’, Journal of European Public Policy, 26:2, 169–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Esch, Femke A. W. J., and Marij Swinkels (2015). ‘Making Sense of the Euro Crisis: The Influence of Pressure and Personality’, West European Politics, 38:6, 1203–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdun, Amy (2017). ‘Political Leadership in the European Central Bank’, Journal of European Integration, 39:2, 207–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westfall, Aubrey (2013). ‘The Consequences of Crisis: A Call for Coordinated Leadership’, German Studies Review, 36:1, 140–2.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, Steven L., Nils Ringe, and Jack van Thomme (2016). ‘Policy Leadership and Reelection in the European Parliament’, Journal of European Public Policy, 23:8, 1158–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wurzel, Rudiger K.W., James Connelly, and Duncan Liefferink (2017). The European Union in International Climate Change Politics: Still Taking the Lead? London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Young, Oran (1991). ‘Political Leadership and Regime Formation: On the Development of Institutions in International Society’, International Organization, 45:3, 281–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar