Party-system polarisation, legislative institutions and cabinet survival in 28 parliamentary democracies, 1945–2019

References

• Andersson, Staffan, Torbjörn Bergman, and Svante Ersson (2014). ‘The European Representative Democracy Data Archive, Release 3’, Main sponsor: Riksbankens jubileumsfond (In2007-0149:1–E).
   Google Scholar
• Bäck, Hanna, and Royce Carroll (2018). ‘Polarization and Gridlock in Parliamentary Regimes’, The Legislative Scholar, 3:1, 2–5.
   Google Scholar
• Becher, Michael (2019). ‘Dissolution Power, Confidence Votes, and Policymaking in Parliamentary Democracies’, Journal of Theoretical Politics, 31:2, 183–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becher, Michael, and Flemming Juul Christiansen (2015). ‘Dissolution Threats and Legislative Bargaining’, American Journal of Political Science, 59:3, 641–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit, Kenneth, Michael Laver, and Slava Mikhaylov (2009). ‘Treating Words as Data with Error: Uncertainty in Text Statements of Policy Positions’, American Journal of Political Science, 53:2, 495–513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermeo, Nancy, and Jonas Pontusson (2012). Coping with Crisis: Government Reactions to the Great Recession. New York: Russel Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Binder, Sarah A. (2017). ‘Polarized We Govern?’, in Alan S. Gerber, Eric Schickler, and David R. Mayhew (eds.), Governing in a Polarized Age: Elections, Parties and Political Representation in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 223–42.
   Google Scholar
• Bornschier, Simon (2015). ‘The New Cultural Conflict, Polarization, and Representation in the Swiss Party System, 1975–2011’, Swiss Political Science Review, 21:4, 680–701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budge, Ian, Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Andrea Volkens, Judith Bara, and Eric Tanenbaum (2001). Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments 1945–1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caramani, Daniele (2017). ‘Will vs. Reason: The Populist and Technocratic Forms of Political Representation and Their Critique to Party Government’, American Political Science Review, 111:1, 54–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diermeier, Daniel, and Randolph T. Stevenson (1999). ‘Cabinet Survival and Competing Risks’, American Journal of Political Science, 43:4, 1051–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd, Lawrence C. (1976). Coalitions in Parliamentary Government. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Döring, Holger, and Philip Manow (2019). ‘Parliaments and Governments Database (ParlGov): Information on Parties, Elections and Cabinets in Modern Democracies. Development Version’.
   Google Scholar
• Enyedi, Zsolt (2016). ‘Populist Polarization and Party System Institutionalization’, Problems of Post-Communism, 63:4, 210–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, Georgina, and Petra Schleiter (2019). ‘The Vote of Confidence and Executive Bargaining Power in Parliamentary Democracies’, Paper presented at ECPR Joint Sessions, Mons.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandes, Jorge M., and Pedro C. Magalhães (2016). ‘Government Survival in Semi-Presidential Regimes’, European Journal of Political Research, 55:1, 61–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandrud, Christopher (2015). ‘simPH: An R Package for Showing Estimates for Interactive and Nonlinear Effects from Cox Proportional Hazard Models’, Journal of Statistical Software, 65:3, 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goplerud, Max, and Petra Schleiter (2016). ‘An Index of Assembly Dissolution Powers’, Comparative Political Studies, 49:4, 427–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetherington, Marc J., and Jonathan D. Weiler (2009). Authoritarianism and Polarization in American Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hjorth, Frederik (2020). Establishment Responses to Populist Challenges: Evidence from Legislative Speech. Copenhagen. Non-published working paper.
   Google Scholar
• Hobolt, Sara B. (2016). ‘The Brexit Vote: A Divided Nation, a Divided Continent’, Journal of European Public Policy, 23:9, 1259–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooghe, Liesbet, Gary Marks, and Carole J. Wilson (2002). ‘Does Left/Right Structure Party Positions on European Integration?’, Comparative Political Studies, 35:8, 965–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Indridason, Indridi H. (2011). ‘Coalition Formation and Polarisation’, European Journal of Political Research, 50:5, 689–718.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar, Shanto, Gaurav Sood, and Yphtach Lelkes (2012). ‘Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 76:3, 405–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, Gary, James E. Alt, Nancy Elizabeth Burns, and Michael Laver (1990). ‘A Unified Model of Cabinet Dissolution in Parliamentary Democracies’, American Journal of Political Science, 34:3, 846–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitschelt, Herbert, and Anthony J. McGann (1997). The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laver, Michael, and Ian Budge (1992). Party Policy and Government Coalitions. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laver, Michael, and Norman Schofield (1990). Multiparty Government: The Politics of Coalition in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lento, Tal, and Reuven Y. Hazan (in this issue). ‘The Vote of No-Confidence: Towards a Framework for Analysis’, West European Politics.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitsky, Steven, and Daniel Ziblatt (2018). How Democracies Die. New York: Crown/Archetype.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe, Will, Kenneth R. Benoit, Slava Mikhaylov, and Michael Laver (2011). ‘Scaling Policy Preferences from Coded Political Texts’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 36:1, 123–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupia, Arthur, and Kaare Strøm (1995). ‘Coalition Termination and the Strategic Timing of Parliamentary Elections’, American Political Science Review, 89:3, 648–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupia, Arthur, and Kaare Strøm (2008). ‘Bargaining, Transaction Costs, and Coalition Governance’, in Wolfgang C. Müller, Kaare Strøm, and Torbjörn Bergman (eds.), Cabinets and Coalition Bargaining: The Democratic Life Cycle in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 51–84.
   Google Scholar
• Mann, Thomas E., and Norman J. Ornstein (2016). It’s Even Worse than It Looks: How the American Constitutional System Collided with the New Politics of Extremism. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Maoz, Zeev, and Zeynep Somer-Topcu (2010). ‘Political Polarization and Cabinet Stability in Multiparty Systems: A Social Networks Analysis of European Parliaments, 1945–98’, British Journal of Political Science, 40:4, 805–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, Lanny W., and Randolph T. Stevenson (2001). ‘Government Formation in Parliamentary Democracies’, American Journal of Political Science, 45:1, 33–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, Lilliana (2015). ‘“I Disrespectfully Agree”: The Differential Effects of Partisan Sorting on Social and Issue Polarization’, American Journal of Political Science, 59:1, 128–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarty, Nolan M. (2019). Polarization: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mettler, Suzanne, and Claire Leavitt (2019). ‘Public Policy and Political Dysfunction’, in Frances E. Lee and Nolan M. McCarty (eds.), Can America Govern Itself? New York: Cambridge University Press, 239–70.
   Google Scholar
• Mikhaylov, Slava, Michael Laver, and Kenneth R. Benoit (2012). ‘Coder Reliability and Misclassification in the Human Coding of Party Manifestos’, Political Analysis, 20:1, 78–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, Cas (2007). Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Otjes, Simon, and Tom Louwerse (2015). ‘Populists in Parliament: Comparing Left-Wing and Right-Wing Populism in The Netherlands’, Political Studies, 63:1, 60–79..
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayder, Benjamin (2017). Calculated Competitors or Ideological Bedfellows? A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Similarities and Differences between the National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) and Die Linke in the Saxon State Parliament during the 5th Legislative Period, 2009–2014. Bamberg: OPUS.
   Google Scholar
• Rubabshi-Shitrit, Ayelet, and Sharon Hasson (in this issue). ‘The Effect of the Constructive Vote of No-Confidence on Government Termination and Government Durability’. West European Politics.
   Google Scholar
• Saalfeld, Thomas (2008). ‘Institutions, Chance and Choices: The Dynamics of Cabinet Survival in the Parliamentary Democracies of Western Europe (1945–99)’, in Kaare Strøm, Wolfgang C. Müller, and Torbjörn Bergman (eds.), Cabinets and Coalition Bargaining: The Democratic Life Cycle in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 327–68.
   Google Scholar
• Saalfeld, Thomas (2010). ‘Veto Players, Agenda Control and Cabinet Stability in 17 European Parliaments, 1945–1999’, in Thomas König, George Tsebelis, and Marc Debus (eds.), Reform Processes and Policy Change: Veto Players and Decision-Making in Modern Democracies. Wiesbaden: Springer, 125–43.
   Google Scholar
• Sartori, Giovanni (1976). Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Savage, Lee M. (2013). ‘Party System Polarisation and Government Duration in Central and Eastern Europe’, West European Politics, 36:5, 1029–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage, Lee M. (2014). ‘Who Gets in? Ideology and Government Membership in Central and Eastern Europe’, Party Politics, 20:4, 547–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spoon, Jae-Jae, and Heike Klüver (2015). ‘Voter Polarisation and Party Responsiveness: Why Parties Emphasise Divided Issues, but Remain Silent on Unified Issues’, European Journal of Political Research, 54:2, 343–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strøm, Kaare (1990). ‘A Behavioral Theory of Competitive Political Parties’, American Journal of Political Science, 34:2, 565–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkens, Andrea et al. (2019). ‘The Manifesto Data Collection. Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP/MARPOR). Version 2019b’. Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB). https://manifesto-project.wzb.eu/datasets/MPDS2019b
   Google Scholar
• Warwick, Paul V. (1994). Government Survival in Parliamentary Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Warwick, Paul V. (1998). ‘Policy Distance and Parliamentary Government’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 23:3, 319–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar