Whatever happened to Italian communism? Explaining the dissolution of the largest communist party in the West

Notes

• 1989 . L'Unità , 14 Nov.
   Google Scholar
• Hellman , Stephen . 1986 . “ ‘The Italian Communist Party between Berlinguer and the Seventeenth Congress’ ” . In Italian Politics: A Review , Edited by: Leonardi , Robert and Nanetti , Raffaella Y. Volume 1 , 67 London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• 1990 . La Repubblica , 9 May
   Google Scholar
• Vicari , Rosalba . 1990 . ‘Italian Stalinists to Dissolve’ . Bulletin. Weekly Organ of the Central Committee of the Workers’ League , 8 June
   Google Scholar
• Downs , Anthony . 1957 . An Economic Theory of Democracy , New York : Harper .
   Google Scholar
• Donald , L. , Blackmer , M. and Donald , L. 1975 . “ ‘Introduction’ ” . In Communism in Italy and France , Edited by: Blackmer , M. and Tarrow , Sidney . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sassoon , Donald . 1981 . The Strategy of the Italian Communist Party. From the Resistance to the Historic Compromise , London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Palma , Giuseppe Di . 1979 . ‘The Available State: Problems of Reform’ . West European Politics , 2 ( 3 ) July : 113
   Google Scholar
• Hellman . “ ‘The Italian Communist Party’ ” . 66
   Google Scholar
• Bull , Martin J. 1991 . “ ‘The Unremarkable Death of the Italian Communist Party’ ” . In Italian Politics: A Review , Edited by: Catanzaro , Raimondo and Sabetti , Filippo . Volume 5 , London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Judt , Tony . ‘The “Spreading Notion of the Town”. Some Recent Writing on French and Italian Communism’ . The Historical Journal , 4 ( 28 ) 1011 – 1021 .
   Google Scholar
• Bull , Martin J. 1989 . ‘Strategy, Identity and Democratic Centralism in the Functioning of West European Communist Parties’ . Paper Presented to the workshop ‘The Organisation of West European Communist Parties’, European Consortium of Political Research Joint Sessions . April 10–15 1989 , Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Daniels , Philip . 1985 . ‘ “In the Middle of the Ford”: The Italian Communist Party in the mid‐1980s’ . Journal of Communist Studies , March
   Google Scholar
• Pasquino , Gianfranco . 1988 . “ ‘Mid‐Stream and Under Stress. The Italian Communist Party’ ” . In Communist Parties in Western Europe , Edited by: Waller , Michael and Fennema , Meindert . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Napolitano , Giorgio . 1979 . In mezzo al guado , Rome : Editori Riuniti .
   Google Scholar
• Hirschman , Albert O. 1970 . Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organisations and States , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hellman , Stephen . 1988 . Italian Communism in Transition. The Rise and Fall of the Historic Compromise in Turin, 1975–1980 , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Groennings , Sven . 1970 . “ ‘Notes towards Theories of Coalition Behavior in Multiparty Systems: Formation and Maintenance’ ” . In The Study of Coalition Behaviour. Theoretical Perspectives and Cases from Four Continents , Edited by: Groennings , Sven , Kelley , E. W. and Leiserson , Michael . 455 New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Pellicani , Luciano . 1979 . ‘Il Partito “Diverso"’ . Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica ,
   Google Scholar
• Mair , Peter . 1982 . “ ‘Politics as Language: Some Notes on the Marxist Theory of the Revolutionary Party’ ” . In Langage et Politique/ Language and Politics , Edited by: Cranston , Maurice and Mair , Peter . Brussels : Bruylant .
   Google Scholar
• Pellicani , Luciano . 1983 . “ ‘La Strategia del Paguro’ ” . In IIPCI allo Specchio. Venticinque Anni di Storia del Comunismo Italiano , Edited by: Mieli , Renato . 281 Milano : Rizzoli .
   Google Scholar
• Pellicani . “ ‘II Partito “Diverso” ‘ ” . 495 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Accornero , A. , Mannheimer , R. and Sebastiani , C. , eds. 1983 . L'Identità comunista: I militanti, le strutture, la cultura del PCI , Roma : Editori Riuniti .
   Google Scholar
• Sartori , Giovanni . 1966 . “ ‘European Political Parties: the Case of Polarised Pluralism’ ” . In Political Parties and Political Development , Edited by: LaPalombara , Joseph and Weiner , Myron . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bull , Martin J. and Daniels , Philip . 1990 . ‘The “New Beginning”: The Italian Communist Party Under the Leadership of Achille Occhetto’ . Journal of Communist Studies , 6 ( 3 ) Sept. : 22 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Urban , Joan Barth . 1988 . “ ‘The PCI's 17th Congress: a triumph of the “new internationalism” ‘ ” . In Italian Politics: A Review , Edited by: Nanetti , Raffaella , Leonardi , Robert and Corbetta , Piergiorgio . Volume 2 , London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Amyot , Grant . 1981 . The Italian Communist Party. The Crisis of the Popular Front Strategy , London : Groom Helm .
   Google Scholar
• Natta , Alessandro . 1986 . ‘Socialdemocratici? Non proprio, quasi’ . La Repubblica , 6 Sept.
   Google Scholar
• Hellman . “ ‘The Italian Communist Party’ ” . 54
   Google Scholar
• Bull , Martin J. 1989 . ’Perestroika is Catching: the Italian Communist Party Elects a New Leader’ . The Journal of Communist Studies , 5 ( 1 ) March : 79 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Hellman , Stephen . Italian Communism 222 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Occhetto , Achille . 1990 . Un indimenticabile ‘89 , Milano : Feltrinelli .
   Google Scholar
• Amyot , G. Grant . 1990 . “ ‘The PCI and Occhetto's new course: the Italian road to reform’ ” . In Italian Politics: A Review , Edited by: Nanetti , Raffaella and Catanzaro , Raimondo . Vol.4 , 150 – 1 . London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Wyles , John . 6 Jan. 1989 . “ ‘Moscow tells Italian Communists they were right all along’ ” . 6 Jan. ,
   Google Scholar
• Daniels , Philip . 1989 . ‘The Italian Communist Party and the European Parliament Elections of June 1989’ . Journal of Communist Studies , 5 ( 4 ) Dec. : 195 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Scalfari , Eugenio . 1989 . ‘Edopoquarant’ anni quella have approdò...’ . La Repubblica , 18 March
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . ‘Il cammello è passato nella cruna dell'ago’ . La Republica , 20 June
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . Avantil , 26 Feb.
   Google Scholar
• Giovanni , Biaggio De . 1989 . ‘C'erano una volta Togliatti e il comunismo reale’ . L'Unità , 6 Aug.
   Google Scholar
• Occhetto , Achille . 1989 . ‘Discontinuita e comprensione della storia. A proposito di Togliatti. ‘ . L'Unità , 13 September
   Google Scholar
• Occhetto , Achille . Un indimenticabile ‘89 116 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . 'Communist Parties and the Greens in the European Elections of 1989’ . Journal of Communist Studies , 5 ( 4 ) Dec. : 194
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . La Repubblica , 3 March
   Google Scholar
• Occhetto , with . 1989 . ‘Fleshing out a New Identity’ . Financial Times , 31 July
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . La Repubblica , 24–25 Sept.
   Google Scholar
• Bull and Daniels . “ ‘The “New Beginning” ‘ ” . 33 – 7 .
   Google Scholar