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Journal of Strategic Studies Volume 7, 1984 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

Force without war, 1975–82

Philip D. Zelikow Candidate for a Ph.D. in international security studies from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University,
Pages 29-54 | Published online: 24 Jan 2008

Notes

  • Gwertzman , Bernard . 1977 . ‘Carter Voices Concern of U.S. at Uganda Move’ . New York Times , 26 February : 6
  • Kaufman , Michael T. 1977 . ‘Amin Prohibits Exit By 200 Americans’ . New York Times , 26 February : 1
  • McFadden , Robert D. 1977 . ‘Ex‐U.S. Envoy to Uganda Fears for Safety of Americans There’ . New York Times , 27 February : 10
  • Gwertzman . “ ‘Carter Voices Concern’ ” . 1
  • Gilmore , Barbara A. 25 April 1978 . “ ‘Chronology of U.S. Naval Events 1977’ ” . 25 April , Operational Archives Branch, US Naval History Division, Department of the Navy . unpublished document prepared for
  • 1977 . ‘Uganda Invites U.S. to Send Observers for Amin's Meeting’ . New York Times , 28 February : 1
  • Kaufman , Michael T. 1977 . ‘Uganda's Radio Says U.S. Need Not Worry Over Citizens’ Fate’ . New York Times , 28 February : 1
  • Hovey , Graham . 1977 . ‘Washington Pleased as Amin Lifts Ban on Americans’ Exit’ . New York Times , 2 March : 1
  • Ullman , Richard H. 1978 . ‘Human Rights and Economic Power: TheU.S. versus Idi Amin’ . Foreign Affairs , 56 Summer : 529
  • Crocker , Chester . 1976 . ‘The African Dimension of Indian Ocean Policy’ . Orbis , 20 : 3
  • Carter , Jimmy . 1982 . Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President , 483 New York : Bantam Books .
  • Gwertzman , Bernard . 1980 . ‘U.S. and Egypt Hold Joint Air Exercises as a Crisis Reaction’ . New York Times , 9 January : 1
  • Burt , Richard . 1980 . ‘Carter, Under Pressure of Crises, Tests New Foreign Policy Goals’ . New York Times , 9 January : 1
  • Baker , Brent . 1981 . ‘Naval and Maritime Events 1980’ . United States Naval Institute Proceedings , 107 May : 50 – 52 .
  • Gilmore , Barbara A. 25 January 1981 . “ ‘Chronology of U.S. Naval Events 1980’ ” . 25 January , Operational Archives Branch, US Naval History Division, Department of the Navy . unpublished document prepared for
  • Wren , Christopher S. 1980 . ‘U.S. Phantoms Arrive at Egyptian Base for Operations’ . New York Times , 11 July : A3
  • Lopez , R. 1981 . ‘Exercise Bright Star’ . International Defense Review , 14 ( 2 ) : 140
  • Halloran , Richard . 1980 . ‘U.S. Troops Taking Off for Egypt, Get Some Advice on Camel Drivers’ . New York Times , 12 November : A6
  • Tanner , Henry . 1980 . ‘Egyptians Welcome Troop Ties with U.S.’ . New York Times , 12 November : A7
  • Eilts , Hermann . 1980 . ‘Security Considerations in the Persian Gulf . International Security , 5 Fall : 79
  • Tzu , Sun . 1963 . The Art of War , Edited by: Griffith , Samuel B. 77 New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Luttwak , Edward N. 1976 . The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century A.D. to the Third , 2 – 3 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • Blechman , Barry M. and Kaplan , Stephen S. 1977 . Force Without War: U.S. Armed Forces as a Political Instrument , Washington, DC : Brookings Institution .
  • Kaplan , Stephen S. 1981 . Diplomacy of Power: Soviet Armed Forces as a Political Instrument , Washington, DC : Brookings Institution .
  • Gwertzman , Bernard . 1977 . ‘Vance Says Invaders in Zaire Threaten Vital Copper Mining’ . New York Times , 17 March : 1
  • Department of the Air Force, Office of Military Airlift Command History . 15 September 1982 . “ ‘Significant Airlift Missions’ ” . 15 September , Commander‐in‐Chief Military Airlift Command . unpublished memorandum to
  • Gwertzman , Bernard . 1976 . ‘U.S. Carries Out a Show of Force at Korean DMZ’ . New York Times , 22 August : 1
  • Cole , James . 1980 . ‘Zaire Airlift’ . Airlift Operations Review , 2 Oct.‐Dec. : 14
  • Department of the Air Force, Office of Military Airlift Command History . 15 September 1982 . “ ‘Significant Airlift Missions’ ” . 15 September , C‐in‐C of Military Airlift Command . unpublished memorandum to
  • Depoorter , Henri J.G. 1979 . ‘Kolwezi’ . Military Review , 59 September : 29
  • Palmer , Bruce . 1978 . ‘U.S. Security Interests and Africa South of the Sahara’ . AEI Defense Review , 2 ( 6 ) : 38 – 9 .
  • Sleeper , Edward . 1981 . ‘Zaire Airlift: Another Perspective’ . Airlift Operations Review , 3 Oct.‐Dec. : 21
  • Young , Crawford . 1978 . ‘Zaire: The Unending Crisis’ . Foreign Affairs , 57 Fall : 169
  • Gilmore , Barbara A. January 1982 . “ ‘Chronology of U.S. Naval Events 1981’ ” . January , Operational Archives Branch, US Naval History Division, Department of the Navy . unpublished document prepared for
  • Smith , Hedrick . 1979 . ‘Carter Says He Feels Soviet Will Alter Brigade in Cuba’ . New York Times , 3 October : A14
  • Carter , Jimmy . 1982 . Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President , 262 – 3 . New York : Bantam Books .
  • Duffy , Gloria . 1983 . ‘Crisis Mangling and the Cuban Brigade’ . International Security , 8 Summer : 67
  • Campbell , John . 1981 . ‘The Middle East: A House of Containment Built on Shifting Sands’ . Foreign Affairs , 60 : 613 – 14 .
  • Reuters . 1975 . ‘U.S. Troop Buildup in Korea Reported’ . New York Times , 31 May : 8
  • Clough , Ralph N. 1976 . Deterrence and Defense in Korea: The Role of U.S. Forces , Washington, DC : Brookings Institution .
  • Gwertzman , Bernard . 1975 . ‘U.S. Has Removed Combat Aircraft Based on Taiwan’ . New York Times , 8 June : 1
  • Li , Victor and Lewis , John . 1977 . ‘Resolving the China Dilemma: Advancing Normalization, Preserving Security’ . International Security , 2 Summer : 11
  • Sobel , Lester A. , ed. 1975 . Kissinger and Detente , New York : Facts on File .
  • 1976 . ‘Chronology’ . Middle East Journal , 30 Summer : 216
  • Finkelstein , J.B. 1977 . ‘Naval and Maritime Events’ . United States Naval Institute Proceedings , 103 May : 50
  • Gilmore , Barbara A. 15 January 1977 . “ ‘Chronology of U.S. Naval Events 1976’ ” . 15 January , Operational Archives Branch, US Naval History Division, Department of the Navy . unpublished document prepared for
  • Kaplan , Stephen S. 1981 . Diplomacy of Power: Soviet Armed Forces as a Political Instrument , 199 Washington, DC : Brookings Institution .
  • Gwertzman , Bernard . 1976 . ‘Ford and Hussein Ask Beirut Truce’ . New York Times , 31 March : 16
  • Gwertzman , Bernard . 1976 . ‘Kissinger Warns Syrian Acts Test Israeli Patience’ . New York Times , 15 April : 1
  • Shipler , David K. 1976 . ‘Soviet Warns U.S. on a Lebanon Move’ . New York Times , 8 April : 3
  • 1976 . ‘U.S. Has Evacuation Plan’ . New York Times , 30 March : 4
  • 1976 . ‘U.S. Warning is Renewed’ . New York Times , 30 March : 4
  • Dawisha , Adeed . 1980 . Syria and the Lebanese Crisis , London : Macmillan .
  • Khalidi , Walid . 1980 . Conflict and Violence in Lebanon: Confrontation in the Middle East , Cambridge : Harvard Center for International Affairs .
  • Finney , John W. 1976 . ‘U.S. Sends Frigate To Kenya In Show’ . New York Times , 13 July : 1
  • 1976 . Keesing's Contemporary Archives , 22 11 June : 27774
  • Department of the Air Force, Office of Military Airlift Command (MAC) History . 15 September 1982 . “ ‘Significant Airlift Missions’ ” . 15 September , Commander‐in‐Chief of MAC . unpublished memorandum to
  • Gwertzman , Bernard . ‘U.S. Crisis Unit Takes up DMZ Killings’ . New York Times , A3
  • Gwertzman . 1976 . ‘U.S. Asks Amends by North Koreans’ . New York Times , 21 August : 1
  • Gwertzman . 1976 . ‘U.S. Carries Out a Show of Force at Korean DMZ’ . New York Times , 22 August : 1
  • Gwertzman . 1976 . ‘North Korea Leader Calls DMZ Incident “Regretful"’ . New York Times , 23 August : 1
  • Gwertzman . 1976 . ‘U.S. Softens its Reaction to North Korea Regrets’ . New York Times , 24 August : 1
  • Hoon , Shim Jae . 1976 . ‘U.S. Action Hailed by South Koreans’ . New York Times , 22 August : 4
  • Malcolm , Andrew H. 1976 . ‘Both Sides Raise Korea Readiness’ . New York Times , 20 August : 1
  • 1976 . ‘U.S. Still Sending B‐52s over Korea’ . New York Times , 25 August : 9
  • 1978 . Keesing's Contemporary Archives , 26 May : 28989 28993
  • Schwab , Peter . 1978 . ‘Cold War on the Horn of Africa’ . African Affairs , 77 : 306 – 20 .
  • Knight , H. Gary . 1977 . ‘The Law of the Sea and Naval Missions’ . United States Naval Institute Proceedings , 103 June : 32 39
  • 1978 . Keesing's Contemporary Archives , 29 December : 29374
  • Crawley , Eduardo . 1979 . Dictators Never Die: A Portrait of Nicaragua and the Somozas , New York : St. Martin's Press .
  • Furlong , R. D. M. 1979 . ‘The Threat to Northern Europe’ . International Defense Review , 12 ( 4 ) : 517
  • Booth , Ken . 1981 . ‘Law and Strategy In Northern Waters’ . Naval War College Review , 34 July‐August : 3 9
  • Weisser , Ulrich and Jancke , Klaus . 1978 . ‘The Problems in the Baltic: Threat and Response’ . NATO's Fifteen Nations , 23 April‐May : 52
  • Burt , Richard . 1978 . ‘U.S. Photo Flights Resume over Cuba’ . New York Times , 17 November : A11
  • Smith , Terence . 1978 . ‘Carter Says Delay on Mideast Accord Would be “Serious”’ . New York Times , 8 December : 1
  • Garthoff , Raymond L. 1980 . ‘American Reaction to Soviet Aircraft in Cuba, 1962 and 1978’ . Political Science Quarterly , 95 Fall : 427
  • Baker , Brent . 1980 . ‘Naval and Maritime Events’ . United States Naval Institute Proceedings , 106 May : 50
  • Burt , Richard . 1979 . ‘U.S. Strategy on Iran Stirs a Fierce Debate’ . New York Times , 12 January : A3
  • Burt , Richard . 1979 . ‘69 Marines, 6 Copters are Ready to Act’ . New York Times , 12 February : A8
  • Carter , Jimmy . 1982 . Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President , New York : Bantam Books .
  • Gwertzman , Bernard . 1978 . ‘U.S. Moving Carrier’ . New York Times , 30 December : 1
  • Gwertzman , Bernard . 1979 . ‘U.S. Jets will Visit Saudi Arabia as Show of Support in Tense Area’ . New York Times , 11 January : 1
  • Middleton , Drew . 1978 . ‘Difficult Military Decisions Faced by U.S. in Iran Crisis’ . New York Times , 30 December : 5
  • Pranger , William and Tahtinen , Dale . 1979 . ‘American Policy Options in Iran and the Persian Gulf . AEI Foreign Policy and Defense Review , 1 : 1
  • Sullivan , William H. 1980 . ‘Dateline Iran: The Road Not Taken’ . Foreign Policy , : 175
  • Gwertzman , Bernard . 1979 . ‘Carter, Fearing the Impact on Iran, Tells Navy Unit Not to Head There’ . New York Times , 3 January : 1
  • Burt , Richard . 1979 . ‘U.S. Sends Ships to Arabian Sea in Yemen Crisis’ . New York Times , 7 March : 1
  • Burt , Richard . 1979 . ‘Intervention in Yemen War Signals Policy Shift’ . New York Times , 18 March : E3
  • 1979 . ‘Southern Yemen Accuses U.S. of Military Aggression’ . New York Times , 11 March : 5
  • Ware , Lewis . 1979 . ‘Turmoil in Southern Arabia’ . Military Review , 59 November : 51
  • Duffy , Gloria . 1983 . ‘Crisis Mangling and the Cuban Brigade’ . International Security , 8 Summer : 67
  • Gwertzman , Bernard . 1979 . ‘Carter Plans Latin Command and Steps up Watch on Cuba’ . New York Times , 2 October : 1
  • Halloran , Richard . 1979 . ‘Marines Will Conduct Maneuvers and Fire Artillery in Guantanamo’ . New York Times , 3 October : A15
  • Smith , Hedrick . 1979 . ‘Carter Says He Feels Soviet Will Alter Brigade in Cuba’ . New York Times , 3 October : A14
  • 1979 . ‘Transcript of President's Speech’ . New York Times , 2 October : A18
  • Burt , Richard . 1979 . ‘U.S. Deploys Carrier and Planes to Deter Action by North Korea’ . New York Times , 29 October : A12
  • Baker , Brent . 1981 . ‘Naval and Maritime Events’ . United States Naval Institute Proceedings , 107 May : 49
  • 1979 . ‘Excerpts from Speech by Khomeini Broadcast Over Teheran Radio’ . New York Times , 21 November : A13
  • Gwertzman , Bernard . 1979 . ‘Carter Shifts Stand’ . New York Times , 21 November : 1
  • Halloran , Richard . ‘Carter Sending 6 More Navy Ships, Including Carrier, to Arabian Sea’ . New York Times , 1
  • Burns , John F. 1979 . ‘Rhodesian Peace Force Begins Taking up its Positions’ . New York Times , 24 December : A3
  • Burns , John F. 1979 . ‘Monitoring Forces All in Rhodesia Now for Cease‐Fire Job’ . New York Times , 26 December : 1
  • Gwertzman , Bernard . 1980 . ‘U.S. Urges “Maximum Restraint” on South Korean Military Leaders’ . New York Times , 23 May : 1
  • 1980 . Asian Recorder , 12–18 August : 15602
  • 1980 . Asian Recorder , 16–22 September : 15653
  • Burt , Richard . 1980 . ‘U.S. Warily Expands Southeast Asia Security Role’ . New York Times , 10 July : A3
  • Hovey , Graham . 1980 . ‘Carter Orders Airlift of Rifles and Artillery to Thais’ . New York Times , 2 July : A5
  • Kamm , Henry . 1980 . ‘Thailand Uses Vietnamese Raid to Bolster Alliances’ . New York Times , 4 July : A4
  • 1980 . ‘U.S. Airlift of Arms to Thailand Begins’ . New York Times , 6 July : 12
  • Burks , Edward C. 1980 . ‘U.S. Orders Guided Missile Cruiser and 2 Tanker Jets to Persian Gulf . New York Times , 12 October : 18
  • Grummon , Stephen R. 1982 . The Iran‐Iraq War: Islam Embattled , 62 New York : Praeger .
  • Gwertzman , Bernard . 1980 . ‘U.S. Grants Saudi Request to Send Command Aircraft’ . New York Times , 1 October : A10
  • Gwertzman , Bernard and Burt , Richard . 1980 . ‘Role of the U.S. in Persian Gulf: How it Evolved’ . New York Times , 12 October : 1 22
  • Middleton , Drew . 1980 . ‘Aid for Saudis: A Risk for U.S.’ . New York Times , 1 October : 1
  • Shabecoff , Philip . 1980 . ‘Brown Discloses U.S. Sends Saudis Ground Radar and 100 Personnel’ . New York Times , 6 October : 1 A14
  • Vinocur , John . 1980 . ‘U.S. To Supply NATO With Radar Planes’ . New York Times , 10 December : All
  • Sigmund , Paul . 1981 . ‘Latin America: Change or Continuity’ . Foreign Affairs , 60 : 629
  • LeoGrande , William . 1981 . ‘A Splendid Little War’ . International Security , 6 Summer : 27
  • Schumacher , Edward . 1981 . ‘Behind Ecuador War, Long‐Smoldering Resentment’ . New York Times , 10 February : A2
  • Lewis , Flora . 1981 . ‘Green Berets Stage a Parachute Show for Liberians’ . New York Times , 12 April : 8
  • 1981 . ‘U.S. and Liberia Plan Joint Military Exercises’ . New York Times , 2 April : A6
  • 1981 . ‘U.S. Calls Maneuvers with Liberia a Move to Stabilize its Regime’ . New York Times , 5 April : 10
  • Gelb , Leslie H. 1981 . ‘War or Peace in the Mideast’ . New York Times , 23 May : 4
  • Gwertzman , Bernard . 1981 . ‘Not Much Time to Cool Crisis over Lebanon’ . New York Times , IV 10 May : 1
  • Schmemann , Serge . 1981 . ‘Brezhnev Warns of Mideast Dangers’ . New York Times , 23 May : 4
  • Shipler , David K. 1981 . ‘Missile Crisis: Shift by Israel’ . New York Times , 23 May : 1
  • Cowell , Alan . 1981 . ‘45 Libya Incidents Reported by Navy’ . New York Times , 25 August : 1
  • 1981 . ‘News Conference Aboard the Nimitz’ . New York Times , 25 August : A10
  • Safire , William . 1980 . ‘Looking For Trouble’ . New York Times , 25 September : A27
  • Central America, 1981 . 1981 . ‘Four Week Navy Drill is Begun in Caribbean’ . New York Times , 1 November : 48
  • 1981 . ‘Honduran‐U.S. Exercise Starts Despite Protest’ . New York Times , 8 October : A8
  • 1981 . ‘U.S. General Meets Worried Nicaraguans’ . New York Times , 2 October : A5
  • 1981 . ‘Awacs Aircraft is Sent to Egypt‐Libya Border’ . New York Times , 10 October : 6
  • Brewer , William D. 1982 . ‘The Libyan‐Sudanese “Crisis” of 1981: Danger for Darfur and Dilemma for the United States’ . Middle East Journal , 36 Spring : 205 211
  • Gwertzman , Bernard . 1981 . ‘Two Radar Planes Are Sent To Egypt’ . New York Times , 15 October : 1
  • Farrell , William E. 1981 . ‘800 U.S. Paratroopers Open War Games in Egypt’ . New York Times , 15 November : 21
  • Halloran , Richard . 1981 . ‘U.S. Not Adding Troops to War Games in Egypt’ . New York Times , 14 October : A12
  • Crossette , Barbara . 1982 . ‘Nicaragua Presses U.S. To Confer Immediately’ . New York Times , 19 April : A12
  • Halloran , Richard . 1982 . ‘U.S. Destroyer Monitors Activity in Area of Salvador and Nicaragua’ . New York Times , 25 February : 1
  • Shipler , David K. 1982 . ‘670 U.S. Soldiers Arrive In Sinai for Peace Patrol’ . New York Times , 18 March : A3
  • Halloran , Richard . 1982 . ‘U.S. Plans Supplies If Fighting Lasts’ . New York Times , 21 May : 1 A12
  • Halloran , Richard . 1981 . ‘U.S. Fleet Reaches East Mediterranean For Naval Exercises’ . New York Times , 24 June : A15
  • 1982 . ‘U.S. Flotilla in Position if Evacuation is Needed’ . New York Times , 10 June : A20
  • 1982 . ‘African Update’ . Africa Report , Sept.‐Oct. : 28 – 9 .
  • Halloran , Richard . 1982 . ‘U.S. Flying Arms to Somalia after Ethiopian Raids’ . New York Times , 25 July : 6
  • 1982 . ‘A Secret War for Nicaragua’ . Newsweek , 8 November : 48
  • Clarity , James F. 1982 . ‘On the Shores of Beirut's Harbor, U.S. Marines are Standing Guard’ . New York Times , 26 August : 1
  • Kifner , John . 1982 . ‘Christians Clash with Syrian Units on Lebanese Road’ . New York Times , 25 August : 1
  • 1982 . ‘Reagan Gives Notice on the Use of Marines’ . New York Times , 25 August : A8
  • 1982 . ‘2,500 G.I.’s Hold Maneuvers in Oman’ . New York Times , 6 December : A5

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