The White British–Black Caribbean achievement gap: tests, tiers and teacher expectations

References

• Alexander , K. and Cook , M. 1982 . Curricula and coursework: a surprise ending to a familiar story . American Sociological Review , 47 : 926 – 640 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett. , R. E. , Gottesman , R.L. , Rock , D. A. and Cerullo , F. 1993 . Influence of behaviour perceptions and gender on teachers’ judgements of students’ academic skill . Journal of Educational Psychology , 85 : 347 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowers , A. 2009 . Reconsidering grades as data for decision making: more than just academic knowledge . Journal of Educational Administration , 47 (5) : 609 – 629 .
   Google Scholar
• Braddock , J. and Slavin , R. 1993 . Why ability grouping must end: achieving excellence and equity in American education . Journal of Intergroup Relations , 20 (2) : 51 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Burghes , D. , Roddick , M. and Tapson , F. 2001 . Tiering at GCSE: is there a fairer system? . Educational Research , 43 (2) : 175 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demack , S. , Drew , D. and Grimsley , M. 2000 . Minding the gap: ethnic, gender and social class differences in attainment at 16, 1988–95 . Race, Ethnicity and Education , 3 (2) : 117 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education and Skills (DfES) . 2006 . Ethnicity and education , London : DfES . Available online at: http://publications.teachernet.gov.uk/eOrderingDownload/DFES-0208-2006.pdf (accessed 27 June 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Department of Education and Science (DES) . 1985 . Education for all: the report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Education of Children from Ethnic Minority Groups (The Swann report) , London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Education and Science (DES) . 1988 . National Curriculum Task Group on Assessment and Testing: a report , London : DES .
   Google Scholar
• Desimone , L. 1999 . Linking parent involvement with student achievement: do race and income matter? . Journal of Educational Research , 93 (1) : 11 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elwood , J. and Murphy , P. 2002 . Tests, tiers and achievement: gender and performance at 16 and 14 in England . European Journal of Education , 37 (4) : 395 – 416 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , R. 1998 . “ Can schools narrow the Black–White test score gap? ” . In The Black–White test score gap , Edited by: Jenks , C. and Philips , M. Washington, DC : Brookings Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fordham , S. and Ogbu , J. 1986 . Black students’ school success: coping with the burden of ‘acting White’ . Urban Review , 18 (3) : 176 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Foster , P. , Gomm , R. and Hammersley , M. 1996 . Constructing educational inequality , London : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fryer , R. G. and Levitt , S. D. 2004 . Understanding the Black–White test score gap in the first two years of school . Review of Economics and Statistics , 86 (2) : 447 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillborn , D. 1990 . Race, ethnicity and education: teaching and learning in multi‐cultural schools , London : RoutledgeFalmer .
   Google Scholar
• Gillborn , D. 2008 . Racism and education: coincidence or conspiracy? , Abingdon : Taylor & Fancis) .
   Google Scholar
• Gillborn , D. 2010 . The colour of numbers: surveys, statistics and deficit‐thinking about race and class . Journal of Education Policy , 25 (2) : 253 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillborn , D. and Gipps , C. 1996 . Recent research on the achievements of ethnic minority pupils , London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Gillborn , D. and Youdell , D. 2000 . Rationing education: policy, practice, reform and equity , Buckingham : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hallam , S. 2002 . Ability grouping in schools: a literature review , London : Institute of Education, University of London .
   Google Scholar
• Hallinan , M. 1994 . School differences in tracking effects on achievement . Social Forces , 72 (3) : 799 – 820 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallinan , M. 1996 . Race effects on student track mobility in high school . Social Psychology of Education , 1 : 1 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Hallinan , M. 2001 . Sociological perspectives on Black–White inequalities in American schooling . Sociology of Education , 74 : 50 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Hedges , L. V. and Nowell , A. 1998 . “ Black–White test score convergence since 1965 ” . In The Black–White test score gap , Edited by: Jenks , C. and Phillips , M. 149 – 181 . Washington, DC : Brooking Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kao , G. , Tienda , M. and Schneider , B. 1996 . Racial and ethnic variation in academic performance . Research in Sociology of Education and Socialization , 11 : 263 – 297 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , S. 2004 . Do increased levels of parental involvement account for social class differences in track placement? . Social Science Research , 33 (4) : 626 – 659 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenway , P. and Palmer , G. 2007 . Poverty among ethnic groups: how and why does it differ? , York : Joseph Rowntree Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Lleras , C. 2008 . Race, racial concentration, and the dynamics of educational inequality across urban and suburban schools . American Educational Research Journal , 45 (4) : 886 – 912 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas , S. R. and Gamoran , A. 2002 . “ Tracking and the achievement gap ” . In Bridging the achievement gap , Edited by: Chubb , J. E. and Loveless , T. 171 – 198 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Mac an Ghail , M. 1988 . Young, gifted and black , Buckingham : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McLoyd , V. C. 1998 . Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development . American Psychologist , 53 (2) : 185 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modood , T. 2003 . “ Ethnic differentials in educational performance ” . In Explaining ethnic differences: changing patterns of disadvantage in Britain , Edited by: Mason , D. Bristol : Open Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mortimore , P. , Sammons , P. , Stoll , L. , Lewis , D. and Ecob , R. 1988 . School matters: the junior years , Wells : Open Books .
   Google Scholar
• Oakes , S. 1985 . Keeping track: how schools structure inequality , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parsons , C. , Godfrey , R. Annan , G. 2005 . Minority ethnic exclusions and the Race Relations (Amendment)Act 2000 , London : Department for Education and Skills . DfES Research Report 616/2005
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , M. , Brooks‐Gunn , J. , Duncan , G. , Klebanov , P. and Crane , J. 1998 . “ Family background, parenting practices, and the Black–White test score gap ” . In The Black–White test score gap , Edited by: Jenks , C. and Phillips , M. Washington, DC : Brookings Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pilkington , A. 1999 . Racism in schools and ethnic differentials in educational achievement: a brief comment on a recent debate . British Journal of Sociology of Education , 20 (3) : 411 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) . 2004 . KS3 assessment and reporting arrangement 2004 , London : QCA .
   Google Scholar
• Rollock , N. 2007 . Legitimising black academic failure: deconstructing staff discourses of academic success, appearance and behaviour . International Studies in Sociology of Education , 17 (3) : 275 – 287 .
   Google Scholar
• Sammons , P. 1995 . Gender, ethnic and socio‐economic differences in attainment and progress: a longitudinal analysis of student achievement over 9 years . British Educational Research Journal , 21 (4) : 465 – 483 .
   Google Scholar
• Scarr , S. , Caparulo , B. Bernard , M. 1983 . Developmental status and school achievements of minority and non‐minority children from birth to 18 years in a British Midlands town . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 1 : 31 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Sewell , T. 1997 . Black masculinity and schooling: how black boys survive modern schooling , Stoke‐on‐Trent : Trentham Books .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , L. , Purdham , K. Tajar , A. 2006 . Ethnic minority populations and the labour market: an analysis of the 1991 and 2001 census , Leeds : Department for Work and Pensions . Research Report No. 333
   Google Scholar
• Southworth , S. and Mickelson , R. 2007 . The interactive effects of race, gender and school composition on college track placement . Social Forces , 86 (2) : 497 – 524 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson , D. L. , Schiller , K. S. and Schneider , B. 1994 . Sequences of opportunities for learning . Sociology of Education , 67 (3) : 184 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strand , S. 1997 . Pupil progress during Key Stage 1: a value added analysis of school effects . British Educational Research Journal , 23 (4) : 471 – 487 .
   Google Scholar
• Strand , S. 1999 . Ethnic group, sex and economic disadvantage: associations with pupils’ educational progress from Baseline to the end of Key Stage 1 . British Educational Research Journal , 25 (2) : 179 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Strand , S. 2010a . The limits of social class in explaining ethnic gaps in educational attainment . British Educational Research Journal , doi: 10.1080/01411920903540664
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strand , S. 2010b . Do some schools narrow the gap? Differential school effectiveness by ethnicity, gender, poverty and prior attainment . School Effectiveness and School Improvement , 21 (3) : 289 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strand , S. and Lindsay , G. 2009 . Evidence of ethnic disproportionality in special education in an English population . Journal of Special Education , 43 (3) : 174 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strand , S. and Winston , J. 2008 . Eucational aspirations in inner‐city schools . Educational Studies , 34 (4) : 249 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sylva , K. , Melhuish , E. , Sammons , P. , Siraj‐Blatchford , I. and Taggart , B. 2004 . The effective provision of pre‐school education (EPPE) project: final report , London : Department for Education and Skills .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , S. , Madaus , G. , Raczek , A. and Smees , R. 1998 . Comparing teacher assessment and standard task results in England: the relationship between student characteristics and attainment . Assessment in Education , 5 : 213 – 246 .
   Google Scholar
• Tikly , L. , Haynes , J. , Caballero , C. and Hill , J. 2006 . Evaluating of aiming high: African Caribbean achievement project. DfES Research Report 801/2006 , London : Department for Education and Skills . Available online at: http://www.dfes.gov.uk/research/data/uploadfiles/RR801.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wang , J. and Goldschmidt , P. 2003 . Importance of middle school mathematics on high school students’ mathematics achievement . Journal of Educational Research , 97 (1) : 3 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , C. 1987 . “ Black students—White teachers ” . In Racial inequality in education , Edited by: Troyna , B. London : Tavistock .
   Google Scholar
• Yan , W. and Lin , Q. 2005 . Parent involvement and mathematics achievement: contrast across racial and ethnic groups . Journal of Educational Research , 99 (2) : 116 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar