4,462
Views
31
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The problem of political blackness: lessons from the Black Supplementary School Movement

Pages 2060-2078 | Received 22 Feb 2015, Accepted 03 Dec 2015, Published online: 01 Feb 2016

References

  • Andrews, K. 2011. “Back to Black: Black Radicalism and the Black Supplementary School Movement”. PhD diss., University of Birmingham.
  • Andrews, K. 2013. Resisting Racism: Race, Inequality and the Black Supplementary School Movement. London: Institute of Education Press.
  • Andrews, K. 2014a. “From the ‘Bad Nigger’ to the ‘Good Nigga’: An Unintended Legacy of Black Power Movement.” Race and Class 55 (3): 22–37. doi: 10.1177/0306396813508268
  • Andrews, K. 2014b. “Towards a Black Independent Education.” The Journal of Negro Education 83 (1): 5–14. doi: 10.7709/jnegroeducation.83.1.0005
  • Andrews, K. 2015. 10 years on from the Lozells riots, nothing has changed for those in poverty. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/society/commentisfree/2015/oct/23/lozells-riots-anniversary-birmingham-east-handsworth-poverty.
  • Anthias, F. 1992. “Connecting ‘Race’ and Ethnic Phenomena.” Sociology 26: 421–438. doi: 10.1177/0038038592026003004
  • Aspinall, P. J. 2002. “Collective Terminology to Describe the Minority Ethnic Population: The Persistence of Confusion and Ambiguity in Usage.” Sociology 36: 803–816. doi: 10.1177/003803850203600401
  • Bashi, V. 1998. “Racial Categories Matter Because Racial Hierarchies Matter: A Commentary.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (5): 959–968. doi: 10.1080/014198798329748
  • Beck, U. 2007. “The Cosmopolitan Condition: Why Methodological Nationalism Fails.” Theory, Culture and Society 24: 286–290. doi: 10.1177/02632764070240072505
  • Bhattacharyya, G. 1998. “Riding Multiculturalism.” In Multicultural States: Rethinking Difference and Identity, edited by D. Bennett, 252–266. London: Routledge.
  • Biko, S. 1978. 2004. I Write What I Like. Reprint. Johannesburg: Picador Africa.
  • Carmichael, S. 1971. Stokely Speaks: Black Power to Pan-Africanism. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Carmody, P. 2011. The New Scramble for Africa. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Cheung, L., and Y. Espiritu. 1989. “Korean Businesses in Black and Hispanic Neighbourhoods: A Study of Intergroup Relations.” Sociological Perspectives 32 (4): 521–534. doi: 10.2307/1389136
  • Chevannes, M., and F. Reeves. 1989. “The Black Voluntary School Movement: Definition, Context and Prospects.” In Racial Inequality in Education, edited by B. Troyna, 147–160. London: Routledge.
  • Clemons, M. I. L., and C. E. Jones. 1999. “Global Solidarity: The Black Panther Party in the International Arena.” New Political Science 21 (2): 177–203. doi: 10.1080/07393149908429862
  • Coard, B. 1971. How the West Indian Child is Made Educationally Subnormal in the British School System. London: New Beacon Books.
  • Cole, M. 1993. “Black and Ethnic Minority or Asian, Black and Other Minority Ethnic: A Further Note on Nomenclature.” Sociology 27: 671–673. doi: 10.1177/0038038593027004007
  • Cronon, E. 1969. Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Cross, W. E. 1991. Shades of Black: Diversity in African American Identity. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
  • Delgado, R., and J. Stefancic. 2012. Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. 2nd ed. New York: New York University Press.
  • Department for Education. 2014. “GCSE and Equivalent Attainment by Pupil Characteristics in England, 2013/13.” https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/280689/SFR05_2014_Text_FINAL.pdf.
  • Dove, N. E. 1993. “The Emergence of Black Supplementary Schools: Resistance to Racism in the UK.” Urban Education 27 (4): 430–447. doi: 10.1177/0042085993027004007
  • Gillborn, D. 2008. Racism and Education: Coincidence or Conspiracy. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Hall, S. 1991. “Old and New Ethnicities, Old and New Identities.” In Culture, Globalization and the World System, edited by Anthony D. King, 41–68. London: Macmillan.
  • Hutton, C., and N. S. Murrel. 1998. “Rastas’ Psychology of Blackness, Resistance, and Somebodiness.” In Chanting Down Babylon: The Rastafari Reader, edited by N. Murrell, W. D. Spencer, and A. A. McFarlane, 36–54. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
  • John, G. 2005. “This Conflict Has Been 20 Years in the Making”. The Guardian. Accessed October 26. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/oct/26/ukcrime.race.
  • Kelley, R., and B. Esch. 1999. “Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution.” Souls 1 (4): 6–41. doi: 10.1080/10999949909362183
  • Kilcup, K. 2000. Native American Women's Writing 1800–1924: An Anthology. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Leach, C. W. 2005. “Against the Notion of a ‘New Racism’.” Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 15 (6): 432–445. doi: 10.1002/casp.841
  • Malik, K. 2001. “The Trouble with Multiculturalism.” Spiked. http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/10734#.VONsgk22_t8.
  • Mandela, N. R. 1996. Long Walk to Freedom. London: Abacus Books.
  • Martin, B. L. 1991. “From Negro to Black to African American: The Power of Names and Naming.” Political Science Quarterly 106 (1): 83–107. doi: 10.2307/2152175
  • Maylor, U. 2009. “What Is the Meaning of ‘Black’? Researching ‘Black’ Respondents.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 32 (2): 369–387. doi: 10.1080/01419870802196773
  • Miles, R. 1982. Racism and Migrant Labour. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • Mirza, H. S., and D. Reay. 2000. “Spaces and Places of Black Educational Desire: Rethinking Black Supplementary Schools as a New Social Movement.” Sociology 34 (3): 521–544. doi: 10.1177/S0038038500000328
  • Modood, T. 1994. “Political Blackness and British Asians.” Sociology 28 (4): 859–876. doi: 10.1177/0038038594028004004
  • Modood, T. 2007. Multiculturalism: A Civic Idea. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Mohawk, J. 1992. “Looking for Columbus: Thoughts on the Past, Present and Future of Humanity.” In The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization and Resistance, edited by A. Jaimes. 439–444. Boston, MA: South End Press.
  • Mutwa, C. 1998. Indaba My Children: African Tribal History. Edinburgh: Payback Press.
  • Nagle, J. 2008. “Multiculturalism's Double Bind: Creating Inclusivity, Difference and Cross-community Alliances with the London-Irish.” Ethnicities 8: 177–198. doi: 10.1177/1468796808088922
  • Nkrumah, K. [1963] 1998. Africa Must Unite. Reprint. London: Panaf Books.
  • Parsons, C. 2009. “Explaining Sustained Inequalities in Ethnic Minority School Exclusion in England-Passive Racism in a Neoliberal Grip.” Race, Ethnicity and Education 35 (2): 249–65.
  • Phillips, C. 2007. “The Re-emergence of the ‘Black Spectre’: Minority Professional Associations in the Post-Macpherson Era.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 30 (3): 375–396. doi: 10.1080/01419870701217431
  • Phizacklea, A., and R. Miles. 1980. Labour and Racism. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • Phoenix, A. 1998. “Dealing with Difference: The Recursive and the New.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (5): 859–880. doi: 10.1080/014198798329694
  • Prashard, V. 2007. The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World. New York: The New Press.
  • Reay, D., and H. S. Mirza. 1997. “Uncovering Genealogies of the Margins: Black Supplementary Schooling.” British Journal of Sociology of Education, 18 (4): 477–499. doi: 10.1080/0142569970180401
  • Rodney, W. 1972. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. London: Bogle-L'Overture.
  • Shukra, K. 1998. The Changing Pattern of Black Politics in Britain. London: Pluto Press.
  • Sudbury, J. 2001. “(Re)constructing Multi-racial Blackness: Women's Activism, Difference and Collective Identity in Britain.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 24 (1): 29–49. doi: 10.1080/014198701750052488
  • Troyna, B., and J. Williams. 1986. Racism, Education and the State. London: Biddles.
  • Tucker, J. 2004. A Sense of Wonder: Samuel R. Delany, Race, Identity and Difference. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
  • Vargas, J. H. C. 2006. “Black Radical Becoming: The Politics of Identification in Permanent Transformation.” Critical Sociology 32: 475. doi: 10.1163/156916306777835222
  • Virdee, S. 2014. Racism, Class and the Racialized Outsider. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Warmington, J., and A. Afridi. 2009. The Pied Piper: The BME Third Sector and UK Race Relations Policy. Birmingham: Birmingham Race Action Partnership.
  • Winant, H. 2000. “Race and Race Theory.” Annual Review of Sociology 26: 169–185. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.169
  • Winant, H. 2001. The World Is a Ghetto: Race and Democracy since World War II. New York: Basic Books.
  • Wray, S. 2003. “Women Growing Older: Agency, Ethnicity and Culture.” Sociology 37 (3): 511–527. doi: 10.1177/00380385030373007
  • Wright, R. 1954. Black Power. New York: Harper Perennial.
  • Wright, M. M. 2004. Becoming Black: Creating Identity in the African Diaspora. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • X, M. 1964. “The Ballot or the Bullet.” Hartford Web Publishing. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/065.html.
  • X, M. 1970. By Any Means Necessary. New York: Pathfinder Press.
  • X, M. 1971. The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches. New York: Merlin House.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.