Rap against brownface and the politics of racism in Singapore

References

• Ahmed, Sara. 2018. “Feminist Hurt/Feminism Hurts.” In The Power of Vulnerability: Mobilising Affect in Feminist, Queer and Anti-Racist Media Cultures, edited by Anu Koivunen, Katariina Kyrola, and Ingrid Ryberg, 59–68. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barr, Michael D., and Zlatko Skrbiš. 2008. Constructing Singapore: Elitism, Ethnicity & Nation-Building Project. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2010. Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States. 2nd ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Bryman, Alan. 2016. Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chadwick, Andrew, and Philip. N. Howard. 2010. Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics. London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Chua, Beng Huat. 2003. “Multiculturalism in Singapore: An Instrument of Social Control.” Race & Class 44 (3): 58–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner, Nicholas, and Ana-Maria Bliuc. 2016. “‘It’s Okay to Be Racist’: Moral Disengagement in Online Discussions of Racist Incidents in Australia.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 39 (14): 2545–2563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh, Daniel. P. 2008. “From Colonial Pluralism to Postcolonial Multiculturalism: Race, State Formation and the Question of Cultural Diversity in Malaysia and Singapore.” Sociology Compass 2 (1): 232–252.
   Google Scholar
• Goh, Daniel. P., and Terence Chong. 2020. “Chinese Privilege’ as Shortcut in Singapore: A Rejoinder.” Asian Ethnicity, doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2020.1869519.
   Google Scholar
• Goh, Daniel. P., M. Gabrielpillai, P. Holden, and G. C. Khoo. 2009. Race and Multiculturalism in Malaysia and Singapore. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ho, Khai Leong. 2000. “Citizen Participation and Policy Making in Singapore: Conditions and Predicaments.” Asian Survey 40 (3): 436–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, Li-Ching. 2010. “‘Don’t Worry, I’m Not Going to Report You’: Education for Citizenship in Singapore.” Theory & Research in Social Education 38 (2): 217–247.
   Google Scholar
• Jayakumar, Uma M., and Annie S Adamian. 2017. “The Fifth Frame of Colorblind Ideology: Maintaining the Comforts of Colorblindness in the Context of White Fragility.” Sociological Perspectives 60 (5): 912–936.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles, Ryan T., and Andrea M Hawkman. 2019. “Anti-racist Quantitative Research: Developing, Validating, and Implementing Racialized Teaching Efficacy and Racial Fragility Scales.” The Urban Review 52: 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Christine, et al. 2004. “Children’s Experiences of Multiracial Relationships in Informal Primary School Settings.” In Beyond Rituals and Riots: Ethnic Pluralism and Social Cohesion in Singapore, edited by Lai Ah Eng, 114–145. Singapore: Eastern University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mutalib, Hussin. 2014. Singapore Malays: Being Ethnic Minority and Muslim in a Global City-State. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pfafmen, Tess. M., Christopher J. Carpenter, and Yong Tang. 2015. “The Politics of Racism: Constructions of African Immigrants in China on ChinaSMACK.” Communication, Culture & Critique 8: 540–556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prankumar, Sujith Kumar, Peter Aggleton, and Joanne Bryant. 2020. “Belonging, Citizenship and Ambivalence among Young Gay, Bisexual and Queer Indian Singaporean Men.” Asian Studies Review, doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2020.1773762.
   Google Scholar
• PuruShotam, Nirmala. 1998. Negotiating Language, Constructing Race: Disciplining Difference in Singapore. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Rahim, Lily. 1998. The Singapore Dilemma: The Political and Educational Marginality of the Malay Community. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Salmons, Janet. 2017. “Using Social Media in Data Collection: Designing Studies with the Qualitative E-Research Framework.” In The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods, edited by Luke Sloan and Anabel Quan-Haase, 177–197. London: Sage Reference.
   Google Scholar
• Song, Miri. 2014. “Challenging a Culture of Racial Equivalence.” The British Journal of Sociology 65 (1): 107–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, Miri. 2018. “Why We Still Need to Talk About Race?” Ethnic and Racial Studies 41 (6): 1131–1145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, Ronald. J., and Earl Wright II. 2000. “Beyond Bitches, Nigers, and Ho’s: Some Suggestions for Including Rap Music as a Qualitative Data Source.” Race & Society 3: 23–40.
   Google Scholar
• Tan, K. P. 2009. “Racial Stereotypes in Singapore Films: Commercial Value and Critical Possibilities”. In Race and Multiculturalism in Malaysia and Singapore, edited by P.S.D. Goh, M. Gabrielpillai, and P. Holden, 124–140. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• The Straits Times. 2019, July 31. “Rap Video by YouTuber Preetipls Crosses the Line, says Shanmugam”. Accessed on 26th April 2021. https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/rap-video-by-youtuber-crosses-the-line-says-shanmugam.
   Google Scholar
• Today. 1st Aug 2019. “Nets Apologises for ‘Hurt’ Caused by e-payment ad.” Accessed on 26th April 2021. https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/nets-apologises-hurt-caused-e-payment-ad.
   Google Scholar
• Today. 14 August 2019. “Parties Behind ‘Brownface’ Nets ad Given Stern Reminder of Paying Attention to Racial Sensitivities: IMDA”. Accessed on 15 Spetember 2020. https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/parties-behind-brownface-nets-ad-given-stern-reminder-paying-attention-racial.
   Google Scholar
• Velayutham, Selvaraj. 2009. “Everyday Racism in Singapore.” In Everyday Multiculturalism, edited by Amanda Wise and Selvaraj Velayutham, 255–273. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Velayutham, Selvaraj. 2017. “Races Without Racism?: Everyday Race Relations in Singapore.” Identities 24 (4): 455–473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise, A., and S. Velayutham. 2014. “Conviviality in Everyday Multiculturalism: Some Brief Comparisons Between Singapore and Sydney.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 17 (4): 406–430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zainal, Humairah, and Walid. J. Abdullah. 2019. “Chinese Privilege in Politics: A Case Study of Singapore’s Ruling Elites.” Asian Ethnicity, doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2019.1706153.
   Google Scholar