1,861
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Conceptualizing xenophobia as structural violence in the lives of refugee women in Gauteng, South Africa

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 2768-2790 | Received 30 Apr 2022, Accepted 03 Feb 2023, Published online: 03 Mar 2023

References

  • Abdi, C. 2011. “Moving Beyond Xenophobia: Structural Violence, Conflict and Encounters with the ‘Other’ Africans.” Development Southern Africa 28 (5): 691–704. doi:10.1080/0376835X.2011.623916.
  • Akinola, A. O. 2018. The Political Economy of Xenophobia in Africa. New York, NY: Springer International.
  • Anglin, M. 1998. “Feminist Perspectives on Structural Violence.” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 5 (2): 145–151. doi:10.1080/1070289X.1998.9962613.
  • Apf, S. 2008. “Mob Violence Sweeps Gauteng.” Mail and Guardian. http://mg.co.za/article/2008-05-19-mob-violence-sweeps-gauteng (accessed 22 February 2022).
  • Arendt, H. 1963. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Viking.
  • Ataguba, J. E. O., C. Day, and D. McIntyre. 2015. “Explaining the Role of the Social Determinants of Health on Health Inequality in South Africa.” Global Health Action 8 (1): 28865. doi:10.3402/gha.v8.28865.
  • Bakhtin, M. 1984 [1941]. Rabelais and his World. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
  • Basaglia, Franco. 1987. “‘Institutions of Violence’ and ‘The Disease and Its Double’.” In Psychiatry Inside Out: Selected Writings of Franco Basaglia, edited by Nancy Scheper Hughes and Anne M. Lovell, Vol. 59–86, 101–134. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Bauman, Zygmunt. 2013. Wasted Lives: Modernity and Its Outcasts. Cambridge: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bryman, A. 2006. Samhällsvetenskapliga metoder. 3rd ed. Malmö: Liber AB.
  • Bulawayo, N. 2013. We Need New Names. London: Chatto & Windus.
  • Butler, J. 2004. Precarious Lives – The Power of Mourning and Violence. London: Verso.
  • Clelland, J. 2010. Deeper Than Colour. Auckland Park: Jacana Media.
  • Comaroff, J., and J. L. Comaroff. 2001. “Naturing the Nation: Aliens, Apocalypse and the Postcolonial State.” Journal of Southern African Studies 27 (3): 233–265. Special Issue for Shula Marks. doi:10.1080/13632430120074626.
  • Croucher, S. 1998. “South Africa’s Illegal Aliens: Constructing National Boundaries in a Post-Apartheid State.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (4): 639–660. doi:10.1080/014198798329801.
  • Crush, J. 2008. “The Perfect Storm: The Realities of Xenophobia in Contemporary South Africa.” Migration Policy Series No. 50, Cape Town: SAMP.
  • Crush, J., and G. Tawodzera. 2014. “Medical Xenophobia and Zimbabwean Migrant Access to Public Health Services in South Africa.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40 (4): 655–670. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2013.830504.
  • Das, V. 2000. Violence and Subjectivity. Berkeley: California Press.
  • Dodson, B. 2010. “Locating Xenophobia: Debate, Discourse, and Everyday Experience in Cape Town, South Africa.” Africa Today 56 (3): 2–22. doi:10.2979/aft.2010.56.3.2.
  • Everatt, D. 2011. “Xenophobia, State and Society in South Africa, 2008–2010.” Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies 38 (1): 7–36. doi:10.1080/02589346.2011.548662.
  • Farmer, P. 1996. "On Suffering and Structural Violence: A View from Below." Daedalus 125 (1): 261–283.
  • Farmer, P. 1999. “Pathologies of Power: Rethinking Health and Human Rights.” American Journal of Public Health 89 (10): 1486–1496. doi:10.2105/AJPH.89.10.1486.
  • Farmer, P. 2003. Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Farmer, P. 2004. “An Anthropology of Structural Violence.” Current Anthropology 45 (3): 305–325. doi:10.1086/382250.
  • Farmer, Paul E., Bruce Nizeye, Sara Stulac, and Salmaan Keshavjee. 2006. “Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine.” PLoS Medicine 3 (10): e449. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030449.
  • Fassin, D., M. Wilhelm-Solomon, and A. Segatti. 2017. “Asylum as a Form of Life: The Politics and Experience of Indeterminacy in South Africa.” Current Anthropology 58 (2): 160–187. doi:10.1086/691162.
  • Galtung, J. 1969. “Violence, Peace and Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research 6 (3): 167–191. doi:10.1177/002234336900600301.
  • Gibson, N. C. 2011. Fanonian Practices in South Africa – from Steve Biko to Abahlali baseMjondolo. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
  • Gilligan, J. 1996. Violence: Reflections on a National Epidemic. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Gordon, S. 2015. "Xenophobia Across the Class Divide: South African Attitudes Towards Foreigners 2003–2012." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 33 (4): 494–509.
  • Gordon, S. L. 2017. “Subjective National Wellbeing and Xenophobia in Sub-Saharan Africa: Results and Lessons from South Africa.” In New Dimensions in Community Well-Being. Community Quality-of-Life and Well-Being, edited by P. Kraeger, S. Cloutier, and C. Talmage, 85–113. Cham: Springer.
  • Greeff, M. 2005. “Information Collection: Interviewing.” In Research at Grassroots: For the Social Sciences and Human Service Professions, edited by A. S. de Vos, H. Strydom, C. B. Fouché, and C. S. L. Delport. Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers.
  • Greenburg, J. 2010. “The Spatial Politics of Xenophobia: Everyday Practices of Congolese Migrants in Johannesburg.” Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa 74 (1): 66–86. doi:10.1353/trn.2010.0010.
  • Gupta, Akhil. 2012. Red Tape: Bureaucracy, Structural Violence and Poverty in India. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Hankela, E. 2020. “Segmented Urban Space and the Ethics of Belonging in Migrants’ Johannesburg.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 43 (6): 931–949. doi:10.1080/01419870.2019.1635255.
  • Harris, B. 2001. A Foreign Experience: Violence, Crime and Xenophobia During South Africa’s Transition, Vol. 5. Johannesburg: CSVR.
  • Harris, B. 2002. “Xenophobia: A New Pathology for a New South Africa?” In Psychopathology and Social Prejudice, edited by D. Hook and G. Eagle, 169–184. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.
  • Hartley, L., and C. Fleay. 2017. “‘We Are Like Animals’: Negotiating Dehumanising Experiences of Asylum-Seeker Policies in the Australian Community.” Refugee Survey Quarterly 36 (4): 45–63. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdx010.
  • Ho, K. 2007. “Structural Violence as Human Rights Violation.” Essex Human Rights Review 4 (2): 1–17.
  • Human Rights Watch. 2009a. World Report 2009 Country Chapters South Africa. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2009/country-chapters/south-africa (accessed 22 February 2022).
  • Human Rights Watch. 2009b. No Healing Here – Violence, Discrimination and Barriers to Health for Migrants in South Africa. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/SAwithcover.pdf (accessed 22 February 2022).
  • Human rights Watch. 2021. South Africa: Broken Promises to Aid Gender-Based Violence Survivors. https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/24/south-africa-broken-promises-aid-gender-based-violence-survivors (accessed 29 November 2022).
  • Jolly, S., and H. Reeves. 2005. Gender and Migration: Overview Report. Brighton: BRIDGE.
  • Kabeer, N. 1999. “Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment.” Development and Change 30 (3): 435–464. doi:10.1111/1467-7660.00125.
  • Kleinman, Arthur. 2000. “The Violences of Everyday Life: The Multiple Forms and Dynamics of Social Violence.” In Violence and Subjectivity, edited by V. Das, A. Kleinman, M. Ramphele and P. Reynolds, 226–241. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Konczal, L., and L. Varga. 2012. “Structural Violence and Compassionate Compatriots: Immigrant Health Care in South Florida.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 35 (1): 88–103. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.594169.
  • Kothari, S., and W. Harcourt. 1976. “An Empirical Table of Structural Violence.” Journal of Peace Research 13 (4): 343–356. doi:10.1177/002234337601300405.
  • Kothari, S., and W. Harcourt. 2004. “Introduction: The Violence of Development.” Development 47 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1100024.
  • Krishna, A. 2010. One Illness Away: Why People Become Poor and How They Escape Poverty. Oxford: OUP.
  • Landau, L. 2010. “Loving the Alien? Citizenship, Law, and the Future in South Africa’s Demonic Society.” African Affairs 109 (435): 213–230. doi:10.1093/afraf/adq002.
  • McCracken, J. A., J. N. Pretty, and G. R. Conway. 1988. An Introduction to Rapid Rural Appraisal for Agriculture Development. London: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
  • McKnight, J. 2008. “Through the Fear: A Study of Xenophobia in South Africa’s Refugee System.” Journal of Identity and Migration Studies 2 (2): 18–42.
  • Mlilio Mpundo, M. 2022. Things My Mother Left me. Polokwane: Blackbird Books.
  • Morris, D. B. 1997. “About Suffering: Voice, Genre, and Moral Community.” In Social Suffering, edited by A. Kleinman, V. Das, and M. M. Lock, 25–46. University of California Press.
  • Mpe, P. 2001. Welcome to Our Hillbrow. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.
  • Mudau, J., and M. L. S. Mahlatsi. 2022. “Present Realities of Urban Food Insecurity in South African Townships.” African Renaissance (1744-2532) 19 (2).
  • Musuva, C. K. 2015. “International Migration, Xenophobia and the South African State.” Doctoral dissertation. Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch.
  • Naicker, C. 2016. “From Marikana to# Feesmustfall: The Praxis of Popular Politics in South Africa.” Urbanisation 1 (1): 53–61. doi:10.1177/2455747116640434.
  • Neocosmos, M. 2008. “The Politics of Fear and the Fear of Politics: Thinking About Xenophobia in South Africa.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 43 (6): 586–559. doi:10.1177/0021909608096655.
  • Neocosmos, M. 2010. From Foreign Natives to Native Foreigners. Explaining Xenophobia in Post-apartheid South Africa: Explaining Xenophobia in Post-apartheid South Africa: Citizenship and Nationalism, Identity and Politics. African Books Collective.
  • Nyamnjoh, F. B. 2006. Insiders and Outsiders – Citizenship and Xenophobia in Contemporary Southern Africa. Dakar: Codesria Books.
  • Oatway, J., and A. Skuy. 2021. “Documenting Violence Against Migrants in South Africa – A Photo Essay.” Guardian, June 21. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/21/documenting-violence-against-migrants-in-south-africa-a-photo-essay (accessed 22 February 2022).
  • Omotoso, K. O., and S. F. Koch. 2018. “Assessing Changes in Social Determinants of Health Inequalities in South Africa: A Decomposition Analysis.” International Journal for Equity in Health 17 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0885-y.
  • Opotow, S. 2001. “Reconciliation in Times of Impunity: Challenges for Social Justice.” Social Justice Research 14: 149–170.
  • Price, J. M. 2012. Structural Violence – Hidden Brutality in the Lives of Women. New York: State University of New York Press.
  • Prontzos, P. G. 2004. “Collateral Damage: The Human Cost of Structural Violence.” In Genocide, War Crimes and the West: History and Complicity, edited by A. Jones, 315–324. London: Zed Books.
  • Richter, R. 2015. Medical Outcasts: Gendered and Institutionalized Xenophobia in Undocumented Forced Migrants’ Emergency Health Care. London: Lexington Books.
  • Richter, S., and A. Botha. 2020. “Portrayal of Housing Issues of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Two South African Newspapers.” South African Review of Sociology 51 (3-4): 114–129. doi:10.1080/21528586.2022.2035806.
  • Roberts, D. 2008. Human Insecurity: Global Structures of Violence, 12–30. London: Bloomsbury.
  • Scheper-Hughes, N. 1992. Death Without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil. Berkerley: University of California Press.
  • Scheper-Hughes, N. 2004. “Dangerous and Endangered Youth: Social Structures and Determinants of Violence.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1036 (12): 13–46. doi:10.1177/1466138104041588.
  • Sigsworth, R., et al. 2008. The Gendered Nature of Xenophobia in South Africa. Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, supported by Heinrich Böll Stiftung.
  • Silva, J. 2008. “South Africans Take Out Rage on Immigrants.” New York Times, May 20. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/20/world/africa/20safrica.html (accessed 22 February 2022).
  • Siziba, G. 2014. “Language and Identity Negotiations: An Analysis of the Experiences of Zimbabwean Migrants in Johannesburg, South Africa.” Journal of African Cultural Studies 26 (2): 173–188. doi:10.1080/13696815.2013.860517.
  • Siziba, G. 2016. “The Body as a Site for (un) Making the ‘Other’: Shona Speaking Migrants’ Negotiation of Identity Politics in Johannesburg.” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 14 (2): 121–140. doi:10.1080/15562948.2015.1033075.
  • Solomon, R. 2019. “Xenophobic Violence and the Ambivalence of Citizenship in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Citizenship Studies 23 (2): 156–171. doi:10.1080/13621025.2019.1584158.
  • Solomon, Hussein, and Hitomi Kosaka. 2013. “Xenophobia in South Africa: Reflections, Narratives and Recommendations.” Southern African 5: 5–30.
  • South African Government. “Apply for Permanent Residence Permit.” https://www.gov.za/services/permanent-residence/apply-permanent-residency-permit (accessed 30 November 2022).
  • Statistics South Africa 2018. “Mid-year Population Estimates.” https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022018.pdf (accessed 29 November 2022).
  • Strydom, H., and C. S. L. Delport. 2005. “Sampling and Pilot Study in Qualitative Research.” In Research at Grassroots: For the Social Sciences and Human Service Professions, edited by A. S. de Vos, H. Strydom, C. B. Fouché, and C. S. L. Delport, 192–203. Pretoria: Van Schaik.
  • Tella, O. 2016. “Understanding Xenophobia in South Africa: The Individual, the State and the International System.” Insight on Africa 8 (2): 142–158. doi:10.1177/0975087816655014.
  • UNHCR. 2015. UNHCR Operation in South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland Factsheet. https://www.unhcr.org/protection/operations/524d87689/south-africa-fact-sheet.html (accessed 22 February 2022).
  • Unnithan, N. P., and H. P. Whitt. 1992. “Inequality, Economic Development and Lethal Violence: A Cross-National Analysis of Suicide and Homocide.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 33 (3–4): 182. doi:10.1177/002071529203300303.
  • Warner, C., G. Finchilescu, and G. Finchelescu. 2003. "Living with Prejudice: Xenophobia and Race." Agenda: 36–44.
  • Wicker, H. R. 2001. “Xenophobia.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, edited by N. Smelser, and P. Baltes, Vol. 24, 16649–16652. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Wicomb, Z. 2006. Playing in the Light. Johannesburg: Umuzi.
  • Wimmer, A. 1997. “Explaining Xenophobia and Racism: A Critical Review of Current Research Approaches.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 20 (1): 17–41. doi:10.1080/01419870.1997.9993946.
  • Winter, D. D., and D. C. Leighton. 2001. “Structural Violence.” In Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology in the 21st Century, edited by D. J. Christie, R. V. Wagner, and D. D. Winter. New York: Prentice-Hall.
  • World Bank. 2018. Population Living in Slums (% of Urban Population) – South Africa. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.SLUM.UR.ZS?locations=ZA (accessed 29 April 2022).
  • Zihindula, G., A. Meyer-Weitz, and O. Akintola. 2017. “Lived Experiences of Democratic Republic of Congo Refugees Facing Medical Xenophobia in Durban, South Africa.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 52 (4): 458–470. doi:10.1177/0021909615595990.