393
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

I am not the info desk for Islam and Arabs: the racialization of Islam and boundaries of citizenship

ORCID Icon
Pages 45-63 | Received 04 Jan 2023, Accepted 25 Apr 2023, Published online: 10 May 2023

References

  • Ahmed, S. 2000. Strange Encounters: Embodied Others in Post-Coloniality. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203349700.
  • Ahmed, S. 2014. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203700372.
  • Akdemir, T. G. 2022. “Different Theoretical Perspectives to Secularization and the Impact of Migration on Future Religiosity of Europe.” Alternatif Politika 14 (2): 263–288. doi:10.53376/ap.2022.09.
  • Anthias, F. 2009. “Translocational Belonging, Identity and Generation: Questions and Problems in Migration and Ethnic Studies.” Finnish Journal of Ethnicity and Migration 4 (1): 6–15.
  • Anthias, F. 2012. “Translocational Mobilities, Migration Research and Intersectionality: Towards a Translocational Frame.” Nordic Journal of Migration Research 2 (2): 102–110. doi:10.2478/v10202-011-0032-y.
  • Berg, P., and M. Peltola. 2015. “Raising Decent Citizens—On Respectability, Parenthood and Drawing Boundaries.” Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 23 (1): 36–51. doi:10.1080/08038740.2014.938116.
  • Bhargava, R. 2014. “How Secular is European Secularism?” European Societies 16 (3): 329–336. doi:10.1080/14616696.2014.916335.
  • Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2012. “Thematic Analysis.” In Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology, edited by Harris Cooper, 57–71. 2nd vol. Washington, DC: The American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/13620-004.
  • Carr, J., and A. Haynes. 2015. “A Clash of Racializations: The Policing of ‘Race’ and of Anti-Muslim Racism in Ireland.” Critical Sociology 41 (1): 21–40. doi:10.1177/0896920513492805.
  • Crenshaw, K. 1991. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color.” Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1241–1299. doi:10.2307/1229039.
  • Creutz-Kömppi, K. 2008. “The Othering of Islam in a European Context: Polarizing Discourses in Swedish-Language Dailies in Finland.” Nordicom Review 29 (2): 295–308. doi:10.1515/nor-2017-0192.
  • Cuervo, H., and J. Wyn. 2014. “Reflections on the use of Spatial and Relational Metaphors in Youth Studies.” Journal of Youth Studies 17 (7): 901–915. doi:10.1080/13676261.2013.878796.
  • Davis, L., and S. S. Deole. 2017. “Immigration and the Rise of Far-right Parties in Europe.” ifo DICE Report 15 (4): 10–15.
  • Desforges, L., R. Jones, and M. Woods. 2005. “New Geographies of Citizenship.” Citizenship Studies 9 (5): 439–451. doi:10.1080/13621020500301213.
  • Dyck, I. 2005. “Feminist Geography, the ‘Everyday’, and Local-Global Relations: Hidden Spaces of Place-Making.” The Canadian Geographer 49 (3): 233–243. doi:10.1111/j.0008-3658.2005.00092.x.
  • Emerson, M. O., E. Korver-Glenn, and K. W. Douds. 2015. “Studying Race and Religion: A Critical Assessment.” Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 1 (3): 349–359. doi:10.1177/2332649215584759.
  • Essed, P., and I. Hoving. 2014. “Innocence, Smug Ignorance, Resentment: An Introduction to Dutch Racism.” In Dutch Racism, edited by Philomena Essed, and Isabel Hoving, 101–116. Amsterdam: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789401210096_002.
  • Fanon, F. 2008 [1952]. Black Skin, White Masks. London: Pluto.
  • Farris, S. 2017. In the Name of Women′s Rights: The Rise of Femonationalism. Durham: Duke University Press Books.
  • Feagin, J. R. 2010. The White Racial Frame: Centuries of Racial Framing and Counter-Framing. New York: Routledge.
  • Finnish National Board on Research Integrity. 2012. “Responsible Conduct of Research and Procedures for Handling Allegations of Misconduct in Finland.” Accessed December 12 2022. https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/HTK_ohje_2012.pdf.
  • Garner, S., and S. Selod. 2015. “The Racialization of Muslims: Empirical Studies of Islamophobia.” Critical Sociology 41 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1177/0896920514531606.
  • Ghorashi, H. 2014. “Racism and the “Ungrateful Other” in the Netherland.” In Dutch Racism, edited by Philomena Essed, and Isabel Hoving, 101–116. Amsterdam: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789401210096_006.
  • Grosfoguel, R., and E. Mielants. 2006. “The Long-Durée Entanglement Between Islamophobia and Racism in the Modern/Colonial Capitalist/Patriarchal World-System: An Introduction.” Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge 5: 1–12.
  • Grosfoguel, R., L. Oso, and A. Christou. 2015. “‘Racism’, Intersectionality and Migration Studies: Framing Some Theoretical Reflections.” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 22 (6): 635–652. doi:10.4324/9781315226491-1.
  • Hammersley, M., and A. Traianou. 2012. Ethics in Qualitative Research: Controversies and Contexts. London: Sage Publications.
  • Hervik, P. 2019. “Debating Racism and Racialization.” In Racialization, Racism, and Anti-Racism in the Nordic Countries, edited by Peter Hervik, 3–37. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hoegaerts, J., E. Peterson, T. Liimatainen, and L. Hekanaho. 2022. “Finnishness, Whiteness and Coloniality; An Introduction.” In Finnishness, Whiteness and Coloniality and Elizabeth Peterson, edited by Josephine Hoegaerts, Tuire Liimatainen, and Laura Hekanaho, 1–16. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
  • Honkasalo, V., and T. Hjelm. 2020. “Tasa-arvo erojen tuottajana ja eriarvoisuuden oikeuttajana: Femonationalismi, turvapaikanhakijat ja Media.” In Tasa-arvopolitiikan suunnanmuutoksia: Talouskriisistä tasa-arvon kriiseihin, edited by Johanna Kantola, Paula Koskinen Sandberg, and Hanna Ylöstalo, 93–112. Helsinki: Gaudeamus.
  • Husain, A. 2019. “Moving Beyond (and Back to) the Black–White Binary: A Study of Black and White Muslims’ Racial Positioning in the United States.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 42 (4): 589–606. doi:10.1080/01419870.2017.1410199.
  • Isaksson, P. 1996. “Kun koko kyläkunta piiloutui: saamelaiset Yrjö Kajavan antropologisessa ohjelmassa.” In Rasismi tieteessä ja politiikassa – aate- ja oppihistoriallisia esseitä, edited by Jouko Jokisalo, 58–89. Helsinki: Edita.
  • Isin, E. 2008. “Theorising Acts of Citizenship.” In Acts of Citizenship, edited by Engin Isin, and Greg Nielsen, 15–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Isin, E., and P. Nyers, eds. 2014. Routledge Handbook of Global Citizenship Studies. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Kallio, K. P., B. E. Wood, and J. Häkli. 2020. “Lived Citizenship: Conceptualising an Emerging Field.” Citizenship Studies 24 (6): 713–729. doi:10.1080/13621025.2020.1739227.
  • Keskinen, S. 2013a. “Islam ja sukupuolistuneen väkivallan uhka suomalaisissa mediakeskusteluissa.” In Islam, hallinta ja turvallisuus, edited by T. Martikainen, and M. Tiilikainen, 55–77. Turku: Eetos.
  • Keskinen, S. 2013b. “Antifeminism and White Identity Politics.” Nordic Journal of Migration Research 3: 225–232. doi:10.2478/njmr-2013-0015.
  • Keskinen, S. 2022. “Afterword Re-narrating Finnish Histories and Searching for the Politics of Hope.” In Finnishness, Whiteness and Coloniality, edited by Josephine Hoegaerts, Tuire Liimatainen, and Laura Hekanaho, 345–352. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
  • Keskinen, S., U. D. Skaptadóttir, and M. Toivanen, eds. 2019. Undoing Homogeneity in the Nordic Region: Migration, Difference and the Politics of Solidarity. New York: Routledge.
  • Kivel, P. 1996. Uprooting Racism: How White People Can Work for Racial Justice. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.
  • Kundnani, A. 2015. The Muslims Are Coming!: Islamophobia, Extremism, and the Domestic War on Terror. London and New York: Verso.
  • Leinonen, J. 2012. “Invisible Immigrants, Visible Expats? Americans in Finnish Discourses on Immigration and Internationalization.” Nordic Journal of Migration Research 2 (3): 212–233. doi:10.2478/v10202-011-0043-8.
  • Lister, R. 2007. “Inclusive Citizenship: Realizing the Potential.” Citizenship Studies 11 (1): 49–61. doi:10.1080/13621020601099856.
  • Loftsdóttir, K., and L. Jensen. 2012. Whiteness and Postcolonialism in the Nordic Region: Exceptionalism, Migrant Others and National Identities. Farnham: Ashgate.
  • Lucassen, L. 2005. The Immigrant Threat: The Integration of old and new Migrants in Western Europe Since 1850. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Lutz, H., M. T. H. Vivar, and L. Supik, eds. 2011. Framing Intersectionality: Debates on a Multi-Faceted Concept in Gender Studies. Farnham: Ashgate.
  • Mears, C. L. 2012. “In-depth Interviews.” In Research Methods and Methodologies in Education, edited by James Arthur, Michael Waring, Robert Coe, and Larry V Hedges, 170–176. London: Sage publication.
  • Mills, C. W. 1997. The Racial Contract. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Mills, C. W. 2007. “White Ignorance.” In Race and Epistemologies of Ignorance, edited by Shannon Sullivan, and Nancy Tuana, 23–24. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Mills, C. W. 2017. Black Rights/White Wrongs: The Critique of Racial Liberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Moosavi, L. 2015. “The Racialization of Muslim Converts in Britain and Their Experiences of Islamophobia.” Critical Sociology 41 (1): 41–56. doi:10.1177/0896920513504601.
  • Najmabadi, A. 2005. Women with Mustaches and Men Without Beards Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity. London: University of California Press.
  • Omi, M., and H. Winant. 2015. Racial Formation in the United States. New York: Routledge.
  • Pew Research Center. 2018. “Being Christian in Western Europe.” Accessed December 12 2022. http://www.pewforum.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2018/05/Being-Christian-in-Western-Europe-FOR-WEB1.pdf.
  • Pittaway, E., L. Bartolomei, and R. Hugman. 2010. “‘Stop Stealing our Stories’: The Ethics of Research with Vulnerable Groups.” Journal of Human Rights Practice 2 (2): 229–251. doi:10.1093/jhuman/huq004.
  • Ramírez, A. 2015. “Control Over Female ‘Muslim’ Bodies: Culture, Politics and Dress Code Laws in Some Muslim and non-Muslim Countries.” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 22 (6): 671–686. doi:10.1080/1070289x.2014.950972.
  • Rana, J. 2007. “The Story of Islamophobia.” A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society 9 (2): 148–161. doi:10.1080/10999940701382607.
  • Rana, J. 2011. Terrifying Muslims: Race and Labor in the South Asian Diaspora. Duke University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv12101n2.
  • Rossi, L. M. 2009. “Licorice Boys and Female Coffee Beans: Representations of Colonial Complicity in Finnish Visual Culture.” In Complying with Colonialism: Gender, Race and Ethnicity in the Nordic Region, edited by Suvi Keskinen, Salla Tuori, Sara Irni, and Diana Mulinari, 189–204. Farnham: Ashgate.
  • Seikkula, M. 2019a. “Adapting to Post-Racialism? Definitions of Racism in Non-governmental Organization Advocacy That Mainstreams Anti-Racism.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 22 (1): 95–109. doi:10.1177/1367549417718209.
  • Seikkula, M. 2019b. “(Un)making ‘Extreme’ and ‘Ordinary’ Whiteness: Activists’ Narratives on Antiracist Mobilisation in Finland.” The Sociological Review 67 (5): 1002–1017. doi:10.1177/0038026119841788.
  • Seikkula, M. 2020. “Different antiracisms: Different antiracisms: Critical race and whiteness studies perspectives on activist and NGO discussions in Finland.” PhD diss., University of Helsinki.
  • Selod, S. 2015. “Citizenship Denied: The Racialization of Muslim American men and Women Post-9/11.” Critical Sociology 41 (1): 77–95. doi:10.1177/0896920513516022.
  • Selod, S., and D. G. Embrick. 2013. “Racialization and Muslims: Situating the Muslim Experience in Race Scholarship.” Sociology Compass 7 (8): 644–655. doi:10.1111/soc4.12057.
  • Spencer-Wood, S. M. 2016. “Feminist Theorizing of Patriarchal Colonialism, Power Dynamics, and Social Agency Materialized in Colonial Institutions.” International Journal of Historical Archaeology 20 (3): 477–491. doi:10.1007/s10761-016-0356-3.
  • Staeheli, L. A. 2011. “Political Geography: Where's Citizenship?” Progress in Human Geography 35 (3): 393–400. doi:10.1177/0309132510370671.
  • Taavetti, R. 2022. ““A Dark Foreign Man” Constructing Invisible Whiteness in Finnish Sexual Autobiographies from the 1990s.” In Finnishness, Whiteness and Coloniality, edited by Josephine Hoegaerts, Tuire Liimatainen, Laura Hekanaho, and Elizabeth Peterson, 129–152. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
  • Tyrer, D. 2013. The Politics of Islamophobia: Race, Power and Fantasy. London: Pluto Press.
  • Webster, J., J. Lewis, and A. Brown. 2014. “Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Research.” In Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers, edited by Jane Ritchie, Jane Lewis, Carol McNaughton Nicholls, and Rachel Ormston, 77–110. Los Angeles: Sage.
  • Wetherell, M. 2015. “Trends in the Turn to Affect: A Social Psychological Critique.” Body & Society 21 (2): 139–166. doi:10.1177/1357034x14539020.
  • Wilson, E. K., and L. Mavelli. 2016. “The Refugee Crisis and Religion: Beyond Conceptual and Physical Boundaries.” In The Refuges Crisis and Religion: Security and Hospitability in Question, edited by Luca Mavelli, and Erin Wilson, 1–22. London: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Wood, B. E., and R. Black. 2018. “Spatial, Relational and Affective Understandings of Citizenship and Belonging for Young People Today: Towards a New Conceptual Framework.” In Interrogating Belonging for Young People in Schools, edited by Christine Halse, 165–185. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Woodley, X. M., and M. Lockard. 2016. “Womanism and Snowball Sampling: Engaging Marginalized Populations in Holistic Research.” The Qualitative Report 21 (2): 321–329. doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2016.2198.
  • Zapata-Barrero, R., and E. Yalaz. 2020. “Qualitative Migration Research Ethics: A Roadmap for Migration Scholars.” Qualitative Research Journal 20 (3): 269–279. doi:10.1108/qrj-02-2020-0013.
  • Zembylas, M. 2020. “Affective Citizenship and Education in Multicultural Societies: Tensions, Ambivalences, and Possibilities.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Citizenship and Education, edited by Andrew Peterson, Garth Stahl, and Hannah Soong, 465–482. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.