0
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Counteracting racism in education? Norwegian principals’ efforts in working against racism

Received 10 Nov 2023, Accepted 11 Jul 2024, Published online: 30 Jul 2024

References

  • Ahmed, S. 2007. “‘You End up Doing the Document Rather than Doing the Doing’: Diversity, Race Equality and the Politics of Documentation.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 30 (4): 590–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870701356015.
  • Arneback, E., and A. Quennerstedt. 2016. “Locations of Racism in Education: A Speech act Analysis of a Policy Chain.” Journal of Education Policy 31 (6): 773–788. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2016.1185670.
  • Au, W. 2016. “Meritocracy 2.0.” Educational Policy 30 (1): 39–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904815614916.
  • Aveling, N. 2007. “Anti-Racism in Schools: A Question of Leadership?” Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 28 (1): 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596300601073630.
  • Bangstad, S., and C. A. Døving. 2023. Hva er rasisme. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
  • Ben, J., D. Kelly, and Y. Paradies. 2020. “Centemporary Anti-racism.” In Routledge International Handbook of Contemporary Racisms, edited by J. Solomos. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351047326.
  • Benner, A. D., Y. Wang, Y. Shen, A. E. Boyle, R. Polk, and Y.-P. Cheng. 2018. “Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Well-being During Adolescence: A Meta-analytic Review.” American Psychologist 73 (7): 855. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000204.
  • Bezrukova, K., K. A. Jehn, and C. S. Spell. 2012. “Reviewing Diversity Training: Where we Have Been and Where we Should Go.” Academy of Management Learning & Education 11 (2): 207–227. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2008.0090.
  • Bjordal, I. 2023. “Markedsretting av utdanning og strukturell rasisme.” Norsk sosiologisk tidsskrift 7 (1): 8–22. https://doi.org/10.18261/nost.7.1.2.
  • Bjørnset, M., and M. T. Kindt. 2019. “Fra galionsfigur til overarbeidet altmuligmann, Report 37/2019.” Fafo. https://www.fafo.no/images/pub/2019/20734.pdf.
  • Bogotch, I. E. 2002. “Educational Leadership and Social Justice: Practice Into Theory.” Journal of School Leadership 12 (2): 138–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/105268460201200203.
  • Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2022. Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. London: Sage.
  • Brinkmann, S., and S. Kvale. 2018. Doing Interviews. 2nd ed. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529716665.
  • Brooks, J. S., and T. N. Watson. 2019. “School Leadership and Racism: An Ecological Perspective.” Urban Education 54 (5): 631–655. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085918783821.
  • Bufdir. 2021. Deltakelse i utdanning blant samer, nasjonale minoriteter og personer med innvandrerbakgrunn. https://www.bufdir.no/statistikk-og-analyse/etnisitet-religion/deltakelse-utdanning.
  • Chinga-Ramirez, C. 2017. “Becoming a “Foreigner”: The Principle of Equality, Intersected Identities, and Social Exclusion in the Norwegian School.” European Education 49 (2–3): 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/10564934.2017.1335173.
  • Courtney, S. J., H. M. Gunter, R. Niesche, and T. Trujillo. 2021. Understanding Educational Leadership: Critical Perspectives and Approaches. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • The Education Act. 1998. LOV-1998-07-17-61 C.F.R.
  • Elias, A. 2024. “Racism as Neglect and Denial.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 47 (3): 483–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2023.2181668.
  • Erdal, M. B., and M. Strømsø. 2021. “Interrogating Boundaries of the Everyday Nation Through First Impressions: Experiences of Young People in Norway.” Social & Cultural Geography 22 (1): 119–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2018.1559345.
  • Eriksen, K. G., and S. Stein. 2022. “Good Intentions, Colonial Relations: Interrupting the White Emotional Equilibrium of Norwegian Citizenship Education.” Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies 44 (3): 210–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2021.1959210.
  • Essed, P. 1991. Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory. Vol. 2. California: Sage.
  • Essed, P. 2020. “Humiliation, Dehumanization and the Quest for Dignity: Researching Beyond Racism.” In Routledge International Handbook of Contemporary Racisms, edited by J. Solomos, 442–455. 1st ed. London: Routledge.
  • Essed, P., K. Farquharson, E. J. White, and K. Pillay. 2019. Relating Worlds of Racism: Dehumanisation, Belonging, and the Normativity of European Whiteness. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Essed, P., and S. L. Muhr. 2018. “Entitlement Racism and its Intersections: An Interview with Philomena Essed, Social Justice Scholar.” Ephemera 18 (1): 183–201.
  • Führer, L. 2021. “‘The Social Meaning of Skin Color’: Interrogating the Interrelation of Phenotype/Race and Nation in Norway.” PhD doctoral diss., University of Oslo. https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/88955/PhD-Fuehrer-2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
  • Gillborn, D., and D. Youdell. 1999. Rationing Education: Policy, Practice, Reform, and Equity. Buckingham: Open University Press.
  • Goldberg, D. T. 2015. Are We All Postracial Yet?. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Gooden, M., and V. Showunmi. 2021. “Race and Educational Leadership.” In Understanding Educational Leadership. Critical Perspectives and Approaches, edited by S. J. Courtney, H. M. Gunter, R. Niesche, and T. Trujillo, 281–294. Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Gorski, P. 2019. “Avoiding Racial Equity Deto.” Educational Leadership 76 (7): 56–61.
  • Gullestad, M. 2002. “Invisible Fences: Egalitarianism, Nationalism and Racism.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 8 (1): 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.00098.
  • Gümüş, S., K. Arar, and I. Oplatka. 2021. “Review of International Research on School Leadership for Social Justice, Equity and Diversity.” Journal of Educational Administration and History 53 (1): 81–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220620.2020.1862767.
  • Harlap, Y., and H. Riese. 2021. ““We Don’t Throw Stones, we Throw Flowers”: Race Discourse and Race Evasiveness in the Norwegian University Classroom.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1218–1238. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1904146.
  • Helland, F. 2019. Rasismens retorikk- Studier i norsk offentlighet. Pax forlag.
  • Human Rights Act. 1999. LOV-1999-05-21-30 C.F.R.
  • Jore, M. K. 2018. “Fortellinger om 1814: Forestillingen om det eksepsjonelle norske demokrati” [Narratives of 1814: the notion of the exceptional Norwegian democracy]. Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education (NJCIE) 2 (1): 72–86. https://doi.org/10.7577/njcie.2270.
  • Khalifa, M. A., M. A. Gooden, and J. E. Davis. 2016. “Culturally Responsive School Leadership.” Review of Educational Research 86 (4): 1272–1311. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316630383.
  • Khalifa, M. A., D. Khalil, T. E. J. Marsh, and C. Halloran. 2019. “Toward an Indigenous, Decolonizing School Leadership: A Literature Review.” Educational Administration Quarterly 55 (4): 571–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X18809348.
  • Kumashiro, K. K. 2000. “Toward a Theory of Anti-oppressive Education.” Review of Educational Research 70 (1): 25–53. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543070001025.
  • Lentin, A. 2008. “Europe and the Silence About Race.” European Journal of Social Theory 11 (4): 487–503. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431008097008.
  • Lentin, A. 2016. “Racism in Public or Public Racism: Doing Anti-racism in ‘Post-racial’ Times.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 39 (1): 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2016.1096409.
  • Lentin, A. 2018. “Beyond Denial: ‘Not Racism’ as Racist Violence.” Continuum 32 (4): 400–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2018.1480309.
  • Lynch, I., S. Swartz, and D. Isaacs. 2017. “Anti-Racist Moral Education: A Review of Approaches, Impact and Theoretical Underpinnings from 2000 to 2015.” Journal of Moral Education 46 (2): 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2016.1273825.
  • Midtbøen, A. H., J. Orupabo, and A. Røthing. 2014. Etniske og religiøse minoriteter i læremidler: Lærer-og elevperspektiver. Report 8277634447. Institutt for Samfunnsforskning. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2387339.
  • Miller, P. 2019. “Race and Ethnicity in Educational Leadership.” In Principles of Educational Leadership & Management, edited by T. Bush, D. Middlewood, and L. Bell, 3rd ed., 223–238. Los Angeles: Sage.
  • Miller, P. 2020. “Anti-Racist School Leadership: Making ‘Race’ Count in Leadership Preparation and Development.” Professional Development in Education 47 (1): 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2020.1787207.
  • Moeller, K. 2021. “The Politics of Curricular Erasure: Debates on Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Brazilian ‘Common Core’ Curriculum.” Race Ethnicity and Education 24 (1): 18–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2020.1798382.
  • Møller, J. 2021. “Images of Norwegian Educational Leadership – Historical and Current Distinctions.” In The Cultural and Social Foundations of Educational Leadership: An International Comparison, edited by R. Normand, L. Moos, M. Liu, and P. Tulowitzki, 67–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Moreno Figueroa, M. G., and P. Wade. 2024. “Introduction: The Turn to Racism and Anti-Racism in Latin America.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 2311–2325. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2024.2329335.
  • The Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training. 2017. Core Curriculum – Values and Principles for Primary and Secondary Education. https://www.udir.no/lk20/overordnet-del/?lang=eng.
  • The Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training. 2023. Krav og forventninger til en rektor. https://www.udir.no/kvalitet-og-kompetanse/etter-og-videreutdanning/rektor/krav-og-forventninger-til-en-rektor/.
  • Nyegaard, S. B. in review. Hvilke rammer gir læreplanverket for skolens antirasistiske arbeid?
  • OECD. 2023. Equity and Inclusion in Education. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/e9072e21-en.
  • Osler, A., and H. Lindquist. 2018. “Rase og etnisitet, to begreper vi måsnakke mer om.” Norsk pedagogisk tidsskrift 102 (1): 26–37. https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-2987-2018-01-04.
  • Paradies, Y., J. Ben, N. Denson, A. Elias, N. Priest, A. Pieterse, and G. Gee. 2015. “Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” PLoS ONE 10 (9): e0138511. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138511.
  • Paradies, Y., L. Chandrakumar, N. Klocker, M. Frere, K. Webster, M. Burrell, and P. McLean. 2009. Building on Our Strengths: A Framework to Reduce Race-based Discrimination and Support Diversity in Victoria. Victoria: Victorian Health Promotion Foundation.
  • Pedersen, A., I. Walker, Y. Paradies, and B. Guerin. 2011. “How to Cook Rice: A Review of Ingredients for Teaching Anti-prejudice.” Australian Psychologist 46 (1): 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-9544.2010.00015.x.
  • Pollock, M. 2006. “Everyday Antiracism in Education.” Anthropology News 47 (2): 9–10. https://doi.org/10.1525/an.2006.47.2.9.
  • Proba. 2023. Barn og unges erfaringer med rasisme og diskriminering. Report 19-2023. Oslo: Proba. https://proba.no/wp-content/uploads/Rapport-2023-19-Barn-og-unges-erfaringer-med-rasisme-og-diskriminering.pdf.
  • Rejón Piña, R. A. 2023. “Avoiding Backlash: Narratives and Strategies for Anti-Racist Activism in Mexico.” Ethnicities 23 (6): 843–866. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687968221128381.
  • Røthing, Å. 2015. “Rasisme som tema i norsk skole – Analyser av læreplaner og lærebøker og perspektiver på undervisning.” Norsk pedagogisk tidsskrift 99 (2): 72–83. https://doi.org/10.18261/ISSN1504-2987-2015-02-02.
  • Seikkula, M. 2022. “Affirming or Contesting White Innocence? Anti-racism Frames in Grassroots Activists’ Accounts.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 45 (5): 789–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1897639.
  • Shields, C. M. 2010. “Transformative Leadership: Working for Equity in Diverse Contexts.” Educational Administration Quarterly 46 (4): 558–589. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X10375609.
  • Statistics Norway. 2023a. Innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre. https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/innvandrere/statistikk/innvandrere-og-norskfodte-med-innvandrerforeldre.
  • Statistics Norway. 2023b. Elevar i grunnskolen. https://www.ssb.no/utdanning/grunnskoler/statistikk/elevar-i-grunnskolen.
  • Svendsen, S. H. B. 2014. “Learning Racism in the Absence of ‘Race’.” European Journal of Women’s Studies 21 (1): 9–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506813507717.
  • Tanner, M. N., and A. D. Welton. 2021. “Using Anti-racism to Challenge Whiteness in Educational Leadership.” In Handbook of Social Justice Interventions in Education, edited by C. A. Mullen, 395–414. Cham: Springer.
  • Truth and Reconciliation Commission. 2023. Sannhet og forsoning – grunnlag for et oppgjør med fornorskningspolitikk og urett mot samer, kvener/norskfinner og skogfinner. Rapport til Stortinget fra Sannhets- og forsoningskommisjonen (Dokument 19 (2022–2023)).
  • Wade, P. 2024. “Working against racism: lessons from Latin America?.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 47 (11): 2456–2476. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2024.2329339.
  • Wiltgren, L. 2023. “‘So Incredibly Equal’: How Polite Exclusion Becomes Invisible in the Classroom.” British Journal of Sociology of Education, 435–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2023.2164844.