0
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Antiracist protest in Germany: (mediated) racism experiences and emotions as drivers of mobilization

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Received 16 Feb 2024, Accepted 18 Jul 2024, Published online: 02 Aug 2024

References

  • al-Samurai, N. L. 2004. “Neither Foreigners Nor Aliens: The Interwoven Stories of Sinti and Roma and Black Germans.” Women in German Yearbook (20), Article 163-183.
  • Allport, G. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Boston: Addison-Wesley.
  • Azevedo, F., T. Marques, and L. Micheli. 2022. “In Pursuit of Racial Equality: Identifying the Determinants of Support for the Black Lives Matter Movement with a Systematic Review and Multiple Meta-Analyses.” Perspectives on Politics 20 (4): 1305–1327. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592722001098.
  • Banks, A. J., I. K. White, and B. D. McKenzie. 2019. “Black Politics: How Anger Influences the Political Actions Blacks Pursue to Reduce Racial Inequality.” Political Behavior 41 (4): 917–943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-018-9477-1.
  • Baskin-Sommers, A., C. Simmons, M. Conley, S. an Chang, S. Estrada, M. Collins, W. Pelham, et al. 2021. “Adolescent Civic Engagement: Lessons from Black Lives Matter.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (41): 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2109860118.
  • Beaman, J. 2021. “Towards a Reading of Black Lives Matter in Europe.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 59 (S1): 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13275.
  • Beaman, J., N. Doerr, P. Kocyba, A. Lavizzari, and S. Zajak. 2023. “Black Lives Matter and the new Wave of Anti-Racist Mobilizations in Europe.” European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology 10 (4): 497–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/23254823.2023.2274234.
  • Bhattacharyya, G., S. Virdee, and A. Winter. 2020. “Revisiting Histories of Anti-Racist Thought and Activism.” Identities 27 (1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2019.1647686.
  • Bojadzijev, M. 2008. Die windige Internationale Rassismus und Kämpfe der Migration. Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot.
  • Chin, R., and H. Fehrenbach. 2009. “Introduction. What’s Race Got to Do With It? Postwar German History in Context.” In After the Nazi Racial State: Difference and Democracy in Germany and Europe, edited by R. Chin, H. Fehrenbach, G. Eley, and A. Grossmann, 1–29. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Chin, R., H. Fehrenbach, G. Eley, and A. Grossmann. 2009. After the Nazi Racial State: Difference and Democracy in Germany and Europe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Dalton, R. J. 2017. The Participation Gap: Social Status and Political Inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Daphi, P., S. Haunss, M. Sommer, and S. Teune. 2023. “Taking to the Streets in Germany – Disenchanted and Confident Critics in Mass Demonstrations.” German Politics 32 (3): 440–468. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2021.1998459.
  • della Porta, D., A. Lavizzari, H. Reiter, M. Sommer, E. Steinhilper, and F. Ajayi. 2023. “Patterns of Adaptation and Recontextualization: The Transnational Diffusion of Black Lives Matter to Italy and Germany.” European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology 10 (4): 653–677. https://doi.org/10.1080/23254823.2023.2239324.
  • Dunivin, Z. O., H. Y. Yan, J. Ince, and F. Rojas. 2022. “Black Lives Matter Protests Shift Public Discourse.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119 (10): e2117320119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117320119.
  • El-Tayeb, F. 2020. “The Universal Museum.” Nka Journal of Contemporary African Art 2020 (46): 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1215/10757163-8308198.
  • Ellefsen, R., A. Banafsheh, and S. Sandberg. 2022. “Resisting Racism in Everyday Life: From Ignoring to Confrontation and Protest.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 45 (16): 435–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2022.2094716.
  • Ellefsen, R., and S. Sandberg. 2022. “Black Lives Matter: The Role of Emotions in Political Engagement.” Sociology 56 (6): 1103–1120. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380385221081385.
  • Fisher, D. R., and S. M. Rouse. 2022. “Intersectionality Within the Racial Justice Movement in the Summer of 2020.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119 (30): e2118525119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118525119.
  • Florvil, T. N., ed. 2020. Black Internationalism Ser. Mobilizing Black Germany: Afro-German Women and the Making of a Transnational Movement. Urbana, Chicago, and Springfield: University of Illinois Press.
  • Foroutan, N. 2019. “The Post-Migrant Paradigm.” In Refugees Welcome? Difference and Diversity in a Changing Germany, edited by J.-J. Bock, and S. Macdonald, 121–142. Oxford, New York: Berghahn.
  • Foster, M. D., and K. Matheson. 1998. “Perceiving and Feeling Personal Discrimination: Motivation or Inhibition for Collective Action?” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 1 (2): 165–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430298012004.
  • Häder, M., and S. Häder. 2014. “Stichprobenziehung in der quantitativen Sozialforschung.” In Handbuch Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung, edited by N. Baur, and J. Blasius, 283–297. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
  • Heaney, M. 2022. “Niche Realization in a Multimovement Environment Who Are Black Lives Matter Activists.” Perspectives on Politics 20 (4): 1362–1385. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592722001281.
  • Hechler, S., M. Chayinska, C. S. Wekenborg, F. Moraga-Villablanca, T. Kessler, and C. McGarty. 2024. “Why Chile “Woke Up.” Antecedents of the Formation of Prochange Group Consciousness Promoting Collective Action.” Political Psychology 45 (1): 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12906.
  • Hechler, S., and I. Essien. forthcoming. “Rassismus im Kontext rechtsextremer Ideologie.” In Psychologie der Rechtsradikalisierung –Theorien, Perspektiven, Prävention, edited by T. Rothemund, and E. Walther, 82–93. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. https://doi.org/10.17433/978-3-17-043998-6.
  • Jasper, J. M. 2011. “Emotions and Social Movements: Twenty Years of Theory and Research.” Annual Review of Sociology 37 (1): 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-081309-150015.
  • Klandermans, B., J. van Stekelenburg, and J. van der Toorn. 2008. “Embeddedness and Identity: How Immigrants Turn Grievances into Action.” American Sociological Review 73 (6): 992–1012.
  • Lamont, M., G. M. Silva, J. Welburn, J. Guetzkow, N. Mizrachi, H. Herzog, and E. Reis. 2016. Getting Respect: Responding to Stigma and Discrimination in the United States, Brazil, and Israel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Leach, C. W., and A. M. Allen. 2017. “The Social Psychology of the Black Lives Matter Meme and Movement.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 26 (6): 543–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417719319.
  • Lems, J. M. 2021. “Staying Silent or Speaking up: Reactions to Racialization Affecting Muslims in Madrid.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 44 (7): 1192–1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1779949.
  • Lentin, A. 2004. Racism and Anti-Racism in Europe. Pluto Press. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0904/2003025962-b.html.
  • Lentin, A. 2008. “After Anti-Racism?” European Journal of Cultural Studies 11 (3): 311–331. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549408091846.
  • Matras, Y. 1998. “The Development of the Romani Civil Rights Movement in Germany 1945-1996.” In Sinti and Roma in German-Speaking Society and Literature, edited by S. Tebbutt, 49–63. Oxford, New York: Berghahn.
  • McAdam, D. 1986. “Recruitment to High-Risk Activism: The Case of Freedom Summer.” American Journal of Sociology 92 (1): 64–90. https://doi.org/10.1086/228463.
  • Miller, S. S., C. J. O’Dea, and D. A. Saucier. 2021. “I Can’t Breathe”: Lay Conceptualizations of Racism Predict Support for Black Lives Matter.” Personality and Individual Differences 173:110625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110625.
  • Milman, N., F. Ajayi, D. della Porta, N. Doerr, P. Kocyba, A. Lavizarri, H. Reiter, et al. 2021. Black Lives Matter in Europe: Transitional Diffusion, Local Translation and Resonance of Anti-Racist Protest in Germany, Italy, Denmark and Poland. DeZIM Research Notes (DeZIM Research Notes forthcoming). Deutsches Zentrum für Integrations- und Migrationsforschung (DeZIM).
  • Oguntoye, K., M. Opitz, and D. Schultz, eds. 1995. Farbe bekennen: Afro-deutsche Frauen auf den Spuren ihrer Geschichte. Frankfurt: Fischer.
  • Oldfield, J. R. 2013. Transatlantic Abolitionism in the age of Revolution: An International History of Anti-Slavery, c. 1787-1820. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Perolini, M. 2022. “Challenging Oppression: How Grassroots Anti-Racism in Berlin Breaks Borders.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 45 (8): 1475–1494. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1966066.
  • Radke, H. R. M., M. Kutlaca, B. Siem, S. C. Wright, and J. C. Becker. 2020. “Beyond Allyship: Motivations for Advantaged Group Members to Engage in Action for Disadvantaged Groups.” Personality and Social Psychology Review: An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc 24 (4): 291–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868320918698.
  • Roig, E. 2017. “Uttering “Race” in Colorblind France and Post-Racial Germany.” In Rassismuskritik und Widerstandsformen, edited by K. Fereidooni, and M. El, 613–627. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
  • Rojas, F., M. T. Heaney, and M. Adem. 2023. “Black Protesters in a White Social Movement: Looking to the Anti–Iraq War Movement to Develop a Theory of Racialized Activism.” Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 9: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231231157673.
  • Selvanathan, H. P., P. Techakesari, L. R. Tropp, and F. K. Barlow. 2018. “Whites for Racial Justice: How Contact with Black Americans Predicts Support for Collective Action among White Americans.” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 21 (6): 893–912. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217690908.
  • Simon, B., and B. Klandermans. 2001. “Politicized Collective Identity: A Social Psychological Analysis.” American Psychologist 56 (4): 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.4.319.
  • Smith, H. J., T. F. Pettigrew, G. M. Pippin, and S. Bialosiewicz. 2012. “Relative Deprivation: A Theoretical and Meta-Analytic Review.” Personality and Social Psychology Review: An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc 16 (3): 203–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311430825.
  • Sommer, M., E. Steinhilper, and S. Zajak. 2021. “Wer protestiert? Das Profil von Protestierenden in Deutschland im Wandel.” In Zeitbild – „Protest, edited by M. Langebach, 44–63. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung.
  • Steinhilper, E., T. J. Kim, T. J. Pöggel, and M. Sommer. 2024. “Antirassismus in Deutschland – soziale Bewegung und staatliche Politik.” Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen 37 (1): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1515/fjsb-2024-0001.
  • Stjepandić, K., E. Steinhilper, and S. Zajak. 2023. “Forging Plural Coalitions in Times of Polarisation: Protest for an Open Society in Germany.” German Politics 32 (3): 469–494. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2021.2023130.
  • Subašić, E., S. Hardacre, B. Elton, N. R. Branscombe, M. K. Ryan, and K. J. Reynolds. 2018. “We for She”: Mobilising men and Women to act in Solidarity for Gender Equality.” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 21 (5): 707–724. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430218763272.
  • SVR-Forschungsbereich. 2021. Mitten im Spiel – oder nur an der Seitenlinie? Politische Partizipation und zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland. Sachverständigenrat deutscher Stiftungen für Integration und Migration.
  • Thomas, E. F., K. I. Mavor, and C. McGarty. 2012. “Social Identities Facilitate and Encapsulate Action-Relevant Constructs.” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 15 (1): 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430211413619.
  • Thomas, E. F., E. Zubielevitsch, and D. Osborne. 2020. “Testing the Social Identity Model of Collective Action Longitudinally and Across Structurally Disadvantaged and Advantaged Groups.” Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 46 (6): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672198791.
  • Uluğ, ÖM, and L. R. Tropp. 2021. “Witnessing Racial Discrimination Shapes Collective Action for Racial Justice: Enhancing Awareness of Privilege among Advantaged Groups.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 51 (3): 248–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12731.
  • Woodly, D. 2022. Reckoning. Black Lives Matter and the Democratic Necessity of Social Movements. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Zajak, S., E. Steinhilper, and M. Sommer. 2023. “Agenda Setting and Selective Resonance – Black Lives Matter and Media Debates on Racism in Germany.” European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology 10 (4): 552–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/23254823.2023.2176335.
  • Zentralrat Deutscher Sinti und Roma. 2017. 45 Jahre Bürgerrechtsarbeit deutscher Sinti und Roma / 45 years of civil rights work of German Sinti and Roma. Zentralrat Deutscher Sinti und Roma.