Africans in the diaspora: black-white earnings differences among America's Africans

REFERENCES

• APRAKU, KOFI 1991 African Emigres in the United States, New York: Praeger Publishers
   Google Scholar
• BORJAS, GEORGE 1985 'Assimilation, changes in cohort quality, and the earnings of immigrants', Journal of Labor Economics, vol. 3, pp. 463-89
   Google Scholar
• ----- 1994 The economics of immigration', Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 32, pp. 1667-717
   Google Scholar
• BOUND, J. and FREEMAN, R. 1992 'What Went Wrong? The erosion of relative earnings and employment among young black men in the 1980s', Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 107, pp. 201-32
   Google Scholar
• BURSTEIN, PAUL 1985 Discrimination, Jobs, and Politics, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
   Google Scholar
• BUTCHER, KRISTIN 1994 'Black immigrants in the United States: A comparison with native blacks and other immigrants', Industrial and Labor Relouons Review, vol. 47, pp. 265-84
   Google Scholar
• CANCIO, A., EVANS, T. and MAUME, D. 1996 'Reconsidering the declining significance of race: racial differences in early career wages', American Sociological Review, vol. 61, pp. 541-56
   Google Scholar
• CHISWICK, BARRY 1979 The economic progress of immigrants: Some apparently universal patterns', in William Fellner (ed.), Contemporary Economic Problems, The American Enterprise Institute, pp. 357-99
   Google Scholar
• ----- 1982 'Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market', Annals of the AAPSS, vol. 460, pp. 64-72
   Google Scholar
• ----- 1986 'Is the new immigration less skilled than the old?', Journal of Labor Economics, vol. 4, pp. 168-92
   Google Scholar
• CHUKUNTA, N. K. ONUOHA 1979 'Introduction', Issue: A Quarterly Journal of Africanist Opinion, vol. IX, no. 4, p. 4
   Google Scholar
• CORCORAN, M. and DUNCAN, G. 1979 'Work History, Labor force attachments, and earnings differences between the races and the sexes', Journal of Human Resources, vol. 14, pp. 3-20
   Google Scholar
• DODOO, F. NII-AMOO 1991 'Earnings differences among blacks in America', Social Science Research, vol. 20, pp. 93-108
   Google Scholar
• ----- 1997 'Assimilation differences among Africans in America', Social Forces, vol. 76, pp. 527-46
   Google Scholar
• FARKAS, GEORGE and VICKNAIR, KEVIN 1996 'Appropriate tests of racial wage discrimination require controls for cognitive skill: Comment on Cancio, Evans, and Maume', American Sociological Review, vol. 61, pp. 557-60
   Google Scholar
• PARLEY, REYNOLDS 1984 Blacks and Whites: Narrowing the Gap. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
   Google Scholar
• ----- and ALLEN, WALTER 1987 The Color Line and the Quality of Life in America, New York: Sage
   Google Scholar
• FONER, NANCY 1985 'Race and color Jamaican migrants in London and New York City', International Migration Review, vol. 19, pp. 708-27
   Google Scholar
• FRANKLIN, J. H. 1981 The land of room enough', Daedalus, vol. 110, pp. 1-12
   Google Scholar
• HERNSTEIN, R. and MURRAY, C. 1994 The Bell Curve. New York: Free Press
   Google Scholar
• JONES, F. and KELLEY, J. 1984 'Decomposing differences between groups: a cautionary note on measuring discrimination', Sociological methods and Research, vol. 12, pp. 323-43
   Google Scholar
• JUHN, C, MURPHY, K. and PIERCE, B. 1991 'Accounting for the slowdown in black-white wage convergence', in M. Kosters (ed.), Workers and Their Wages: Changing Patterns in ate United States, Washington, DC American Enterprise Institute, pp. 107-43
   Google Scholar
• KALMIJN, MATTHIJS 1996 The socioeconomic assimilation of Carribean American blacks', Social Forces, vol. 74: 911-30
   Google Scholar
• KATENDE, CHARLES 1994 Population Dynamics in Africa. PhD Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania
   Google Scholar
• KILBOURNE, B., ENGLAND, P., and BERON, K. 1994 'Effects of individual, occupational, and industrial characteristics on earnings: Intersections of race and gender,' Social Forces, vol. 72, 1149-76
   Google Scholar
• LEE, EVERETT 1966 'A Theory of Migration", Demography, vol. 3, pp. 47-57
   Google Scholar
• MODEL, SUZANNE 1991 'Caribbean immigrants: A black success story?,' International Migration Review, vol. 25, pp. 248-76
   Google Scholar
• ----- 1997 'An occupational tale of two cities: minorities in London and New York,' Demography, vol. 34, pp. 539-50
   Google Scholar
• ----- and LADIPO, DAVID 1996 'Context and opportunity: minorities in London and New York,' Social Forces, vol. 75, pp. 485-510
   Google Scholar
• MURNANE, R., WILLETT, J., and LEVY, F. 1995 'The growing importance of cognitive skills in wage determination', Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 77, pp. 251-66
   Google Scholar
• NECKERMAN, K. and KIRSCHENMAN, J. 1991 'Hiring strategies, racial bias, and inner city workers', Social Problems, vol. 38, pp. 427-32
   Google Scholar
• RODGERS, W. and SPRIGGS, W. 1996 'What does the AFQT really measure? Race, wages, schooling and the AFQT score', Review of Black Political Economy, vol. 24, pp. 13-47
   Google Scholar
• SAKAMOTO, A., WU, H., and TZENG, J. 2000 'The declining significance of race among American men during the latter half of the twentieth century', Demography, vol. 37, pp. 41-51
   Google Scholar
• SMITH, JAMES P. 1979 'The convergence to racial equality in women's wages,' in C. B. Lloyd, E. S. Andrews, and C. L. Gilroy (eds), Women in the Labor Market, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 173-215
   Google Scholar
• SMITH, J. and WELCH, F. 1989 'Black economic progress after Myrdal', Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 27, pp. 519-64
   Google Scholar
• U. S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 1978 'A Statistical Portrait of Women in the United States: 1978,' Current Population Reports. Special Studies, Series P-23, No. 100
   Google Scholar
• ----- 1994 The Black Population in the United States: March 1994 and 1993,' Current Population Reports. Population Characteristics, Series P-20, No. 480
   Google Scholar
• SOWELL, THOMAS 1978 "Three black histories', in Thomas Sowell with Lynn D. Collins (eds), Essays and Data on American Ethnic Groups, The Urban Institute, pp. 7-64
   Google Scholar
• TAKOUGANG, JOSEPH 1995 'Black immigrants to the United States', The Western Journal of Black Studies, vol. 19, pp. 50-7
   Google Scholar
• TAKYI, BAFFOUR 1997 "The Making of the Second-Diaspora: A Study of Recent Emigrations from Africa to the United States', Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association, Columbus, OH, November 13-16
   Google Scholar
• TOMASKOVIC-DEVEY, D. 1993 Gender and Racial Inequality at Work. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press
   Google Scholar
• WATERS, MARY 1994 'Differing Perspectives of Racism: West Indians, African Americans, and Whites in the Workplace', Paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, Los Angeles, California
   Google Scholar
• WILSON, WILLIAM J. 1980 The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
   Google Scholar
• ----- 1989 "The declining significance of race: revisited but not revised', in C. Willie (ed.), Caste and Class Controversy on Race and Poverty, Dix Hills, NY: General Hall, Inc., pp. 22-36
   Google Scholar