Solutions, enablers and barriers to online learning in clinical medical education during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid review

References

• Adams CC, Shih R, Peterson PG, Lee MH, Heltze DA, Lattin GE Jr. 2021. The impact of a virtual radiology medical student rotation: maintaining engagement during COVID-19 mitigation. Mil Med J. 186(1/2):e234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afonso N, Kelekar A, Alangaden A. 2020. ‘I have a cough’: an interactive virtual respiratory case-based module. MedEdPORTAL. 16(1):11058.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Almarzooq Z, Lopes M, Kochar A. 2020. Virtual learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: a disruptive technology in graduate medical education. J Am Coll Cardiol. 75(20):2635–2638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpert JB, Young MG, Lala SV, McGuinness G. 2021. Medical student engagement and educational value of a remote clinical radiology learning environment: creation of virtual read-out sessions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Acad Radiol. 28(1):112–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderi E, Sherman L, Saymuah S, Ayers E, Kromrei HT. 2020. Learning communities engage medical students: A COVID-19 virtual conversation series. Cureus. 12(8):e9593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armon S, Benyamini Y, Grisaru-Granovsky S, Avitan T. 2021. Online obstetrics and gynecology medical students clerkship during the COVID-19 pandemic: a pilot study. Med Sci Educ. 9:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Bakia M, Shear L, Toyama Y, Lasseter A. 2012. Understanding the implications of online learning for educational productivity. Washington, DC: Office of Educational Technology, US Department of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Bari AU. 2020. Dermatology residency training in COVID-19 pandemic: transition from traditional to online teaching. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 30(6):63–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnes JH, Choby G, Carlson ML. 2020. How to create a subspecialty podcast: Headmirror’s ENT podcast series. Med Educ. 54(10):956–957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beer L, Gray M, Carbajal MM, French H, Vasquez M, Bauserman M, Bonachea EM. 2020. ‘Megaflip,’ a novel approach to national collaboration for flipped classroom education. Acad Pediatr. 20(6):758–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belfi LM, Dean KE, Bartolotta RJ, Shih G, Min RJ. 2021. Medical student education in the time of COVID-19: a virtual solution to the introductory radiology elective. Clin Imaging. 75:67–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhashyam AR, Dyer GSM. 2020. ‘Virtual’ boot camp: orthopaedic intern education in the time of COVID-19 and beyond. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 28(17):e735–e743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaskar A, Ng AKM, Patil NG, Fok M. 2020. Zooming past the coronavirus lockdown: online spirometry practical demonstration with student involvement in analysis by remote control. Adv Physiol Educ. 44(4):516–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilal S, Shanmugam VK. 2021. Enhancing rheumatology education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rheumatol Int. 41(3):503–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cain R, Klink DS, Yunus S. 2020. Telemedicine implementation in family medicine: undergraduate clerkship during COVID-19 pandemic. Med Educ. 54(11):1064–1065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecilio-Fernandes D, Parisi MCR, Santos TM, Sandars J. 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic and the challenge of using technology for medical education in low and middle income countries. MedEdPublish. 9(1):74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chandra S, Laoteppitaks C, Mingioni N, Papanagnou D. 2020. Zooming-out COVID-19: Virtual clinical experiences in an emergency medicine clerkship. Med Educ. 54(12):1182–1183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrasinghe P, Siriwardana R, Kumarage S, Munasinghe B, Weerasuriya A, Tillakaratne S, Pinto D, Gunathilake B, Fernando FR. 2020. A novel structure for online surgical undergraduate teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Med Educ. 20(1):324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao T, Frost AS, Newman JG. 2020b. Interactive virtual surgical education during COVID-19 and beyond. Acad Med. 95(11):e9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao TF, Frost AS, Brody RM, Byrnes YM, Cannady SB, Luu NN, Rajasekaran K, Shanti RM, Silberthau KR, Triantafillou V, Newman JG. 2020a. Creation of an interactive virtual surgical rotation for undergraduate medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Surg Educ. 78(1):346–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Reeves TC. 2020. Twelve tips for conducting educational design research in medical education. Med Teach. 42(9):980–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin KE, Kwon DH, Gan Q, Ramalingam PX, Wistuba II, Prieto VG, Aung PP. 2021. Transition from a standard to a hybrid on-site and remote anatomic pathology training model during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 145(1):22–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland J, McKimm J, Fuller R, Taylor D, Janczukowicz J, Gibbs T. 2020. Adapting to the impact of COVID-19: sharing stories, sharing practice. Med Teach. 42(7):772–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University. 2020. Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. [accessed 2020 Oct 5]. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford J, Butler-Henderson K, Rudolph J, Malkawi B, Glowatz M, Burton R, Magni P, Lam S. 2020. COVID-19: 20 countries’ higher education intra-period digital pedagogy responses. JALT. 3(1):1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Daniel M, Gordon M, Patricio M, Hider A, Pawlik C, Bhagdev R, Ahmad S, Alston S, Park S, Pawlikowska T, et al. 2021. An update on developments in medical education in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: a BEME scoping review: BEME Guide No. 64. Med Teach. 43(3):253–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ponti R, Marazzato J, Maresca AM, Rovera F, Carcano G, Ferrario MM. 2020. Pre-graduation medical training including virtual reality during COVID-19 pandemic: a report on students’ perception. BMC Med Educ. 20(1):332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dela Cruz AM, Alick S, Das R, Brenner A. 2020. Same material, different formats: comparing in-person and distance learning in undergraduate medical education. Acad Psychiatry. 44(6):659–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMaria LN, Tran AQ, Tooley AA, Lisman RD, Belinsky I, Kim ET. 2020. Oculoplastics education in the coronavirus 2019 pandemic with virtual suturing curriculum. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 36(5):515–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePietro DM, Santucci SE, Harrison NE, Kiefer RM, Trerotola SO, Sudheendra D, Shamimi-Noori S. 2021. Medical student education during the COVID-19 pandemic: initial experiences implementing a virtual interventional radiology elective course. Acad Radiol. 28(1):128–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiCesare JAT, Segar DJ, Donoho D, Radwanski R, Zada G, Yang I. 2020. Democratizing access to neurosurgical medical education: national efforts in a medical student training camp during coronavirus disease 2019. World Neurosurg. 144:e237–e243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Divatia H, Friedland AR. 2020. Virtual med-peds: description of the first virtual med-peds student elective during COVID-19. Cureus. 12(12):e11971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donohue KE, Farber DL, Goel N, Parrino CR, Retener NF, Rizvi S, Dittmar PC. 2021. Quality improvement amid a global pandemic: a virtual curriculum for medical students in the time of COVID-19. MedEdPORTAL. 17(1):11090.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Durfee SM, Goldenson RP, Gill RR, Rincon SP, Flower E, Avery LL. 2020. Medical student education roadblock due to COVID-19: virtual radiology core clerkship to the rescue. Acad Radiol. 27(10):1461–1466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elengickal JA, Delgado AM, Jain SP, Diller ER, Valli CE, Dhillon KK, Lee1 HK, Baskar R, MacArthur RD. 2020. Adapting education at the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: the pandemic medicine elective. Med Sci Educ. 31(2):1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Gallardo FC, Martin C, Garcia AAT, Bustamante JL, Nuñez M, Feldman SE. 2020. Home program for acquisition and maintenance of microsurgical skills during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. World Neurosurg. 143:557–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawad N, Towaij C, Stuleanu T, Garcia-Ochoa C, Williams LJ. 2020. Prioritizing resident and patient safety while maintaining educational value: emergency restructuring of a Canadian surgical residency program during COVID-19. Can J Surg. 63(3):E302–e305.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geha R, Dhaliwal G. 2020. Pilot virtual clerkship curriculum during the COVID-19 pandemic: Podcasts, peers and problem-solving. Med Educ. 54(9):855–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillespie H, Findlay White F, Kennedy N, Dornan T. 2020. Enhancing workplace learning at the transition into practice: lessons from a pandemic. Med Educ. 54(12):1186–1187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh P, Sandars J. 2020. A vision of the use of technology in medical education after the COVID-19 pandemic. MedEdPublish. 9(1):49.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gomez E, Azadi J, Magid D. 2020. Innovation born in isolation: rapid transformation of an in-person medical student radiology elective to a remote learning experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acad Radiol. 27(9):1285–1290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon M, Patricio M, Horne L, Muston A, Alston SR, Pammi M, Thammasitboon S, Park S, Pawlikowska T, Rees EL, al. 2020. Developments in medical education in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid BEME systematic review: BEME Guide No. 63. Med Teach. 42(11):1202–1215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant MJ, Booth A. 2009. A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Info Libr J. 26(2):91–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guiter GE, Sapia S, Wright AI, Hutchins GGA, Arayssi T. 2021. Development of a remote online collaborative medical school pathology curriculum with clinical correlations, across several international sites, through the COVID-19 pandemic. Med Sci Educ. 20:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Haines MJ, Yu ACM, Ching G, Kestler M. 2020. Integrating a COVID-19 volunteer response into a Year-3 md curriculum. Med Educ. 54(10):960–961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He X, Shelden D, Kraftson A, Else T, Auchus RJ. 2020. A virtual teaching clinic for virtual care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 6(25):25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herman A, Joseph JP, Ghosh S, Lloyd SK, Lakhani R, Cartwright S, Orban N. 2020. National, Virtual otolaryngology training day in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic: results of a pilot survey. J Surg Educ. S1931-7204(20):30390–30391.
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann H, Harding C, Youm J, Wiechmann W. 2020. Virtual bedside teaching rounds with patients with COVID-19. Med Educ. 54(10):959–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh H, Hsu Y, Ko N, Yen M. 2020. [Nursing education strategies during the COVID-19 epidemic]. Hu Li Za Zhi. 67(3):96–101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jack MM, Gattozzi DA, Camarata PJ, Shah KJ. 2021 Jan-Feb. Live-streaming surgery for medical student education - educational solutions in neurosurgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Surg Educ. 78(1):99–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn JM, Fields EC, Pollom E, Wairiri L, Vapiwala N, Nabavizadeh N, Thomas CR, Jr Jimenez RB, Chandra RA. 2021. Increasing medical student engagement through virtual rotations in radiation oncology. Adv Rad Oncol. 6(1):100538.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaliyadan K, ElZorkany K, Wadani FA. 2020. An online dermatology teaching module for undergraduate medical students amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: an experience and suggestions for the future. Indian Dermatol Online J. 11(6):944–947.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kan JYL, Zhu L, Fong NJM, Ruan X, Ong AML, Lee1 G, Mattar SAM, Woong NL, Kang ML. 2020. Conducting of web-based workshops for final year medical students preparing to enter the workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic. Med Sci Educ. 27:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Keylen P, Lippert N, Kunisch R, Kühlein T, Roos M. 2020. Asynchronous, digital teaching in times of COVID-19: a teaching example from general practice. GMS J Med Educ. 37(7):Doc98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoo T, Warren N, Jenkins A, Turner J. 2021. Teaching medical students remotely during a pandemic - what can psychiatry offer? Australas Psychiatry. 29(3):361–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilmann RH. 1994. Producing useful knowledge for organizations. San Francisco (CA): Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• King N. 1998. Template analysis. In: Symon G, Cassell C, editors. Qualitative methods and analysis in organizational research: a practical guide. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications Ltd; p. 118–134.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick DL, Kirkpatrick J. 2006. Evaluating training programs. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
   Google Scholar
• Kuo M, Poirier MV, Pettitt-Schieber B, Pujari A, Pettitt B, Alabi O, Rajani R. 2021. Efficacy of vascular virtual medical student education during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. J Vasc Surg. 73(1):348–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laloo R, Giorga A, Williams A, Biyani CS, Yiasemidou M. 2020. Virtual surgical education for core surgical trainees in the Yorkshire deanery during the COVID-19 pandemic. Scott Med J. 65(4):138–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larocque N, Shenoy-Bhangle A, Brook A, Eisenberg R, Chang YM, Mehta P. 2021. Resident experiences with virtual radiology learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acad Radiol. 28(5):704–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurillard D. 2013. Teaching as a design science: building pedagogical patterns for learning and technology. London: Routledge Publication; p. 272.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis EE, Taylor D, Hermsen JL, McCarthy DP, Fiedler AG. 2020. Cardiothoracic education in the time of COVID-19: how i teach it. Ann Thorac Surg. 110(2):362–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin SD. 2020. A virtual point-of-care ultrasound course during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acad Emerg Medic Educ Train. 5(1):102–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manalo TA, Higgins MI, Pettitt-Schieber B, Pettitt BJ, Mehta A, Hartsell LM. 2021 May-Jun. A strategy for undergraduate medical education in urology during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Surg Educ. 78(3):746–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRoy C, Patel L, Gaddam DS, Rothenberg S, Herring A, Hamm J, Chelala L, Weinstein J, Smith E, Awan O. 2020. Radiology education in the time of COVID-19: a novel distance learning workstation experience for residents. Acad Radiol. 27(10):1467–1474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metchik A, Boyd S, Kons Z, Vilchez V, Villano AM, Lazar JF, Anand RJ, Jackson P, Stern J. 2021. How we do it: implementing a virtual, multi-institutional collaborative education model for the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. J Surg Educ. S1931-7204(20):30482–30487.
   Google Scholar
• Michener A, Fessler E, Gonzalez M, Miller RK. 2020. The 5 M’s and more: a new geriatric medical student virtual curriculum during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Geriatr Soc. 68(11):E61–e63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. 2009. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 6(7):e1000097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcomb AB, Duval M, Bachman SL, Mohess D, Dort J, Kapadia MR. 2021 Jan-Feb. Building rapport and earning the surgical patient’s trust in the era of social distancing: teaching patient-centered communication during video conference encounters to medical students. J Surg Educ. 78(1):336–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C, Agha M, Agha R. 2020. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): a review. Int J Surg. 78:185–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connell A, Tomaselli PJ, Stobart-Gallagher M. 2020. Effective use of virtual gamification during COVID-19 to deliver the OB-GYN core curriculum in an emergency medicine resident conference. Cureus. 12(6):e8397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogrinc G, Armstrong GE, Dolansky MA, Singh MK, Davies L. 2019. SQUIRE-EDU (standards for Quality improvement reporting excellence in education): publication guidelines for educational improvement. Acad Med. 94(10):1461–1470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parisi MCR, Frutuoso L, Benevides SSN, Barreira NHM, Silva JLG, Pereira MC, Cecilio-Fernandes D. 2020. The challenges and benefits of online teaching about diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 14(4):575–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker EU, Chang O, Koch L. 2020. Remote anatomic pathology medical student education in washington state: an early COVID-19 experience. Am J Clin Pathol. 154(5):585–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel SM, Miller CR, Schiavi A, Toy S, Schwengel DA. 2020. The sim must go on: adapting resident education to the COVID-19 pandemic using telesimulation. Adv Simul. 5(1):26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pellegrini WR, Danis DO, Levi JR. 2020. medical student participation in otolaryngology telemedicine clinic during COVID-19: a hidden opportunity. Otolaryngol–Head Neck Surg. 164:1131–1133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettitt-Schieber B, Kuo M, Steehler A, Dong A, Fakunle O, Manalo T, Mercury O, Simpson F, Guissé N, Studer M, et al. 2021. Implementation and evaluation of eight virtual surgical electives for medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Surg. S0002. 9610(21):00050–00057.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips AL, Edwards S, Parmesar K, Soltan M, Guckian J. 2021. Slack as a virtual undergraduate dermatology community: a pilot study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 46(6):1028–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollom EL, Sandhu S, Frank J, Miller JA, Obeid JP, Kastelowitz N, Panjwani N, Soltys SG, Bagshaw HP, Donaldson SS, et al. 2020. Continuing medical student education during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: development of a virtual radiation oncology clerkship. Adv Radiat Oncol. 5(4):732–736.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prasad N, Fernando S, Willey S, Davey K, Kent F, Malhotra A, Kumar A. 2020. Online interprofessional simulation for undergraduate health professional students during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Interprof Care. 34(5):706–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragauskas AME, Scott AM, Christie DB, Vaughn DM, Christie AB, Ashley DW. 2020. Strategies for general surgery training programs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am Surg. 86(11):1501–1507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recht MP, Fefferman NR, Bittman ME, Dane B, Fritz J, Hoffmann JC, Hood J, Mercado CL, Mahajan S, Sheth MM. 2020. Preserving radiology resident education during the COVID-19 pandemic: the simulated daily readout. Acad Radiol. 27(8):1154–1161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regmi K, Jones L. 2020. A systematic review of the factors - enablers and barriers - affecting e-learning in health sciences education . BMC Med Educ. 20(1):91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal HB, Sikka N, Lieber AC, Sanky C, Cayon C, Newman D, Marquez DR, Ziff J, Blum JR, Dai JB, Groden P, et al. 2020. A near-peer educational model for online, interactive learning in emergency medicine. West J Emerg Med. 22(1):130–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roskvist R, Eggleton K, Goodyear-Smith F. 2020. Provision of e-learning programmes to replace undergraduate medical students’ clinical general practice attachments during COVID-19 stand-down. Educ Prim Care. 31(4):247–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucker J, Steele S, Zumwalt J, Bray N. 2020. Utilizing zoom breakout rooms to expose preclerkship medical students to telemedicine encounters. Med Sci Educ. 14:1–2.
   Google Scholar
• Rüllmann N, Lee U, Klein K, Malzkorn B, Mayatepek E, Schneider M, Döing C. 2020. Virtual auscultation course for medical students via video chat in times of COVID-19. GMS J Med Educ. 37(7):Doc102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sait S, Tomb M. 2021. Teaching medical students how to interpret chest X-rays: the design and development of an e-learning resource. Adv Med Educ Pract. 12:123–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandars J, Cecilio-Fernandes D, Patel R, Gandomkar R. 2020. Avoid ‘running before we can walk’ in medical education research: the importance of design and development research. Med Teach. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2020.1854452.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandars J, Correia R, Dankbaar M, de Jong P, Goh PS, Hege I, Masters K, Oh S-Y, Patel R, Premkumar K, et al. 2020. Twelve tips for rapidly migrating to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. MedEdPublish. 9(1):82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandars J, Goh PS. 2020a. How to make it work: a framework for rapid research to inform evidence-based decision–making about the implementation of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. MedEdPublish. 9(1):154.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandars J, Goh PS. 2020b. Design thinking in medical education: the key features and practical application. J Med Educ Curric Dev. 7:2382120520926518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandars J, Lafferty N. 2010. Twelve tips on usability testing to develop effective e-learning in medical education. Med Teach. 32(12):956–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandars J, Patel R. 2015. It’s OK for you but maybe not for me: the challenge of putting medical education research findings and evidence into practice. Educ Prim Care. 26(5):289–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin TH, Klingler M, Han A, Mocsiran JL, Vilchez V, Naples R, French J, Lipman JM, Rosenblatt S. 2020. Efficacy of virtual case-based general surgery clerkship curriculum during COVID-19 distancing. Med Sci Educ. 10:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Sielicki A, White J, Berman M, Lao B, Stobart-Gallagher M. 2020. Homeschooling for quarantined residents: a virtual back to the basics curriculum. Cureus. 12(12):e11824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva ONN, Hernandez S, Kim EH, Kim AS, Gosnell J, Roman SA, Lin MY. 2021 Jan-Feb. Surgery clerkship curriculum changes at an academic institution during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Surg Educ. 78(1):327–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singhi EK, Dupuis MM, Ross JA, Rieber AG, Bhadkamkar NA. 2020. Medical hematology/oncology fellows’ perceptions of online medical education during the COVID-19 PANDEMIC. J Cancer Educ. 35(5):1034–1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith E, Boscak A. 2021. A virtual emergency: learning lessons from remote medical student education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerg Radiol. 28(3):445–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava V, Pandey V, Tiwari P, Patel S, Ansari MA, Shukla VK. 2020. Utility of real-time online teaching during COVID era among surgery postgraduates. Indian J Surg. 82(5):1–768.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suppan M, Stuby L, Carrera E, Cottet P, Koka A, Assa F, Savoldelli GL, Suppan L. 2021. Asynchronous distance learning of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale during the COVID-19 pandemic (E-Learning vs Video): randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 23(1):e23594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang PO, New LM, Leow WQ. 2021. Zooming for cells: tele-education of histopathology residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proc Singapore Healthc. 30(1):71–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taurines R, Radtke F, Romanos M, König S. 2020. Using real patients in e-learning: case-based online training in child and adolescent psychiatry. J Med Educ. 37(7):Doc96.
   Google Scholar
• Theodorou CM, Joshi ART, Chahine AA, Boyd SA, Stern JM, Anand RJ, Hickey M, Bradley M, Tilak SS, Barrett KB, et al. 2021 Jul-Aug. Multi-institutional collaborative surgery education didactics: virtual adaptations during a global pandemic. J Surg Educ. 78(4):1340–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tricco AC, Langlois E, Straus SE. 2017. Rapid reviews to strengthen health policy and systems: a practical guide. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Turner S, Pham T, Robledo K, Turner S, Brown C, Sundaresan P. 2020. Rapid adaptation of cancer education in response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: evaluation of a live virtual statistics and research skills workshop for oncology trainees. J Cancer Educ. 21:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Vaishnavi V, Suresh M, Dutta P. 2019. A study on the influence of factors associated with organizational readiness for change in healthcare organizations using TISM. BIJ. 26(4):1290–1313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velazquez-Pimentel D, Hurkxkens T, Nehme JA. 2021. Virtual reality for the digital surgeon. In: S. Atallah, editor. Digital surgery. Cham: Springer; p. 183–201.
   Google Scholar
• Villanueva EW, Meissner H, Walters RW. 2021. Medical student perceptions of the learning environment, quality of life, and the school of medicine’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic: a single institution perspective. Med Sci Educ. 5:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Williams C, Familusi OO, Ziemba J, Lee D, Mittal S, Mucksavage P, Smith A, Kovell RC. 2021. Adapting to the educational challenges of a pandemic: development of a novel virtual urology subinternship during the time of COVID-19. Urology. 148:70–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Free of Poverty. 2021 [accessed 2021 Mar 23]. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups
   Google Scholar
• Wyles SP, Meyer FB, Hayden RE, Scarisbrick IA, Terzic A. 2020. Digital regenerative medicine and surgery pedagogy for virtual learning in the time of COVID-19. Regen Med. 15(8):1937–1941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadala S, Nalleballe K, Sharma R, Lotia M, Kapoor N, Veerapaneni KD, Kovvuru S, Onteddu S. 2020. Resident education during COVID-19 pandemic: effectiveness of virtual electroencephalogram learning. Cureus. 12(10):e11094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang T, Buck S, Evans L, Auerbach M. 2021. A telesimulation elective to provide medical students with pediatric patient care experiences during the COVID pandemic. Pediatr Emerg Care. 37(2):119–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaharias P, Poylymenakou A. 2009. Developing a usability evaluation method for e-learning applications: beyond functional usability. Int J Hum Comput Interact. 25(1):75–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, He YJ, Zhu YH, Dai MC, Pan MM, Wu JQ, Zhang X, Gu YE, Wang FF, Xu XR, et al. 2020. The evaluation of online course of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Medical Bachelor, Bachelor of Surgery international students during the COVID-19 epidemic period. Integr Med Res. 9(3):100449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou T, Huang S, Cheng J, Xiao Y. 2020. The distance teaching practice of combined mode of massive open online course micro-video for interns in emergency department during the COVID-19 epidemic period. Telemed J E E-Health. 26(5):584–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar