273
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Use of remotely sensed data in the analysis of soil‐vegetation changes along a drying gradient peripheral to the Okavango Delta, Botswana

, , , &
Pages 4293-4319 | Published online: 22 Feb 2007

References

  • Andersen , J. M. and Ingram , J. S. I. 1989 . Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility: A Handbook of Methods , Wallingford, , UK : CAB International .
  • Andersson , L. , Gumbricht , T. , Hughes , D. , Kniveton , D. , Ringrose , S. , Savenjie , H. , Todd , M. , Wilk , J. and Wolski , P. 2002 . “ Water flow dynamics in the Okavango river basin and Delta—a prerequisite for the ecosystems of the Delta. ” . In Proceedings, Third Waternet/Warfsa Symposium , Tanzania : Dar es Salaam .
  • Ashton , P. and Neal , A. 2002 . “ An overview of key strategic issues in the Okavango basin. ” . In Transboundary Rivers, Sovereignty and Development , Edited by: Turton , A , Ashton , P and Cloete , E . 31 – 64 . Pretoria/Geneva : African Water Issues Research Unit/Green Cross International .
  • Baumgardner , M. F. , Silva , L. F. , Biehl , L. L. and Stoner , E. R. 1985 . Reflectance properties of soils. . Advances in Agronomy , 38 : 1 – 44 .
  • Bendsen , H. and Gelmoth , T. 1983 . Landuse Planning in the Ngamiland First Development Area , Gaborone, , Botswana : Ministry of Local Government and Lands, Northwest District Council and the Tawana Land Board .
  • Benke , A. C. , Chaubey , I. , Milton Ward , G. and Lloyd , D. 2000 . Flood pulse dynamics of an unregulated river floodplain in the southeastern US coastal plain. . Ecology , 81 : 2730 – 2741 .
  • Blasco , F. , Bellan , M. R. and Chaudhury , M. U. 1992 . Estimating extent of floods in Bangladesh using SPOT data. . Remote Sensing of Environment , 39 : 167 – 178 .
  • Bonyongo , C. M. , Gabaake , A. , Lecha , R. T. , Parry , D. , Pheto , K. , Ramberg , L. , Ross , K. and Veenendaal , E. M. 1996 . Report on the Scoping Meeting Regarding the Environmental Impact Assessment of the Proposed Water Carrier from the Okavango River to Central Namibia , Gaborone, , Botswana : Okavango Research Centre, University of Botswana .
  • Brady , N. C. 1983 . The Nature and Properties of Soils , New York : Macmillan .
  • Breininger , D. R. , Provancha , M. J. and Smith , R. 1991 . Mapping Florida scrub jay habitat for purposes of land use management. . Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 57 : 1467 – 1474 .
  • Butera , M. K. 1983 . Remote sensing of wetlands. . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 21 : 383 – 392 .
  • Chavez , P. and MacKinnon , D. J. 1994 . Automatic detection of vegetation changes in the southwestern United States using remotely sensed images. . Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 60 : 567 – 585 .
  • Choudhury , B. J. 1987 . Relationships between vegetation indices, radiation absorption, and net photosynthesis evaluated by a sensitivity analysis. . Remote Sensing of Environment , 22 : 209 – 234 .
  • Congalton , G. R. 1991 . A review of assessing the accuracy of classification of remotely sensed data. . Remote Sensing of Environment , 37 : 35 – 46 .
  • Dale , P. E. R. , Ward , D. and Chandica , A. L. 1991 . “ Image subtraction of digital large scale colour IR aerial photographs to monitor habitat modification on a subtropical coastal wetland. ” . In Environmental Monitoring Applications of Remote Sensing , Edited by: Singh , R. B . 63 – 72 . Hong Kong : Geocarto International Centre .
  • Ellery , K. and Ellery , W. N. 1997 . Plants of the Okavango Delta, A Field Guide , Durban, , South Africa : Tsaros .
  • Ellery , W. N. , Ellery , K. , McCarthy , T. S. , Cairncross , B. and Oelofse , R. 1989 . A peat fire in the Okavango delta, Botswana, and its importance as an ecosystem process. . African Journal of Ecology , 27 : 7 – 21 .
  • Ellery , W. N. , Ellery , K. , Rodgers , K. H. and McCarthy , T. S. 1995 . The role of Cyperus papyrus in channel blockage and abandonment in the northeastern Okavango Delta, Botswana. . African Journal of Ecology , 33 : 25 – 49 .
  • Elvidge , C. D. and Lyon , R. J. P. 1985 . Influence of rock‐soil spectral variation on the assessment of green biomass. . Remote Sensing of Environment , 17 : 265 – 279 .
  • ERDAS . 1999 . ERDAS Field Guide , Atlanta, GA : ERDAS .
  • Ewe , H. T. and Church , H. T. 1995 . Paddy crop monitoring using microwave remote sensing techniques. . Geocarto , 10 : 33 – 42 .
  • Fonseca , G. R. and Ganade , G. 2001 . Species functional redundancy, random extinctions and the stability of ecosystems. . Journal of Ecology , 89 : 118 – 125 .
  • Frazier , B. E. and Cheng , Y. 1989 . Remote sensing of soils in the eastern Palouse region with Landsat Thematic mapper. . Remote Sensing of Environment , 28 : 317 – 325 .
  • Geiske , A. 1996 . Vegetation driven groundwater recharge below the Okavango delta, (Botswana) as a solute sink mechanism—an indicative model. . Botswana Journal of Earth Sciences , 3 : 33 – 44 .
  • Goudie , A. 1992 . Environmental Change , 3 , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Government of Botswana . 2002a . Okavango Delta Management Plan , Gaborone, , Botswana : National Conservation Strategy Implementing Agency .
  • Government of Botswana . 2002b . “ Global Positioning System Location of Major and Minor Roads in Botswana ” . Gaborone, , Botswana : Ministry of Transport and Communications, Department of Roads . Unpublished CD‐ROM
  • Gross , M. F. and Klemas , V. 1981 . The use of airborne imaging spectrometer (AIS) to differentiate marsh vegetation. . Remote Sensing of Environment , 19 : 97 – 103 .
  • Grunblatt , J. , Ottichilo , W. K. and Sinage , R. K. 1989 . A hierarchical approach to vegetation classification in Kenya. . African Journal of Ecology , 27 : 45 – 51 .
  • Heinl , M. 2001 . “ Fire and its effects on vegetation in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. ” . Germany : Technical University of Munich . MSc thesis
  • Henderson , T. L. , Szilagyi , A. , Baumgardner , M. F. , Chen , C. T. and Landgrebe , D. A. 1989 . Spectral band selection for classification of soil organic matter content. . Soil Science Society of America Journal , 53 : 1778 – 1784 .
  • Hill , J. L. and Curran , P. J. 2002 Area . shape and isolation of tropical forest fragments: effects on tree species diversity and implications for conservation. . Journal of Biogeography , 30 : 1391 – 1403 .
  • Hulme , M. and (Ed.) . 1996 . Climate Change in Southern Africa: An Exploration of Some Potential Impacts and Implications for the SADC Region , Norwich, , UK : University of East Anglia . Report commissioned by WWF International, Climate Change Research Unit
  • Jellema A, Ringrose S, Matheson W. 2002. Vegetation Mapping in Northern Botswana. Elephant Habitat Mapping Project (Conservation International) and WERRD Project (European Union), HOORC, University of Botswana. Available online at: http://www.orc.ub.bw (accessed July 2003)
  • Jensen , J. R. , Ritchey , K. , Koch , M. S. and Narumalani , S. 1995 . Inland wetland change detection in the everglades water conservation area 2A using time series normalised remotely sensed data. . Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 61 : 199 – 210 .
  • Junk WJ. 2003. Tropical/subtropical wetland biodiversity: Status of knowledge, threats and sustainable management, Keynote Address, Environmental Monitoring of Tropical and Sub‐tropical Wetlands, Okavango Report Series, Number 1, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre University of Botswana. pp. 45-69. Available online at: www.ufl.edu (accessed January 2005)
  • Kent , M. and Coker , P. 1996 . Vegetation Description and Analysis, A Practical Approach , New York : Wiley .
  • Kerr , J. T. and Ostrovsky , M. 2003 . From space to species; ecological applications for remote sensing. . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 18 : 299 – 305 .
  • Landsat 7 Science Data User's Handbook. 2004. Chapter 11—Data Products. Available online at: http://ltpwww.gsfc.gov/IAS/handbook/handbook_htmls/chapter11/chapter11.html (accessed March 2004)
  • Larsson , N. 1998 . Tribal migrations in northern Botswana, the case of the Humbukushu. . Botswana Notes and Records , 11 : 21 – 36 .
  • Lillesand , T. M. and Kiefer , R. W. 1987 . Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation , 2 , New York : Wiley .
  • Masundire , H. M. , Ringrose , S. , Sefe , F. T. K. and Vanderpost , C. 1998 . Inventory of Wetlands of Botswana Gaborone, , Botswana Botswana Wetlands Policy and Strategy, Ministry of Local Government, Lands and Housing, National Conservation Strategy
  • Matheson , W. and Ringrose , S. 1994 . The development of image processing techniques to assess changes in green vegetation cover along a climatic gradient through Northern Territory, Australia. . International Journal Remote Sensing , 15 : 17 – 47 .
  • McCarthy , T. S. , Barry , M. , Bloem , A. , Ellery , W. N. , Heister , H. , Merry , C. L. , Ruther , H. and Sternberg , H. 1997 . The gradient of the Okavango Fan, Botswana, and its sedimentological and tectonic implications. . Journal of African Earth Sciences , 24 : 65 – 78 .
  • McCarthy , T. S. and Ellery , W. N. 1993 . The Okavango Delta. . Geobulletin , 36 (2) : 5 – 8 .
  • McCarthy , T. S. , Ellery , W. N. and Bloem , A. 1998a . Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. . African Journal of Ecology , 36 : 44 – 56 .
  • McCarthy , T. S. , Ellery , W. N. and Dangerfield , J. M. 1998b . The role of biota in the initiation and growth of islands on the floodplains of the Okavango alluvial fan, Botswana. . Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , 23 : 291 – 316 .
  • McCarthy , J. and Gumbricht , T. 2002 . “ Multisource rule based contextual classification of ecoregions of the Okavango Delta, Botswana ” . 1 – 21 . Published PhD dissertation, Department of Land and Water Engineering, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden, Paper IV
  • McCarthy , J. , Gumbricht , T. , McCarthy , T. S. , Frost , P. E. , Wessels , K. and Siedel , F. 2002 . “ Flooding patterns of the Okavango wetlands in Botswana between 1972 and 2000 ” . 1 – 15 . Published PhD dissertation, Department of Land and Water Engineering, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden, Paper II
  • Michener , W. K. and Houhoulis , P. F. 1997 . Detection of vegetation changes associated with extensive flooding in a forested ecosystem. . Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 63 : 1363 – 1374 .
  • Miles , J. 1985 . The pedogenic effects of different species and vegetation types and the implications of succession. . Journal of Soil Science , 36 : 571 – 584 .
  • Mitsch , T. and Gosselink , V. 1993 . Wetlands , 2 , New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
  • MLGLH (Ministry of Local Government, Lands and Housing) . 1989 . Ecological Zoning of Okavango Delta Gaborone, , Botswana Maun, Internal Report
  • Moleele , N. M. , Ringrose , S. , Arnberg , W. , Lunden , B. and Vanderpost , C. 2001 . Assessment of vegetation indexes useful for browse (forage) prediction in semi‐arid rangelands. . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 22 : 741 – 756 .
  • Moleele , N. M. , Ringrose , S. , Matheson , W. and Vanderpost , C. 2002 . More woody plants? The status of bush encroachment in Botswana's grazing areas. . Journal of Environmental Management , 64 : 3 – 11 .
  • Moore , A. E. and Larkin , P. 2002 . Drainage evolution in south‐central Africa since the break‐up of Gondwana. . South African Journal of Geology , 104 : 47 – 68 .
  • Otter , L. B. , Scholes , R. J. , Dowty , P. , Privette , J. , Caylor , K. , Ringrose , S. , Mukelabai , M. , Frost , P. , Hannan , N. , Totolo , O. and Veenendaal , E. M. 2002 . The Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000): wet season campaigns. . South African Journal of Science , 98 : 131 – 138 .
  • Palgrave , K. C. 1996 . Trees of Southern Africa , Cape Town, , South Africa : C. Struik .
  • Partridge , T. C. , Scott , L. and Hamilton , J. E. 1999 . Synthetic reconstructions of southern African environments during the Last Glacial Maximum (21–28 kyr) and the Holocene Altithermal, (8–6 kyr). . Quaternary International , 57/58 : 207 – 214 .
  • Peters , D. 2002 . Plant species dominance at a grassland‐shrubland ecotone: an individual‐based gap dynamics model of herbaceous and woody species. . Ecological Modelling , 152 : 5 – 32 .
  • Rempel RS, Carr AP. 2003. Patch Analyst extension for ArcView version 3. Available online at: http:flash.lakehead.ca/rremplel/patch/index.html (accessed April 2005).
  • Ringrose , S. 2003 . Characterisation of riparian woodlands and their potential water loss in the distal Okavango Delta, Botswana. . Applied Geography , 23 : 281 – 302 .
  • Ringrose , S. , Chipanshi , A. C. , Matheson , W. , Chanda , R. , Motoma , L. , Magole , I. and Jellema , A. 2002 . Climate and human induced woody vegetation changes in Botswana and their implications for human adaptation. . Environmental Management , 30 : 98 – 109 .
  • Ringrose S, Huntsman‐Mapila P, Kampunzu AR, Matheson W, Downey B, Vink B. 2003a. Geomorphological evidence for MOZ palaeo‐wetlands in northern Botswana; implications for wetland change. Monitoring of Tropical and Subtropical Wetlands Conference, Maun, Botswana, Okavango Report Series, Number 1, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre. University of Botswana. www.ufl.edu
  • Ringrose , S. , Matheson , W. and Boyle , T. 1988 . Differentiation of Ecological Zones in the Okavango Delta Botswana by classification and contextual analysis of Landsat MSS data. . Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 54 : 325 – 332 .
  • Ringrose , S. , Matheson , W. , Mogotsi , B. and Tempest , F. 1989 . The darkening effect in drought affected savanna woodland environments relative to soil reflectance in Landsat and SPOT wavebands. . Remote Sensing of Environment , 30 : 1 – 19 .
  • Ringrose , S. , Matheson , W. , O'Neill , T. and Werner , P. 1994 . Vegetation spectral reflectance along a north‐south vegetation gradient in northern Australia. . Journal of Biogeography , 21 : 33 – 47 .
  • Ringrose , S. , Vanderpost , C. and Matheson , W. 1996 . The use of integrated remotely sensed and GIS data to determine the causes of vegetation cover change in southern Botswana. . Applied Geography , 16 : 225 – 242 .
  • Ringrose , S. , Vanderpost , C. and Matheson , W. 1997 . Use of image processing and GIS techniques to determine the extent and possible causes of land management/fenceline induced degradation problems in the Okavango area, northern Botswana. . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 18 : 2337 – 2364 .
  • Ringrose , S. , Vanderpost , C. and Matheson , W. 1998 . Analysis of soil organic carbon and vegetation cover trends along the Botswana Kalahari Transect. . Journal of Arid Environments , 38 : 379 – 396 .
  • Ringrose , S. , Matheson , W. , Wolski , P. and Huntsman‐Mapila , P. 2003b . Vegetative cover components and the significance of local factors along the Botswana Kalahari Transect. . Journal of Arid Environments , 54 : 297 – 317 . (SAFARI 2000 Special Issue)
  • Ringrose , S. , Vanderpost , C. and Matheson , W. 2003c . Mapping ecological conditions in the Okavango Delta Botswana using fine and coarse resolution systems including simulated SPOT VEGETATION imagery. . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 24 : 1029 – 1053 .
  • Robinove , C. J. 1983 . Space platform albedo measurements as indicators of change in arid lands. . Advances in Space Research , 2 : 31 – 34 .
  • Roodt , V. 1995 . Field Guide to the Common Trees of the Okavango Delta and Moremi Game Reserve , Johannesburg, , South Africa : Shell .
  • Scholes , R. J. , Dowty , P. R. , Caylor , K. , Parsons , D. A. B. , Frost , P. G. H. and Shugart , H. H. 2002 . Trends in savanna structure and composition along an aridity gradient in the Kalahari. . Journal of Vegetation Science , 13 : 419 – 428 .
  • Scholes , R. S. and Walker , B. H. 1993 . An African Savanna, Synthesis of the Nylsvley Study , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Sekwhela , M. and Dube , O. P. 1991 . Desertification in the Ngamiland Communal First Development Area, (CFDA) , Gaborone, , Botswana : University of Botswana . Working Paper 55, NIR
  • Shaikh , D. , Green , D. and Cross , H. 2001 . A remote sensing approach to determine environmental flows for wetlands of the Lower Darling River, New South Wales, Australia. . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 22 : 1737 – 1751 .
  • Sharma , T. , Satya Kiran , P. V. , Singh , T. P. , Trivedi , A. V. and Navalgund , R. R. 2001 . Hydrologic response of a watershed to landuse changes: a remote sensing and GIS approach. . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 22 : 2095 – 2108 .
  • Shoshany , M. , Lavee , H. and Kutiel , P. 1995 . Seasonal vegetation cover changes as indicators of soil types along a climatological gradient; a mutual study of environmental patterns‐controls using remote sensing. . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 16 : 2137 – 2151 .
  • Soil Mapping and Advisory Services Project . 1990 . Vegetation map of the Republic of Botswana, AG:DP/BOT/85/011, Scale 1: 2 000 000 , Gaborone, , Botswana : Ministry of Agriculture .
  • Soil Mapping and Advisory Services Project . 1991 . Soil Map of the Republic of Botswana. FAO/BOT/85/011 , Gaborone, , Botswana : Botswana Ministry of Agriculture .
  • Steffen , W. 2000 . “ The IGBP terrestrial transects: Tools for resource management and global change research at the regional scale. ” . In Towards Sustainable Management in the Kalahari Region , Edited by: Ringrose , S and Chanda , R . 1 – 12 . Gaborone, , Botswana : University of Botswana .
  • Tawana Land Board . 2000 . Panhandle Development Plan , Gaborone, , Botswana : NRP Consultants .
  • Thibodeau , F. R. and Nickerson , N. H. 1984 . Changes in a wetland plant association induced by impoundment and draining. . Biological Conservation , 33 : 269 – 279 .
  • Thomas , D. S. G. and Shaw , P. A. 1991 . The Kalahari Environment , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Tivy , J. 1993 . Biogeography, a Study of Plants in the Ecosphere , 3 , London : Longman Scientific and Technical .
  • Tlou , T. and Campbell , A. 1984 . History of Botswana , Gaborone, , Botswana : Macmillan .
  • Tooth , S. 2000 . Process, form and change in dryland rivers: a review of recent research. . Earth Science Reviews , 51 : 67 – 107 .
  • White , F. 1983 . The Vegetation of Africa, A Descriptive Memoir to Accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO Vegetation Map, Natural Resources Research , Paris : UNESCO .
  • Wilcox , C. H. , Frazier , B. E. and Ball , S. T. 1994 . Relationships between soil organic carbon and Landsat TM data in eastern Washington. . Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 60 : 777 – 782 .
  • Winkler , P. 1993 . “ Remote sensing for monitoring the changing environment of Europe. ” . In Proceedings of the 12th EARSel Symposium Eger, Hungary
  • Wolski P, Gumbricht T, McCarthy TS. 2003. Assessing future change in the Okavango Delta: The use of a regression model of the maximum annual flood in a Monte Carlo simulation. In. Environmental Monitoring of Tropical and Subtropical Wetlands Conference. Maun, Botswana, Okavango Report Series, Number 1, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, University of Botswana. Available online at: www.ufl.edu (accessed January 2005)

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.