87
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Conversion of sub-surface reflectances to above-surface MERIS reflectance

, &
Pages 5767-5791 | Received 20 Apr 2007, Accepted 22 Feb 2008, Published online: 19 Oct 2009

References

  • Aas , E. Calibration of a marine radiance and colour index meter . Report No. 87, Department of Geophysics, University of Oslo, Oslo . 1993 .
  • Aas , E. and H⊘jerslev , N. K. 1999 . Analysis of underwater radiance observations: Apparent optical properties and analytic functions describing the angular radiance distribution . Journal of Geophysical Research , 104 : 8015 – 8024 .
  • Aas , E. and H⊘kedal , J. 1999 . Reflection of spectral sky irradiance on the surface of the sea and related properties . Remote Sensing of the Environment , 70 : 181 – 190 .
  • Aas , E. and Korsb⊘ , B. 1997 . Self-shading effect by radiance meters on upward radiance observed in coastal waters . Limnology and Oceanography , 42 : 968 – 974 .
  • Aas , E. , H⊘jerslev , N. K. and Lundgren , B. Spectral irradiance, radiance and polarization data from the Nordic Cruise in the Mediterranean Sea during June–July 1971 . Report No. 102, Department of Geophysics, University of Oslo, Oslo . 1997 .
  • Adams , J. T. , Aas , E. , H⊘jerslev , N. K. and Lundgren , B. 2002 . Comparison of radiance and polarization values observed in the Mediterranean Sea and simulated in a Monte Carlo model . Applied Optics , 41 : 2724 – 2733 .
  • Austin , R. W. 1974 . “ The remote sensing of spectral radiance from below the ocean surface ” . In Optical Aspects of Oceanography , Edited by: Jerlov , N. G. and Steemann Nielsen , E. 317 – 344 . London : Academic Press .
  • Austin , R. W. 1993 . “ Optical remote sensing of the oceans: BC (before CZCS) and AC (after CZCS) ” . In Ocean Colour: Theory and Applications in a Decade of CZCS Experience , Edited by: Barale , V. and Schlittenhardt , P. M. 1 – 15 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
  • Austin , R. W. and Halikas , G. The index of refraction of seawater . SIO Ref. No. 76–1, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego . 1976 .
  • Balch , W. M. , Holligan , P. M. , Ackleson , S. G. and Voss , K. J. 1991 . Biological and optical properties of mesoscale coccolithophore blooms in the Gulf of Maine . Limnology and Oceanography , 36 : 629 – 643 .
  • Balch , W. M. , Kilpatrick , K. A. and Trees , C. C. 1996 . The 1991 coccolithophore bloom in the central North Atlantic. 1. Optical properties and factors affecting their distribution . Limnology and Oceanography , 41 : 629 – 643 .
  • Curcio , J. A. and Petty , C. C. 1951 . The near infrared absorption spectrum of liquid water . Journal of the Optical Society of America , 41 : 302 – 304 .
  • Doerffer , R. Protocols for the validation of MERIS water products . European Space Agency, Document No. PO-TN-MEL-GS-0043 . 2002 .
  • Garcia-Soto , C. , Férnandez , E. , Pingree , R. D. and Harbour , D. S. 1995 . Evolution and structure of a shelf coccolithophore bloom in the Western English Channel . Journal of Plankton Research , 17 : 2011 – 2036 .
  • Gordon , H. R. 1989 . Dependence of the diffuse reflectance of natural waters on the sun angle . Limnology and Oceanography , 34 : 1484 – 1489 .
  • Gordon , H. R. 2005 . Normalized water-leaving radiance: revisiting the influence of surface roughness . Applied Optics , 44 : 241 – 248 .
  • Gordon , H. R. and Clark , D. K. 1981 . Clear water radiances for atmospheric correction of coastal zone color scanner imagery . Applied Optics , 20 : 4175 – 4180 .
  • Gordon , H. R. and Ding , K. 1992 . Self-shading of in-water optical instruments . Limnology and Oceanography , 37 : 491 – 500 .
  • Gordon , J. I. Directional radiance (luminance) of the sea surface . SIO. Ref. 69–20, University of California . 1969 . San Diego, California, USA
  • Gower , J. F.R , ed. 1981 . Oceanography from Space –Marine Science , Vol. 13 , New York : Plenum Press .
  • Groom , S. B. and Holligan , P. M. 1987 . Remote sensing of coccolithophore blooms . Advanced Space Research , 7 : 73 – 78 .
  • Holligan , P. M. , Viollier , M. , Harbour , D. S. , Camus , P. and Champagne-Philippe , M. 1983 . Satellite and ship studies of coccolithophore production along a continental shelf edge . Nature , 304 : 339 – 342 .
  • H⊘jerslev , N. K. 2001 . Analytic remote-sensing optical algorithms requiring simple and practical field parameter inputs . Applied Optics , 40 : 4870 – 4874 .
  • H⊘jerslev , N. K. and Aas , E. 1997 . “ Spectral irradiance, radiance and polarization in blue Western Mediterranean waters ” . In SPIE Vol. 2963: Ocean Optics XIII Proceedings, 22–25 October 1996. Halifax Nova Scotia 138 – 147 . Bellingham, WA
  • H⊘kedal , J. and Aas , E. Observations of spectral sky radiance and solar irradiance . Report No. 103, Department of Geophysics, University of Oslo, Oslo . 1998 .
  • H⊘kedal , J. and S⊘rensen , K. 2007 . “ Validation of MERIS-reflectance from ferries ” . In Proceedings of the Envisat Symposium 2007 , 23 – 27 . Montreux, , Switzerland : ESA SP-636//CD . April 2007
  • Jerlov , N. G. 1976 . Marine Optics , Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Kattawar , G. W. and Adams , C. N. 1990 . “ Errors in radiance calculations induced by using scalar rather than Stokes vector theory in a realistic atmosphere-ocean system ” . In SPIE Vol. 1302: Ocean Optics X, Proceedings 2 – 12 . Orlando, Florida 16–18 April 1990 (Bellingham, WA: SPIE)
  • Loisel , H. and Morel , A. 2001 . Non-isotropy of the upward radiance field in typical coastal (Case 2) waters . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 22 : 275 – 295 .
  • Lundgren , B. On the polarization of the daylight in the sea . Report No. 17, Department of Physical Oceanography, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen . 1971 .
  • Morel , A. and Gentili , B. 1991 . Diffuse reflectance of oceanic waters: its dependence on Sun angle as influenced by the molecular scattering contribution . Applied Optics , 30 : 4427 – 4438 .
  • Morel , A. and Gentili , B. 1993 . Diffuse reflectance of oceanic waters. II. Bidirectional aspects . Applied Optics , 32 : 6864 – 6879 .
  • Morel , A. and Gentili , B. 1996 . Diffuse reflection of oceanic waters. III. Implication of bi-directionality for the remote-sensing problem . Applied Optics , 35 : 4850 – 4862 .
  • Morel , A. and Prieur , L. 1977 . Analysis of variations in ocean color . Limnology and Oceanography , 22 : 709 – 722 .
  • Morel , A. , Antoine , D. and Gentili , B. 2002 . Bidirectional reflectance of oceanic waters: accounting for Raman emission and varying particle scattering phase function . Applied Optics , 41 : 6289 – 6306 .
  • Mueller , J. L. , Davis , C. , Arnone , R. , Frouin , R. , Carder , K. , Lee , Z. P. , Steward , R. G. , Hooker , S. , Mobley , C. D. and Mclean , S. 2003 . “ Above-water radiance and remote sensing reflectance measurement and analysis protocols ” . In Ocean Optics Protocols for Satellite Ocean Color Sensor Validation, Revision 4, Volume III: Radiometric Measurements and Data Analysis Protocols , NASA/TM-2003-21621/Rev-Vol III, pp. 21–31 .
  • NASA . 2003 . Ocean Optics Protocols for Satellite Ocean Color Sensor Validation, Revision 4, Volume III: Radiometric Measurements and Data Analysis Protocols , NASA/TM-2003-21621/Rev-Vol III .
  • Pope , R. M. and Fry , E. S. 1997 . Absorption spectrum (380–700 nm) of pure water. II. Integrating cavity measurements . Applied Optics , 36 : 8710 – 8723 .
  • Rast , M. , Bézy , J. L. and Brussi , S. 1999 . The ESA Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer MERIS – a review of the instrument and its mission . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 20 : 1681 – 1702 .
  • Siegel , H. 1984 . Some remarks on the ratio between the upward irradiance and the nadir radiance just beneath the sea surface . Beiträge zur Meereskunde , 51 : 75
  • Simpson , J. J. 1993 . “ The Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) algorithm. A critical review ” . In Ocean Colour: Theory and Applications in a Decade of CZCS Experience , Edited by: Barale , V. and Schlittenhardt , P. M. 117 – 166 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
  • Smith , R. C. and Baker , K. S. 1981 . Optical properties of the clearest natural waters (200–800 nm) . Applied Optics , 20 : 177 – 184 .
  • S⊘rensen , K. , Aas , E. and H⊘kedal , J. 2007 . Validation of MERIS water products and bio-optical relationships in the Skagerrak . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 28 : 555 – 568 .
  • Tyler , J. E. 1960 . Radiance distribution as a function of depth in an underwater environment . Bulletin Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla , 7 : 363 – 412 .
  • Unesco . 1981 . The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and the International Equation of State of Seawater 1980. Tenth Report of the Joint Panel on Oceanographic Tables and Standards . Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science , 36
  • Unesco . 1985 . The international system of units (SI) in oceanography . Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science , 45
  • WMO . Handbook on wave analysis and forecasting . WMO-No. 446 . 1976 .
  • Zibordi , G. and Ferrari , G. M. 1995 . Instrument self-shading in underwater optical measurements: experimental data . Applied Optics , 34 : 2750 – 2754 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.