An integrated approach to a biophysiologically based classification of floating aquatic macrophytes

References

• Adams , J.B. and Adams , J.D. 1984 . “ Geologic mapping using LANDSAT MSS and TM images: Removing vegetation by modeling spectral mixtures ” . In Third Thematic Conference of Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology 615 – 622 . Colorado, CA, , USA
   Google Scholar
• Adams , J.B. , Sabol , D.E. , Kapos , V. , Almeida Filho , R. , Roberts , D.A. , Smith , M.O. and Gillespie , A.R. 1995 . Classification of multispectral images based on fractions of endmembers: Application to land-cover change in the Brazilian Amazon . Remote Sensing of Environment , 52 : 137 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albright , T.P. , Moorhouse , T.G. and McNabb , J. 2004 . The rise and fall of water hyacinth in Lake Victoria and the Kagera River Basin, 1989–2001 . Journal of Aquatic Plant Management , 42 : 73 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrew , M.E. and Ustin , S.L. 2008 . The role of environmental context in mapping invasive plants with hyperspectral image data . Remote Sensing of Environment , 112 : 4301 – 4317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asner , G.P. 1998 . Biophysical and biochemical sources of variability in canopy reflectance . Remote Sensing of Environment , 64 : 234 – 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asner , G.P. and Vitousek , P.M. 2005 . Remote analysis of biological invasion and biogeochemical change . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 102 : 4383 – 4386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boardman , J.W. 1994 . Geometric mixture analysis of imaging spectrometry data . Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS ‘94. Surface and Atmospheric Remote Sensing: Technologies, Data Analysis and Interpretation, International , 4 : 2369 – 2371 .
   Google Scholar
• Bossard , C.C. , Randall , J.M. and Hoshovsky , M.C. 2000 . Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cavalli , R.M. , Laneve , G. , Fusilli , L. , Pignatti , S. and Santini , F. 2008 . Remote sensing water observation for supporting Lake Victoria weed management . Journal of Environmental Management , 90 : 2199 – 2211 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cho , H.J. , Kirui , P. and Natarajan , H. 2008 . Test of multi-spectral vegetation index for floating and canopy-forming submerged vegetation . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 5 : 477 – 483 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark , R.N. and Roush , T.L. 1984 . Reflectance spectroscopy – Quantitative analysis techniques for remote sensing applications . Journal of Geophysical Research , 89 : 6329 – 6340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , A.N. and Carlton , J.T. 1995 . Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in a United States Estuary: a Case Study of the Biological Invasions of the San Francisco Bay Delta , United States Fish and Wildlife Service, National Sea Grant College Program .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , A.N. and Carlton , J.T. 1998 . Accelerating invasion rate in a highly invaded estuary . Science , 279 : 555 – 558 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook , C.D.K. 1990 . Aquatic Plant Book , The Hague : SPB Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Curcio , J.A. and Petty , C.C. 1951 . The near infrared absorption spectrum of liquid water . Journal of the Optical Society of America , 41 : 302 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPietro , D.Y. 2002 . Mapping the invasive plant Arundo donax and associated riparian vegetation using hyperspectral remote sensing , Davis, CA, , USA : MA thesis, University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Everitt , J.H. , Alaniz , M.A. and Davis , M.R. 2003 . Using spatial information technologies to detect and map waterhyacinth and hydrilla infestations in the lower Rio Grande . Journal of Aquatic Plant Management , 41 : 93 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everitt , J.H. and Deloach , C.J. 1990 . Remote sensing of Chinese tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis) and associated vegetation . Weed Science , 38 : 273 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everitt , J.H. , Yang , C. , Escobar , D.E. , Webster , C.F. , Lonard , R.I. and Davis , M.R. 1999 . Using remote sensing and spatial information technologies to detect and map two aquatic macrophytes . Journal of Aquatic Plant Management , 37 : 71 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fililla , I. and Peñuelas , J. 1994 . The red edge position and shape as indicators of plant chlorophyll content, biomass and hydric status . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 15 : 1459 – 1470 .
   Google Scholar
• Finlayson , B.J. 1983 . “ Water hyacinth: threat to the Delta? ” . In Outdoor California , 10 – 14 . Sacramento, CA : The California Department of Fish and Game .
   Google Scholar
• Friedl , M.A. and Brodley , C.E. 1997 . Decision tree classification of land cover from remotely sensed data . Remote Sensing of Environment , 61 : 399 – 409 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuentes , D.A. , Gamon , J.A. , Qiu , H.L. , Sims , D.A. and Roberts , D.A. 2001 . Mapping Canadian boreal forest vegetation using pigment and water absorption features derived from the AVIRIS sensor . Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres , 106 : 33565 – 33577 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamon , J.A. , Field , C.B. , Goulden , M.L. , Griffin , K.L. , Hartley , A.E. , Joel , G. , Penuelas , J. and Valentini , R. 1995 . Relationships between NDVI, canopy structure, and photosynthesis in three Californian vegetation types . Ecological Applications , 5 : 28 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao , B.C. 1996 . NDWI – A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space . Remote Sensing of Environment , 58 : 257 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao , B.C. , Heidebrecht , K.B. and Goetz , A.F.H. 1993 . Derivation of scaled surface reflectances from AVIRIS data . Remote Sensing of Environment , 44 : 165 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gates , D.M. , Keegan , H.J. , Schleter , J.C. and Weidner , V.R. 1965 . Spectral properties of plants . Applied Optics , 4 : 11 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gausman , H.W. and Allen , W.A. 1973 . Optical parameters of leaves of 30 plant species . Plant Physiology , 52 : 57 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn , N.F. , Mundt , J.T. , Weber , K.T. , Prather , T.S. , Lass , L.W. and Pettingill , J. 2005 . Hyperspectral data processing for repeat detection of small infestations of leafy spurge . Remote Sensing of Environment , 95 : 399 – 412 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopal , B. 1987 . Water Hyacinth , New York : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Haller , W.T. , Sutton , D.L. and Barlowe , W.C. 1974 . Effects of salinity on growth of several aquatic macrophytes . Ecology , 55 : 891 – 894 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamada , Y. , Stow , D.A. , Coulter , L.L. , Jafolla , J.C. and Hendricks , L.W. 2007 . Detecting Tamarisk species (Tamarix spp.) in riparian habitats of Southern California using high spatial resolution hyperspectral imagery . Remote Sensing of Environment , 109 : 237 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han , L. and Rundquist , D.C. 2003 . The spectral responses of Ceratophyllum demersum at varying depths in an experimental tank . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 24 : 859 – 864 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardisky , M.A. , Klemas , V. and Smart , R.M. 1983 . The influence of soil-salinity, growth form, and leaf moisture on the spectral radiance of Spartina-alterniflora canopies . Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 49 : 77 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedley , J.D. and Mumby , P.D. 2003 . A remote sensing method for resolving depth and subpixel composition of aquatic enthos . Limnology and Oceanography , 48 : 480 – 488 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hestir , E.L. , Khanna , S. , Andrew , M.E. , Santos , M.J. , Viers , J.H. , Greenberg , J.A. , Rajapakse , S.S. and Ustin , S.L. 2008 . Identification of invasive vegetation using hyperspectral remote sensing in the California Delta ecosystem . Remote Sensing of Environment , 112 : 4034 – 4047 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano , A. , Madden , M. and Welch , R. 2003 . Hyperspectral image data for mapping wetland vegetation . Wetlands , 23 : 436 – 448 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden , H. and Ledrew , E. 2001 . Effects of the water column on hyperspectral reflectance of submerged coral reef features . Bulletin of Marine Science , 69 : 685 – 699 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horler , D.N.H. , Dockray , M. and Barber , J. 1983 . “ The red edge of plant leaf reflectance ” . In International Journal of Remote Sensing Vol. 4 , 273 – 288 .
   Google Scholar
• Horwitz , H.M. , Nalepka , R.F. , Hyde , P.D. and Morgenstern , J.P. 1971 . “ Estimating the proportions of objects within a single resolution element of a multispectral scanner ” . In Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium of Remote Sensing of Environment 1307 – 1320 . Ann Arbor, MI
   Google Scholar
• Hunt , E.R. and Rock , B.N. 1989 . Detection of changes in leaf water content using near infrared and middle infrared reflectances . Remote Sensing of Environment , 30 : 43 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idawo , C. , Jajah , M. and Laneve , G. 2004 . Application of hyperspectral techniques to multispectral data: spectral mixture analysis (SMA) in mapping of emergent macrophytes in a water-hyacinth-infested area . Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology , V : 293 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• Jassby , A.D. and Cloern , J.E. 2000 . Organic matter sources and rehabilitation of the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta (California, USA) . Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems , 10 : 323 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kateregga , E. and Sterner , T. 2007 . Indicators for an invasive species: Water hyacinths in Lake Victoria . Ecological Indicators , 7 : 362 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna , S. , Hestir , E.L. , Santos , M.J. , Greenberg , J. and Ustin , S.L. 2007a . Water hyacinth identification using CART modeling with hyperspectral data in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta of California . EOS Transactions of the AGU, Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract , : B43C – 1453 .
   Google Scholar
• Khanna , S. , Palacios-Orueta , A. , Whiting , M.L. , Ustin , S.L. , Riano , D. and Litago , J. 2007b . Development of angle indexes for soil moisture estimation, dry matter detection and land-cover discrimination . Remote Sensing of Environment , 109 : 154 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse , F.A. , Lefkoff , A.B. , Boardman , J.W. , Heidebrecht , K.B. , Shapiro , A.T. , Barloon , P.J. and Goetz , A.F.H. 1993 . “ The spectral image processing system (SIPS)-interactive visualization and analysis of imaging spectrometer data ” . In Remote Sensing of Environment Vol. 44 , 145 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Laba , M. , Downs , R. , Smith , S. , Welsh , S. , Neider , C. , White , S. , Richmond , M. , Philpot , W. and Baveye , P. 2008 . Mapping invasive wetland plants in the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve using quickbird satellite imagery . Remote Sensing of Environment , 112 : 286 – 300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lass , L.W. , Prather , T.S. , Glenn , N.F. , Weber , K.T. , Mundt , J.T. and Pettingill , J. 2005 . A review of remote sensing of invasive weeds and example of the early detection of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) and babysbreath (Gypsophila paniculata) with a hyperspectral sensor . Weed Science , 53 : 242 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillesaeter , O. 1982 . Spectral reflectance of partly transmitting leaves – laboratory measurements and mathematical-modeling . Remote Sensing of Environment , 12 : 247 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillesand , T.M. , Kiefer , R.W. and Chipman , J.W. 2004 . Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation , New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Mack , R.N. , Simberloff , D. , Lonsdale , W.M. , Evans , H. , Clout , M. and Bazzaz , F.A. 2000 . Biotic invasions: Causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control . Ecological Applications , 10 : 689 – 710 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maheu-Giroux , M. and Blois , S.D. 2005 . Mapping the invasive species Phragmites australis in linear wetland corridors . Aquatic Botany , 83 : 310 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mailu , A.M. Preliminary assessment of the social, economic and environmental impacts of water hyacinth in Lake Victoria Basin and status of control . ACIAR Proceedings . Beijing, China. pp. 130 – 139 . Canberra, , Australia : Australia Center of International Agricultural Research .
   Google Scholar
• Muramoto , S. , Aoyama , I. and Oki , Y. 1991 . Effect of salinity on the concentration of some elements in water hyacinth (Eichhornia-crassipes) at critical levels . Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part a – Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control , 26 : 205 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagler , P.L. , Daughtry , C.S.T. and Goward , S.N. 2000 . Plant litter and soil reflectance . Remote Sensing of Environment , 71 : 207 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivares , E. and Colonnello , G. 2000 . Salinity gradient in the Manamo River, a dammed distributary of the Orinoco Delta, and its influence on the presence of Eichhornia crassipes and Paspalum repens . Interciencia Caracas , 25 : 242 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opande , G.O. , Onyango , J.C. and Wagai , S.O. 2004 . Lake Victoria: The water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms), its socio-economic effects, control measures and resurgence in the Winam gulf . Limnologica – Ecology and Management of Inland Waters , 34 : 105 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal , M. and Mather , P.M. 2003 . An assessment of the effectiveness of decision tree methods for land cover classification . Remote Sensing of Environment , 86 : 554 – 565 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker-Williams , A. and Hunt , E.R. 2002 . Estimation of leafy spurge cover from hyperspectral imagery using mixture tuned matched filtering . Remote Sensing of Environment , 82 : 446 – 456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penfound , W.T. and Earle , T.T. 1948 . The biology of water hyacinth . Ecological Monographs , 18 : 447 – 472 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pengra , B.W. , Johnston , C.A. and Loveland , T.R. 2007 . Mapping an invasive plant, Phragmites australis, in coastal wetlands using the EO-1 Hyperion hyperspectral sensor . Remote Sensing of Environment , 108 : 74 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimentel , D. , Zuniga , R. and Morrison , D. 2005 . Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States . Ecological Economics , 52 : 273 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinnel , N. , Heege , T. and Zimmermann , S. 2004 . Spectral discrimination of submerged macrophytes in lakes using hyperspectral remote sensing data . SPIE Proceedings Ocean Optics , XVII : 16
   Google Scholar
• Randall , J.M. , Rejmánek , M. and Hunter , J.C. 1998 . Characteristics of the exotic flora of California . Fremontia , 26 : 3 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Rejmánková , E. 1992 . Ecology of creeping macrophytes with special reference to Ludwigia peploides (H.B.K.) Raven . Aquatic Botany , 43 : 283 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rencz , A.N. 1999 . Manual of Remote Sensing. Vol. 3, Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , D.A. , Smith , M.O. and Adams , J.B. 1993 . Green vegetation, nonphotosynthetic vegetation, and soils in AVIRIS data . Remote Sensing of Environment , 44 : 255 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson , C.W. and Williams , D. 1971 . Lambert absorption coefficients of water in infrared . Journal of the Optical Society of America , 61 : 1316 – 1320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfield , G.H. and Fitzpatrick-Lins , K. 1986 . A coefficient of agreement as a measure of thematic classification accuracy . Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 52 : 223 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueda , C.A. , Greenberg , J.A. and Ustin , S.L. 2005 . StarSpan: A Tool for Fast Selective Pixel Extraction from Remotely Sensed Data , Davis, CA : Center for Spatial Technologies and Remote Sensing, University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Safavian , S.R. and Landgrebe , D. 1991 . A survey of decision tree classifier methodology . IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics , 21 : 660 – 674 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos , M.J. , Khanna , S. , Hestir , E.L. , Andrew , M.E. , Rajapakse , S.S. , Greenberg , J.A. , Anderson , L.W.J. and Ustin , S.L. 2009 . Use of hyperspectral remote sensing to evaluate efficacy of aquatic plant management in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, California . Invasive Plant Science and Management , 2 : 216 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawaya , K.E. , Olmanson , L.G. , Heinert , N.J. , Brezonik , P.L. and Bauer , M.E. 2003 . Extending satellite remote sensing to local scales: land and water resource monitoring using high-resolution imagery . Remote Sensing of Environment , 88 : 144 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sculthorpe , C.D. 1985 . The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants , Königstein, West Germany : Koeltz Scientific Books .
   Google Scholar
• Silvestri , S. , Marani , M. and Marani , A. 2003 . Hyperspectral remote sensing of salt marsh vegetation, morphology and soil topography . Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C , 28 : 15 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simberloff , D. 2001 . Biological invasions – How are they affecting us, and what can we do about them? . Western North American Naturalist , 61 : 308 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Simberloff , D. , Schmitz , D.C. and Brown , T.C. 1997 . Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Nonindigenous Species in Florida , Washington, D.C : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , M.O. , Ustin , S.L. , Adams , J.B. and Gillespie , A.R. 1990 . Vegetation in deserts: I. A regional measure of abundance from multispectral images . Remote Sensing of Environment , 31 : 1 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoner , E.R. and Baumgardner , M.F. 1980 . Physiochemical, Site and Bidirectional Reflectance Factor Characteristics of Uniformly Moist Soils, NASA , : 1 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Story , M. and Congalton , R.G. 1986 . Accuracy assessment – A user's perspective (map interpretation) . Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 52 : 397 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swain , P.H. and Hauska , H. 1977 . Decision tree classifier – design and potential . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 15 : 142 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Toft , J.D. , Simenstad , C.A. , Cordell , J.R. and Grimaldo , L.F. 2003 . The effects of introduced water hyacinth on habitat structure, invertebrate assemblages, and fish diets . Estuaries , 26 : 746 – 758 .
   Google Scholar
• Tucker , C.J. 1979 . Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation . Remote Sensing of Environment , 8 : 127 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood , E. , Mulitsch , M. , Greenberg , J. , Whiting , M. , Ustin , S. and Kefauver , S. 2006 . Mapping invasive aquatic vegetation in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta using hyperspectral imagery . Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , 121 : 47 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood , E. , Ustin , S. and DiPietro , D. 2003 . Mapping nonnative plants using hyperspectral imagery . Remote Sensing of Environment , 86 : 150 – 161 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ustin , S.L. , DiPietro , D. , Olmstead , K. , Underwood , E. and Scheer , G.J. 2002 . “ Hyperspectral remote sensing for invasive species detection and mapping ” . In Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS IEEE International 1658 – 1660 . Toronto, ON, , Canada
   Google Scholar
• Venugopal , G. 1998 . Monitoring the effects of biological control of water hyacinths using remotely sensed data: A case study of Bangalore, India . Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography , 19 : 92 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma , R. , Singh , S.P. and Raj , K.G. 2003 . Assessment of changes in water-hyacinth coverage of water bodies in northern part of Bangalore city using temporal remote sensing data . Current Science , 84 : 795 – 804 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiting , M.L. , Li , L. and Ustin , S.L. 2004 . Predicting water content using Gaussian model on soil spectra . Remote Sensing of Environment , 89 : 535 – 552 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , A.E. , Duthie , H.C. and Hecky , R.E. 2005 . Water hyacinth in Lake Victoria: Why did it vanish so quickly and will it return? . Aquatic Botany , 81 : 300 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , C. and Everitt , J.H. 2007 . Evaluating airborne hyperspectral imagery for mapping waterhyacinth infestations . Journal of Applied Remote Sensing , 1 : 013546 – 013517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolotare , V.M. , Mikhailo , B.A. , Alperovi , L.I. and Popov , S.I. 1969 . Dispersion and absorption of liquid water in infrared and radion regions of spectrum . Optics and Spectroscopy – USSR , 27 : 430
   Google Scholar