Evaluation of emission from snow-covered ground for passive microwave remote sensing

References

• Butt , M.J. 2004 . Microwave snow emission model and its contributing parameters . Journal of Research (Science) , 15 : 113 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Butt , M.J. 2009 . A comparative study of Chang and HUT models for UK snow depth retrieval . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 30 : 6361 – 6379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butt , M.J. and Kelly , R.E.J. 2008 . Estimation of snow depth in the UK using the HUT snow emission model . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 29 : 4249 – 4267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , A.T.C. , Foster , J.L. and Hall , D.K. 1996 . Effects of forest on the snow parameters derived from microwave measurements during the boreas winter field campaign . Hydrological Processes , 10 : 1565 – 1574 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , A.T.C. , Foster , J.L. , Hall , D.K. , Goodison , B.E. , Walker , A.E. , Metcalfe , J.R. and Harby , A. 1997 . Snow parameters derived from microwave measurements during the BOREAS winter field campaign . Journal of Geophysical Research , 102 : 29663 – 29671 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , K.S. , Wu , T.D. , Tsang , L. , Qin , L. , Shi , J. and Fung , A.K. 2003 . The emission of rough surfaces calculated by the integral equation method with a comparison to a three-dimensional moment method simulations . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 41 : 90 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung , A.K. 1994 . Microwave Scattering and Emission Models and Their Applications , Norwood , MA : Artech House .
   Google Scholar
• Graf , T. , Koike , T. , Fujii , H. , Brodzik , M. and Armstrong , R. 2003 . CLPX-Ground: Ground Based Passive Microwave Radiometer (GBMR-7) Data , Boulder , CO : National Snow and Ice Data Center .
   Google Scholar
• Hardy , J. , Pomeroy , J. , Link , T. , Marks , D. , Cline , D. , Elder , K. and Davis , R. 2003 . Updated 2004, CLPX-Ground: Snow Measurements at the Local Scale Observation Site (LSOS) , Boulder , CO : National Snow and Ice Data Center .
   Google Scholar
• Hallikainen, M., 1989, Microwave radiometry of snow. Advances in Space Research, 9, pp. 267–275.
   Google Scholar
• Hallikainen, M., Ulaby, F.T. and Van Deventer, T.E., 1987, Extinction behavior of dry snow in the 18 to 90 GHz range. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 25, pp. 737–745.
   Google Scholar
• Jin , Y.Q. and Kong , J.A. 1984 . Strong fluctuation theory for electromagnetic wave scattering . Journal of Applied Physics , 55 : 1364 – 1369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mätzler , C. and Wiesmann , A. 1999 . Extension of the microwave emission model of layered snowpacks to coarse-grained snow . Remote Sensing of Environment , 70 : 317 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay , G.A. and Gray , D.M. 1981 . “ The distribution of snow cover ” . In Handbook of Snow: Principles, Processes, Management and Uses , Edited by: Gray , D.M. and Male , D.H. 153 – 190 . Toronto , , ON : Pergamon Press . andInandEdspp.
   Google Scholar
• Pomeroy , J.W. and Dion , K. 1996 . Winter radiation extinction and reflection in a boreal pine canopy: measurements and modelling . Hydrological Processes , 10 : 1591 – 1609 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulliainen , J.T. , Grandell , J. and Hallikainen , M. 1999 . TKK snow emission model and its applicability to snow water equivalent retrieval . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 37 : 1378 – 1390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stogryn , A. 1986 . A study of the microwave brightness temperature of snow from the point of view of strong fluctuation theory . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 24 : 220 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedesco , M. , Kim , E.J. , Cline , D. , Graf , T. , Koike , T. , Armstrong , R. , Brodzik , R.M. and Hardy , J. 2006 . Comparison of local scale measured and modeled brightness temperatures and snow parameters from the CLPX 2003, by means of a dense medium radiative transfer theory model . Hydrological Processes , 20 : 657 – 672 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjuatja , S. , Fung , A.K. and Dawson , M.S. 1993 . An analysis of scattering and emission from sea ice . Remote Sensing Reviews , 7 : 83 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Tsang , L. , Kong , J.A. , Ding , K.H. and Ao , C.O. 2001 . Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves, Numerical Simulations , Danvers , MA : Wiley Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Ulaby , F.T. , Moore , R.K. and Fung , A.K. 1982 . Microwave Remote Sensing , 295 – 330 . Norwood , MA : Artech House . andvol. 2pp.
   Google Scholar
• Wiesmann , A. and Mätzler , C. 1999 . Microwave emission model of layered snowpacks . Remote Sensing of Environment , 70 : 307 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar