References
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development (AARD), various dates, Drought report for the agricultural region of Alberta. Issued monthly starting 6 August 2003 http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/ppe9917 (http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/ppe9917) (Accessed: 14 April 2010 ).
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development (AARD), 2008, Agroclimatic atlas of Alberta: annual total precipitation 1971–2000 and July daily mean temperature 1971–2000 http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/sag6278 (http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/sag6278) (Accessed: 14 April 2010 ).
- Alberta Sustainable Resource Development (ASRD), 2009, The mountain pine beetle in Alberta: aerial Overviews 2005–2009 http://mpb.alberta.ca/Resources/maps.aspx (http://mpb.alberta.ca/Resources/maps.aspx)
- Beaubien , E. and Freeland , H.J. 2000 . Spring phenology trends in Alberta, Canada: links to ocean temperature . International Journal of Biometeorology , 44 : 53 – 59 .
- Bentz , B.J. and Mullins , D.E. 1999 . Ecology of mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) cold-hardening in the intermountain West . Environmental Entomology , 28 : 577 – 587 .
- Bogaert , J. , Zhou , L. , Tucker , C.J. , Myneni , R.B. and Ceulemans , R. 2002 . Evidence for a persistent and extensive greening trend in Eurasia inferred from satellite vegetation index data . Journal of Geophysical Research , 107 : 4119 – 4134 .
- Brown , M.E. , Pinzón , J.E. , Didan , K. , Morisette , J.T. and Tucker , C.J. 2006 . Evaluation of the consistency of long-term NDVI time series derived from AVHRR, SPOT-vegetation, SeaWiFS, MODIS and LandSAT ETM+ sensors . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 44 : 1787 – 1793 .
- Carrão , H. , Gonçalves , P. and Caetano , M. 2008 . Contribution of multispectral and multitemporal information from MODIS images to land cover classification . Remote Sensing of Environment , 112 : 986 – 997 .
- Carroll , A.L. , Taylor , S.W. , Régnière , J. and Safranyik , L. Effects of climate change on range expansion by the mountain pine beetle in British Columbia. In Mountain Pine Beetle Symposium: Challenges and Solutions . NaturalResources Canada . 30–31 October 2003 , Kelowna, BC. Edited by: Shore , T.L. , Brooks , J.E. and Stone , J.E. pp. 223 – 232 . Victoria : Pacific Forestry Centre Information report BC-X-399 .
- Cracknell , A.P. 1997 . The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer , 511 London : Taylor and Francis .
- Davidson , A. and Csillag , F. 2003 . A comparison of three approaches for predicting C4 species cover of northern mixed grass prairie . Remote Sensing Reviews , 86 : 70 – 82 .
- Downing , D.J. and Pettapiece , W.W. 2006 . Natural Regions and Subregions of Alberta , Alberta : Government of Alberta . Government of Alberta Publication No. T/852
- Eidenshink , J.C. and Faundeen , J.L. 1994 . The 1 km AVHRR global land data set: first stages in implementation . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 15 : 3442 – 3462 .
- Environment Canada, 2010, Canadian climate normals or averages 1971–2000. National climate data and information archive http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html (http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html) (Accessed: 2 December 2010 ).
- Eriksson , H.M. , Eklundh , L. , Kuusk , A. and Nilson , T. 2006 . Impact of understory vegetation on forest canopy reflectance and remotely sensed LAI estimates . Remote Sensing of Environment , 103 : 408 – 418 .
- Foody , G.M. and Dash , J. 2010 . Estimating the relative abundance of C3 and C4 grasses in the Great Plains from multi-temporal MTCI data: issues of compositing period and spatial generalizability . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 31 : 351 – 362 .
- GeoBase, 2000, Land cover, circa 2000: vector http://www.geobase.ca/geobase/en/data/landcover/index.html (http://www.geobase.ca/geobase/en/data/landcover/index.html) (Accessed: 14 April 2010 ).
- 2008 . Alberta Crop Production Statistics, Agriculture Statistics Yearbook 2008, Agdex , 853 – 10 . Alberta : Government of Alberta, Agriculture and Rural Development . Government of Alberta, Agriculture and Rural Development
- Gu , L. , Hanson , P.J. , Post , W.M. , Kaiser , D.P. , Yang , B. , Nemani , R. , Pallardy , S.G. and Meyers , T. 2008 . The 2007 Eastern US spring freeze: increased cold damage in a warming world? . BioScience , 58 : 253 – 262 .
- Hall-Beyer , M. 2003 . Comparison of single year and multi-year NDVI time series principal components in cold temperate biomes . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 41 : 2568 – 2574 .
- Hird , J.N. and Mcdermid , G.J. 2009 . Noise reduction of NDVI time series: an empirical comparison of selected techniques . Remote Sensing of Environment , 113 : 248 – 258 .
- Hogg , E.H. , Brandt , J.P. and Kochtubajda , B. 2002 . Growth and dieback of aspen forest in northwestern Alberta, Canada, in relation to climate and insects . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 32 : 823 – 832 .
- Holben , B.N. 1986 . Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from temporal AVHRR data . The International Journal of Remote Sensing , 7 : 1417 – 1434 .
- Huete , A. , Didan , K. , Miura , T. , Rodriguez , E.P. , Gao , X. and Ferreira , G. 2002 . Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices . Remote Sensing of Environment , 83 : 195 – 213 .
- Inouyé , D.W. 2008 . Effects of climate change on phenology, frost damage and floral abundance of montane wildflowers . Ecology , 89 : 353 – 362 .
- Jakubauskas , M.E. , Legates , D.R. and Kastens , J.H. 2001 . Harmonic analysis of time-series AVHRR-NDVI data . Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 67 : 461 – 470 .
- Jia , G.J. , Epstein , H.E. and Walker , D.A. 2003 . Greening of Arctic Alaska 1981–2001 . Geophysical Research Letters , 30 HLS3.1–HLS3.4
- Jönsson , A.M. , Eklundh , L. , Hellström , M. , Bärring , L. and Jönsson , P. 2010 . Annual changes in MODIS vegetation indices of Swedish coniferous forests in relation to snow dynamics and tree phenology . Remote Sensing of Environment , 114 : 2719 – 2730 .
- Karlsen , S.R. , Tolvanen , A. , Kubin , E. , Poikolainen , J. , Høgda , K.A. , Johansen , B. , Danks , F.S. , Aspholm , P. , Wielgolaski , F.E. and Makarova , O. 2008 . MODIS-NDVI-based mapping of the length of the growing season in northern Fennoscandia . International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation , 10 : 253 – 266 .
- Khan , M.R. , de Bie , C.A.J.M. , van Keulen , H. , Smaling , E.M.A. and Real , R. 2010 . Disaggregating and mapping crop statistics using hypertemporal remote sensing . International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation , 12 : 36 – 46 .
- Lemke , P. , Ren , J. , Alley , R.B. , Allison , I. , Carrasco , J. , Flato , G. , Fujii , Y. , Kaser , G. , Mote , P. and Thomas , R. 2007 . “ Observations: changes in snow, ice and frozen ground ” . In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Contributions of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Edited by: Solomon , S. , Qin , D. , Manning , M. , Chen , Z. , Marquis , M. , Averyt , K.B. , Tignor , M. and Miller , H.L. Cambridge/New York : Cambridge University Press .
- Major , D.J. , Baret , F. and Guyot , G. 1990 . A ratio vegetation index adjusted for soil brightness . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 11 : 727 – 740 .
- Mauseth , J.D. 2009 . Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology , 4th , London : Jones & Bartlett Publishers International .
- Mbogga , M. , Hamann , A. and Wang , T. 2009 . Historical and projected climate for natural resource management in western Canada . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , 149 : 881 – 890 .
- Moulin , S. , Kergoat , L. and Dedieu , G. 1997 . Global-scale assessment of vegetation phenology using NOAA/AVHRR satellite measurements . Journal of Climate , 10 : 1154 – 1164 .
- Mwale , D. , Gan , T.Y. , Devito , K. , Mendoza , C. , Silins , U. and Petrone , R. 2009 . Precipitation variability and its relationship to hydrologic variability in Alberta . Hydrological Processes , 23 : 3040 – 3056 .
- Olthof , I. , Pouliot , D. , Latifovic , R. and Chen , W. 2008 . Recent (1986–2006) vegetation-specific NDVI trends in Northern Canada from satellite data . Arctic , 61 : 381 – 394 .
- Palko, S., St-Laurent, L., Huffman, T. and Unrau, E., 1995, The Canada vegetation and land cover: a raster and vector data set for GIS applications – uses in agriculture http://geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca/download/landcover/scale/gis95ppr.pdf (http://geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca/download/landcover/scale/gis95ppr.pdf) (Accessed: 14 April 2010 ).
- Paruelo , J.M. and Laurenroth , W.K. 1996 . Relative abundance of plant functional types in grasslands and shrublands in North America . Ecological Applications , 6 : 1212 – 1224 .
- PCI Geomatics, 2010, Geomatica 10.3.1. PCI Geomatics, 50 West Wilmot Street, Richmond Hill, Ontario L4B 1M5 http://www.pcigeomatics.com (http://www.pcigeomatics.com) (Accessed: 14 April 2010 ).
- Pettorelli , N. , Vik , J. , Mysterud , A. , Gaillard , J. , Tucker , C. and Stenseth , N. 2005 . Using the satellite-derived NDVI to assess ecological responses to environmental change . Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 20 : 503 – 510 .
- Piwowar , J. 2011 . An environmental normal of vegetation vigour for the northern Great Plains . IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing , 4 : 292 – 302 .
- Post , E. , Forchhammer , M.C. , Bret-Harte , M.S. , Callaghan , T.V. , Christensen , T.R. , Elberling , B. , Fox , A.D. , Gilg , O. , Hik , D.S. , Høye , T.T. , Ims , R.A. , Jeppesen , E. , Klein , D.R. , Madsen , J. , McGuire , A.D. , Rysgaard , S. , Schindler , D.E. , Stirling , I. , Tamstorf , M.P. , Tyler , N.J.C. , van der Wal , R. , Welker , J. , Wookey , P.A. , Schmidt , N.M. and Aastrup , P. 2009 . Ecological dynamics across the Arctic associated with recent climate change . Science , 325 : 1355 – 1358 .
- Saunders , I.R. and Byrne , J.M. 1996 . Generating regional precipitation from observed and GCM synoptic-scale pressure fields, southern Alberta, Canada . Climate Research , 6 : 237 – 249 .
- Schindler , D.W. and Donahue , W.F. 2006 . An impending water crisis in Canada's western prairie provinces . PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 103 : 7210 – 7216 .
- Schwartz, M.D. and Hanes, J.M., 2009, Intercomparing multiple measures of the onset of spring in eastern North America. International Journal of Climatology DOI: 10.1002/joc.2008 http://www.interscience.wiley.com (http://www.interscience.wiley.com) (Accessed: 14 April 2010 ).
- Spatial Reference, 2006, EPSG Projection 3403 – NAD83(CSRS)/Alberta 10-TM (Resource) http://spatialreference.org/ref/epsg/3403/ (http://spatialreference.org/ref/epsg/3403/) (Accessed: 21 December 2010 ).
- Stöckli , R. and Vidale , P.L. 2004 . European plant phenology and climate as seen in a 20-year AVHRR land-surface parameter dataset . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 25 : 3303 – 3330 .
- Stow , D.A. , Hope , A. , McGuire , D. , Verbyla , D. , Gamon , J. , Huemmrich , F. , Houston , S. , Racine , C. , Sturm , M. , Tape , K. , Hinzman , L. , Yoshikawa , K. , Tweedie , C. , Noyle , B. , Silapaswan , C. , Douglas , D. , Griffith , B. , Jia , G. , Epstein , H. , Walker , D. , Daeschner , S. , Petersen , A. , Zhou , L. and Myneni , R. 2003 . Remote sensing of vegetation and land-cover change in Arctic tundra ecosystems . Remote Sensing of Environment , 89 : 281 – 308 .
- Theurillat , J.-P. and Guison , A. 2001 . Potential impact of climate change on vegetation in the European Alps: a review . Climatic Change , 1–2 : 77 – 109 .
- Townshend , J.R.G. and Justice , C.O. 1986 . Analysis of the dynamics of African vegetation using the normalized difference vegetation index . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 7 : 1435 – 1445 .
- Tucker , C.J. 1979 . Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation . Remote Sensing of Environment , 8 : 127 – 150 .
- Tucker , C.J. , Pinzon , J.E. and Brown , M.E. 2007 . Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) Satellite Drift Corrected and NOAA-16 incorporated Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Monthly 1981–2006 , College Park, MD : University of Maryland . Global Land Cover Facility
- Tucker , C.J. , Pinzon , J.E. , Brown , M.E. , Slayback , D. , Pak , E.W. , Mahoney , R. , Vermote , E. and El Saleous , N. 2005 . An extended AVHRR 8-km NDVI data set compatible with MODIS and SPOT vegetation NDVI data . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 26 : 4485 – 5598 .
- United States Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation System (USGS/EROS), 2009, Global 30 arc-second elevation (GTOPO30) http://eros.usgs.gov/#/Find_Data/Products_and_Data_Available/GTOPO30 (http://eros.usgs.gov/#/Find_Data/Products_and_Data_Available/GTOPO30) (Accessed: 14 April 2010 ).
- Viña , A. and Gitelson , A.A. 2005 . New developments in the remote estimation of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation in crops . Geophysical Research Letters , 32 : L17403
- Walther , G.-R. , Post , E. , Convey , P. , Menzel , A. , Parmesan , C. , Beebee , T.J.C. , Fromentin , J.-M. , Hoegh-Guldberg , O. and Bairlein , F. 2002 . Ecological responses to recent climate change . Nature , 416 : 385 – 395 .
- Weiss , E. , Marsh , S.E. and Pfirman , E.S. 2001 . Application of NOAA-AVHRR NDVI time series data to assess changes in Saudi Arabia's rangelands . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 22 : 1005 – 1027 .
- White , M.A. , Thornton , P.E. and Running , S.W. 1997 . A continental phenology model for monitoring vegetation responses to interannual climatic variability . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 11 : 217 – 234 .
- Zhang , X. , Fried , M.A. , Schaaf , C.B. and Strahler , A.H. 2004 . Climate controls on vegetation phenological patterns in northern mid- and high latitudes inferred from MODIS data . Global Climate Change , 10 : 1133 – 1145 .