Describing avifaunal richness with functional and structural bioindicators derived from advanced airborne remotely sensed data

References

• Abramov , O. and McEwen , A. 2004 . An Evaluation of Interpolation Methods for Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) Data . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 25 : 669 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackermann , F. 1999 . Airborne Laser Scanning – Present Status and Future Expectations . ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing , 54 : 64 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akaike , H. 1973 . “ Information Theory and an Extension of the Maximum Likelihood Principle ” . In Second International Symposium on Information Theory , Edited by: Petrov , B. N. and Casaki , F. 267 – 81 . Hungary : Academiai Kiado .
   Google Scholar
• Austin, M. A., D. A. Buffett, D. J. Nicolson, G. G. E. Scudder, and V. Stevens. 2008. Taking Nature's Pulse: The Status of Biodiversity in British Columbia. Victoria, BC: Biodiversity BC. Accessed December 15, 2010 http://www.biodiversity.org (http://www.biodiversity.org)
   Google Scholar
• Axelsson , P. 1999 . Processing of Laser Scanner Data – Algorithms and Applications . ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing , 54 : 138 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , S. A. , Horner-Devine , M. C. , Luck , G. , Moore , L. A. , Carney , K. M. , Anderson , S. , Betrus , C. and Fleishman , E. 2004 . Primary Productivity and Species Richness: Relationships among Functional Guilds, Residency Groups and Vagility Classes at Multiple Spatial Scales . Ecography , 27 : 207 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B.C. Conservation Data Centre. 2010. BC Species and Ecosystems Explorer. Victoria, BC: B.C. Ministry of Environment http://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/eswp/ (http://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/eswp/) (Accessed: December 15, 2010 ).
   Google Scholar
• Bergen , K. M. , Goetz , S. J. , Dubayah , R. O. , Henebry , G. M. , Hunsaker , C. T. , Imhoff , M. L. , Nelson , R. F. , Parker , G. G. and Radeloff , V. C. 2009 . Remote Sensing of Vegetation 3-D Structure for Biodiversity and Habitat: Review and Implications for LiDAR and Radar Spaceborne Missions . Journal of Geophysical Research , 114 : 1 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boelman , N. T. , Asner , G. P. , Hart , P. J. and Martin , R. E. 2007 . Multi-Trophic Invasion Resistance in Hawaii: Bioacoustics, Field Surveys and Airborne Remote Sensing . Ecological Applications , 17 : 2137 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbury , R. B. , Hill , R. A. , Mason , D. C. , Hinsley , S. A. , Wilson , J. D. , Balzter , H. , Anderson , G. Q. A. , Whittingham , M. J. , Davenport , I. J. and Bellamy , P. E. 2005 . Modeling Relationships Between Birds and Vegetation Structure Using Airborne LiDAR Data: A Review with Case Studies from Agricultural and Woodland Environments . Ibis , 147 : 443 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan , J. B. , Irwin , L. L. and Mccutchen , E. L. 1995 . Within-Stand Nest-Site Selection by Spotted Owls in the Eastern Washington Cascades . Journal of Wildlife Management , 59 : 301 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , K. M. , Asner , G. P. , Hughes , R. F. , Ostertag , R. and Martin , R. E. 2007 . Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Canopy Biodiversity in Hawaiian Lowland Rainforests . Ecosystems , 10 : 526 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , M. , Roberts , D. A. and Clark , D. B. 2005 . Hyperspectral Discrimination of Tropical Rain Forest Tree Species at Leaf to Crown Scales . Remote Sensing of Environment , 96 : 497 – 508 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clawges , R. , Vierling , K. , Vierling , L. and Rowell , E. 2008 . The Use of Airborne LiDAR to Assess Avian Species Diversity, Density, and Occurrence in a Pine/Aspen Forest . Remote Sensing of Environment , 112 : 2064 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coops , N. C. , Hilker , T. , Wulder , M. A. , St-Onge , B. , Newnham , G. , Siggins , A. and Trofymow , J. A. 2007 . Estimating Canopy Structure of Douglas-Fir Forest Stands from Discrete-Return LiDAR . Trees: Structure and Function , 21 : 295 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake , J. B. , Dubayah , R. O. , Knox , R. G. , Clark , D. B. and Blair , J. B. 2002 . Sensitivity of Large-Footprint LIDAR to Canopy Structure and Biomass in a Neotropical Rainforest . Remote Sensing of Environment , 81 : 378 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlavy , J. C. 1935 . Studies on the Phyto-Vertical Distribution of Birds . Auk , 52 : 425 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Felde , G. W. , Anderson , G. P. , Cooley , T. W. , Matthew , M. W. , Adler-Golden , M. A. , Berk , A. and Lee , J. 2003 . Analysis of Hyperion Data with the FLAASH Atmospheric Correction Algorithm . Proceedings of the Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium , 1 : 90 – 2 .
   Google Scholar
• Flaspohler , D. J. , Giardina , C. P. , Asner , G. P. , Hart , P. , Price , J. , Lyons , C. K. and Castaneda , X. 2010 . Long-Term Effects of Fragmentation and Fragment Properties on Bird Species Richness in Hawaiian Forests . Biological Conservation , 143 : 280 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs , M. A. 2001 . Towards a Recovery Strategy for Garry Oak and Associated Ecosystems in Canada: Ecological Assessment and Review. Technical Report GBEI/EC-00-030 , Canada , BC : Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, Pacific and Yukon Region, Delta .
   Google Scholar
• Gao , B. C. 1996 . NDWI—A Normalized Difference Water Index for Remote Sensing of Vegetation Liquid Water from Space . Remote Sensing of Environment , 58 : 257 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao , X. , Huete , A. R. , Ni , W. and Miura , T. 2000 . Optical-Biophysical Relationships of Vegetation Spectra without Background Contamination . Remote Sensing of Environment , 74 : 609 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gedalof , G. , Pellatt , M. and Smith , D. J. 2006 . From Prairie to Forest: Three Centuries of Environmental Change at Rocky Point, Vancouver Island, British Columbia . Northwest Science , 80 : 34 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert , N. 1979 . Biometrical Interpretation: Making Sense of Statistics in Biology , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gitelson , A. A. , Merzlyak , M. N. and Chivkunova , O. B. 2001 . Optical Properties and Non-Destructive Estimation of Anthocyanin Content in Plant Leaves . Photochemistry and Photobiology , 74 : 38 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gitelson , A. A. , Zur , Y. , Chivkunova , O. B. and Merzlyak , M. N. 2002 . Assessing Carotenoid Content in Plant Leaves with Reflectance Spectroscopy . Photochemistry and Photobiology , 75 : 272 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz , S. , Steinberg , D. , Dubayah , R. and Blair , B. 2007 . Laser Remote Sensing of Canopy Habitat Heterogeneity as a Predictor of Bird Species Richness in an Eastern Temperate Forest, USA . Remote Sensing of Environment , 108 : 254 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golumbia , T. 2006 . A History of Species Introductions in Gwaii Haanas and Gulf Islands National Park Reserves in British Columbia, Canada: Implication for Park Management . Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society , 42 : 20 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin , N. , Turner , R. and Merton , R. 2005 . Classifying Eucalyptus Forests with High Spatial and Spectral Resolution Imagery: An Investigation of Individual Species and Vegetation Communities . Australian Journal of Botany , 53 : 337 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschalk , T. K. , Huettmann , F. and Ehlers , M. 2005 . Thirty Years of Analyzing and Modeling Avian Habitat Relationships Using Satellite Imagery Data: A Review . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 12 : 2631 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , R. N. 2007 . Terrestrial Ecosystem Mapping of the Southern Gulf Islands. Final Report , North Vancouver , BC : B. A. Blackwell and Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Grimm , N. B. 1995 . “ Why Link Species and Ecosystems? A Perspective from Ecosystem Ecology ” . In Linking Species and Ecosystems , Edited by: Jones , C. G. and Lawton , J. H. 5 – 15 . New York , NY : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , A. J. , McComb , W. C. , Vega , R. , Raphael , M. G. and Hunter , M. 1995 . Bird Habitat Relationships in Natural and Managed Forests in the West Cascades of Oregon . Ecological Applications , 5 : 555 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , R. A. , Wilson , A. K. , George , M. and Hinsley , S. A. 2010 . Mapping Tree Species in Temperate Deciduous Woodland Using Time-Series Multi-Spectral Data . Applied Vegetation Science , 13 : 86 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobbs , R. J. and Mooney , H. A. 1990 . “ Remote Sensing of Biosphere Functioning: Concluding Remarks ” . In Ecological Studies 79: Remote Sensing of Biosphere Functioning , 305 – 6 . New York , NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Holmes , R. T. and Robinson , S. K. 1981 . Tree Species Preferences of Foraging Insectivorous Birds in a Northern Hardwoods Forest . Oecologia , 48 : 31 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurlbert , H. and Haskell , J. P. 2003 . The Effect of Energy and Seasonality on Avian Species Richness and Community Composition . American Naturalist , 161 : 83 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huston , M. A. 1994 . Biological Diversity: The Coexistence of Species on Changing Landscapes , 701 p Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jewell , K. and Arcese , P. 2008 . Consequences of Parasite Invasion and Land Use on the Spatial Dynamics of Host Populations . Journal of Applied Ecology , 45 : 1180 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewell , K. A. , Arcese , P. and Gergel , S. A. 2007 . Robust Predictions of Species Distribution: Spatial Habitat Models for a Brood Parasite . Biological Conservation , 140 : 259 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , T. G. , Coops , N. C. and Sharma , T. 2010 . Assessing the Utility of Airborne Hyperspectral and LiDAR Data for Species Distribution Mapping in the Coastal Pacific Northwest, Canada . Remote Sensing of Environment , 114 : 2841 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , T. G. , Coops , N. C. and Sharma , T. 2011 . Exploring the Utility of Hyperspectral Imagery and LiDAR Data for Predicting Quercus Garryana Ecosystem Distribution and Aiding in Habitat Restoration . Restoration Ecology , 19 : 245 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jørgensen , A. F. and Nøhr , H. 1996 . The Use of Satellite Images for Mapping of Landscape and Biological Diversity in the Sahel . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 17 : 91 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karr , J. R. and Roth , R. R. 1971 . Vegetation Structure and Avian Diversity in Several New World Areas . American Naturalist , 105 : 423 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenney , E. A. , Van Cliet , L. J. P. and Green , A. J. 1990 . Soils of the Gulf Islands of British Columbia Volume 4. Soils of Gabriola and Lesser Islands. Report Number 44 , 132 p Vancouver , BC : B.C. Soi1 Survey Unit Land Resource Research Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Kerr , J. T. and Ostrovsky , M. 2003 . From Space to Species: Ecological Applications for Remote Sensing . TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution , 18 : 299 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus , K. and Pfeifer , N. 1999 . Determination of Terrain Models in Wooded Areas with Airborne Laser Scanner Data . ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing , 53 : 193 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lack , D. 1969 . The Numbers of Bird Species on Islands . Bird Study , 16 : 193 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefsky , M. A. , Cohen , W. B. , Acker , S. A. , Parker , G. , Spies , T. A. and Harding , D. 1999 . LiDAR Remote Sensing of the Canopy Structure and Biophysical Properties of Douglas Fir-Western Hemlock Forests . Remote Sensing of Environment , 70 : 339 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefsky , M. A. , Cohen , W. B. , Parker , G. G. and Harding , D. J. 2002 . LiDAR Remote Sensing for Ecosystem Studies . Bioscience , 52 : 19 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyequien , E. , Verrelst , J. , Slot , M. , Schaepman-Strub , G. , Heitköng , I. M. A. and Skidmore , A. 2007 . Capturing the Fugitive: Applying Remote Sensing to Terrestrial Animal Distribution and Diversity . International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation , 9 : 1 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim , K. , Treitz , P. , Wulder , M. , Benoit , S. and Flood , M. 2003 . LiDAR Remote Sensing of Forest Structure . Progress in Physical Geography , 27 : 88 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas , R. M. , Lee , A. C. and Bunting , P. J. 2008 . Retrieving Forest Biomass through Integration of CASI and LiDAR Data . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 29 : 1553 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacArthur , R. H. 1972 . Geographical Ecology: Patterns in the Distribution of Species , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• MacArthur , R. H. and MacArthur , J. W. 1961 . On Bird Species Diversity . Ecology , 42 : 594 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , T. G. , Arcese , P. and Scheerder , N. 2011 . Browsing Down Our Natural Heritage: Deer Impacts on Vegetation Structure and Songbird Populations across an Island Archipelago . Biological Conservation , 144 : 459 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullagh , P. and Nelder , J. A. 1989 . Generalized Linear Models , London : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Melillo , J. M. , Aber , J. D. and Muratore , F. F. 1982 . Nitrogen and Lignin Control of Hardwood Leaf Litter Decomposition Dynamics . Ecology , 63 : 621 – 6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mens , J. 1999 . Design, Capabilities and Uses of Large-Footprint and Small-Footprint LiDAR Systems . International Archives of the Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing , 32 : 201 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Mills , G. S. , Dunning , J. B. Jr. and Bates , J. M. 1991 . The Relationship between Breeding Bird Density and Vegetation Volume . Wilson Bulletin , 103 : 468 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Mooney , H. A. and Hobbs , R. J. 1990 . Ecological Studies 79: Remote Sensing of Biosphere Functioning , 1 – 15 . New York , NY : Springer . Introduction
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , K. and Freedman , B. 1986 . Breeding Bird Communities in a Hardwood Forest Succession in Nova Scotia . Canadian Field Naturalist , 100 : 506 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison , R. I. G. 1997 . The Use of Remote Sensing to Evaluate Shorebird Habitats and Populations on Prince Charles Island, Foxe Basin, Canada . Arctic , 50 : 55 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller , J. , Moning , C. , ässler , C. B , Heurich , M. and Brandl , R. 2009 . Using Airborne Laser Scanning to Model Potential Abundance and Assemblages of Forest Passerines . Basic and Applied Ecology , 10 : 671 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller , J. , Stadler , J. and Brandl , R. 2010 . Composition versus Physiognomy of Vegetation as Predictors of Bird Assemblages: The Role of LiDAR . Remote Sensing of Environment , 114 : 490 – 5 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murthy , M. S. R. , Giriraj , A. and Dutt , C. B. S. 2003 . Geoinformatics for Biodiversity Assessment . Biology Letters , 40 : 75 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Nagendra , H. 2001 . Using Remote Sensing to Assess Biodiversity . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 22 : 2377 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North , M. P. , Franklin , J. F. , Carey , A. B. , Forsman , E. D. and Hamer , T. 1999 . Forest Stand Structure of the Northern Spotted Owl's Foraging Habitat . Forest Science , 45 : 520 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palacios-Orueta , A. P. and Ustin , S. L. 1996 . Multivariate Statistical Classification of Soil Spectra . Remote Sensing of Environment , 57 : 108 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmeirim , J. M. 1988 . Automatic Mapping of Avian Species Habitat Using Satellite Imagery . Oikos , 52 : 59 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks Canada Agency . 1997 . State of the Parks Report. Internal Document Ottawa , ON
   Google Scholar
• Peck , K. M. 1989 . Tree Species Preferences Shown by Foraging Birds in Forest Plantations in Northern England . Biological Conservation , 48 : 41 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price , J. C. 1998 . An Approach for Analysis of Reflectance Spectra . Remote Sensing of Environment , 64 : 316 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins , E. , Petersen , B. S. , Aunins , A. and Priednieks , J. 2005 . Using Landsat TM and Field Data to Produce Maps of Predicted Bird Densities in Latvian Farmland . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 26 : 1881 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , P. W. 1983 . “ The Three Dimensional Structure of Tropical Rain Forest ” . In Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management , Edited by: Sutton , S. L. , Whitmore , T. C. and Chadwick , A. C. 3 – 10 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Rock , B. N. , Vogelmann , J. E. , Williams , D. L. , Vogelmann , A. F. and Hoshizaki , T. 1986 . Remote Sensing of Forest Damage . Bioscience , 36 : 439 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Root , R. B. 1967 . The Niche Exploitation Pattern of the Blue-Grey Gnatcatcher . Ecological Monographs , 37 : 317 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth , R. R. 1976 . Spatial Heterogeneity and Bird Species Diversity . Ecology , 57 : 773 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sala , O. E. , Chaplin Iii , F. S. , Armesto , J. J. , Berlow , E. , Bloomfield , J. , Dirzo , R. , Huber-Sanwald , E. , Huenneke , L. F. , Jackson , R. B. , Kinzig , A. , Leemans , R. , Lodge , D. M. , Mooney , H. A. , Oesterheld , M. , Poff , N. L. , Sykes , M. T. , Walker , B. H. and Wall , D. H. 2000 . Biodiversity-Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100 . Science , 287 : 1770 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seavy , N. E. , Viers , J. H. and Wood , J. K. 2009 . Riparian Bird Response to Vegetation Structure: A Multiscale Analysis Using LiDAR Measurements of Canopy Height . Ecological Applications , 19 : 1848 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrano , L. , Penuelas , J. and Ustin , S. L. 2002 . Remote Sensing of Nitrogen and Lignin in Mediterranean Vegetation from AVRIS Data: Decomposing Biochemical From Structural Signals . Remote Sensing of Environment , 81 : 355 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto , K. C. , Fleishman , E. , Fay , J. P. and Betrus , C. J. 2004 . Linking Spatial Patterns of Bird and Butterfly Species Richness with Landsat TM Derived NDVI . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 25 : 4309 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon , C. E. 1948 . A Mathematical Theory of Communication . Bell System Technical Journal , 27 : 379 – 423 . 623 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel , R. B. and Desante , D. F. 2003 . Bird Communities in Thinned versus Unthinned Sierran Mixed Conifer Stands . Wilson Bulletin , 115 : 155 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , E. H. 1949 . Measurement of Diversity . Nature , 163 : 688
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims , D. A. and Gamon , J. A. 2002 . Relationships between Leaf Pigment Content and Spectral Reflectance across a Wide Range of Species, Leaf Structures and Developmental Stages . Remote Sensing of Environment , 81 : 337 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoms , D. M. and Estes , J. E. 1993 . A Remote Sensing Research Agenda for Mapping and Monitoring Biodiversity . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 14 : 1839 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tella , J. L. , Figuerola , J. , Negro , J. J. , Blanco , G. , Rodríguez-Estrella , R. , Forero , M. G. , Blázquez , M. C. , Green , A. J. and Hiraldo , F. 2004 . Ecological, Morphological and Phylogenetic Correlates of Interspecific Variation in Plasma Carotenoid Concentration in Birds . Journal of Evolutionary Biology , 17 : 156 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tews , J. , Brose , U. , Grimm , V. , Tielborger , K. , Wichmann , M. C. , Schwager , M. and Jeltsch , F. 2004 . Animal Species Diversity Driven by Habitat Heterogeneity/Diversity: The Importance of Keystone Structures . Journal of Biogeography , 31 : 79 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker , C. J. 1977 . Asymptotic Nature of Grass Canopy Spectral Reflectance . Applied Optics , 16 : 1151 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , W. , Spector , S. , Gardiner , N. , Fladeland , M. , Sterling , E. and Steininger , M. 2003 . Remote Sensing for Biodiversity Science and Conservation . TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution , 18 : 306 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Aardt , J. A. N. and Wynne , R. H. 2001 . Spectral Separability among Six Southern Tree Species . Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing , 67 : 1367 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Meer , F. D. 2006 . “ Basic Principles of Spectrometry ” . In Imaging Spectroscopy: Basic Principles and Prospective Applications , Edited by: van der Meer , F. D. and De Jong , S. M. 3 – 16 . Dordrecht : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Vellend , M. , Bjorkman , A. D. and Mcconchie , A. 2008 . Environmentally Biased Fragmentation of Oak Savanna Habitat on Southeastern Vancouver Island, Canada . Biological Conservation , 141 : 2576 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venables , W. N. and Ripley , B. D. 2002 . Modern Applied Statistics with S. , 4th , New York , NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Venier , L. A. , Pearce , J. , Mckee , J. E. , Mckenney , D. W. and Niemi , G. J. 2004 . Climate and Satellite-Derived Land Cover for Predicting Breeding Bird Distribution in the Great Lakes Basin . Journal of Biogeography , 31 : 315 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verner , J. and Larson , T. A. 1989 . “Richness of Breeding Bird Species in Mixed Conifer Forests of the Sierra Nevada, California . Auk , 106 : 447 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villard , M. A. , Trzcinski , M. K. and Merriam , G. 1999 . Fragmentation Effects on Forest Birds: Relative Influence of Woodland Cover and Configuration on Landscape Occupancy . Conservation Biology , 13 : 774 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace , L. W. and Gray , S. T. 2002 . “ Feedbacks Between Organisms and Ecosystem Processes ” . In Learning Landscape Ecology: A Practical Guide to Concepts and Techniques , Edited by: Gergel , S. E. and Turner , M. G. 249 – 65 . New York , NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Wehr , A. and Lohr , U. 1999 . Airborne Laser Scanning—An Introduction and Overview . ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing , 54 : 68 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willson , M. F. 1974 . Avian Community Organization and Habitat Structure . Ecology , 55 : 1017 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , E. O. 1988 . Biodiversity , Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Woodley , S. 1993 . “ Monitoring and Measuring Ecosystem Integrity in Canadian National Parks ” . In Ecosystem Integrity and the Management of Ecosystems , Edited by: Woodley , S. J. , Fracis , G. and Kay , J. 1 – 14 . Canada : St. Lucie Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wulder , M. A. , Bater , C. W. , Coops , N. C. , Hilker , T. and White , J. C. 2008 . The Role of LiDAR in Sustainable Forest Management . The Forestry Chronicle , 84 : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , C. , Everitt , J. H. , Fletcher , R. S. , Jensen , R. R. and Mausel , P. W. 2009 . Evaluating AISA+Hyperspectral Imagery for Mapping Black Mangrove Along the South Texas Gulf Coast . Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 75 : 425 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar