508
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Quantifying coconut palm extent on Pacific islands using spectral and textural analysis of very high resolution imagery

, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 7329-7355 | Received 26 Feb 2019, Accepted 03 Mar 2019, Published online: 28 Mar 2019

References

  • Bartolucci, L. A., B. F. Robinson, and L. F. Silva. 1977. “Field Measurements of the Spectral Response of Natural Waters.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 43 (5): 595–598.
  • Booth, D. J., and R. B. Oldfield. 1989. “A Comparison of Classification Algorithms in Terms of Speed and Accuracy after the Application of A Post-Classification Modal Filter.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 10 (7): 1271–1276. doi:10.1080/01431168908903965.
  • Boulesteix, A. L., S. Janitza, J. Kruppa, and I. R. König. 2012. “Overview of Random Forest Methodology and Practical Guidance with Emphasis on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 2 (6): 493–507. doi:10.1002/widm.1072.
  • Breiman, L. 1996. Out-of-Bag Estimation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Berkeley. https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~breiman/OOBestimation.pdf
  • Breiman, L. 2001. “Random Forests.” Machine Learning 45 (1): 5–32. doi:10.1023/A:1010933404324.
  • Bricher, P. K., A. Lucieer, J. Shaw, A. Terauds, and D. M. Bergstrom. 2013. “Mapping Sub-Antarctic Cushion Plants Using Random Forests to Combine Very High Resolution Satellite Imagery and Terrain Modelling.” PLOS ONE 8 (8): 1–15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072093.
  • Briggs, A. A., H. S. Young, D. J. McCauley, S. A. Hathaway, R. Dirzo, and R. N. Fisher. 2012. “Effects of Spatial Subsidies and Habitat Structure on the Foraging Ecology and Size of Geckos.” PLOS ONE 7 (8). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041364.
  • Carlson, K. M., L. M. Curran, G. P. Asner, A. M. Pittman, S. N. Trigg, and J. M. Adeney. 2013. “Carbon Emissions from Forest Conversion by Kalimantan Oil Palm Plantations.” Nature Climate Change 3 (3): 283–287. doi:10.1038/nclimate1702.
  • Chen, C., A. Liaw, and L. Breiman. 2004. Using Random Forest to Learn Imbalanced Data. Berkeley, CA: University of California Berkeley. https://statistics.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/tech-reports/666.pdf
  • Clausi, D. A. 2002. “An Analysis of Co-Occurrence Texture Statistics as a Function of Grey Level Quantization.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 28 (1): 45–62. doi:10.5589/m02-004.
  • Collen, J. D., D. W. Garton, and J. P. A. Gardner. 2009. “Shoreline Changes and Sediment Redistribution at Palmyra Atoll (Equatorial Pacific Ocean): 1874–Present.” Journal of Coastal Research 25 (3): 711–722. doi:10.2112/08-1007.1.
  • Cross, M. D., T. A. Scambos, F. Pacifici, and W. E. Marshall. 2018. “Validating the Use of Metre-Scale Multi-Spectral Satellite Image Data for Identifying Tropical Forest Tree Species.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 39 (11): 3723–3752. doi:10.1080/01431161.2018.1448482.
  • Cutler, D. R., T. C. Edwards, K. H. Jr., B. A. Cutler, K. T. Hess, J. Gibson, and J. J. Lawler. 2007. “Random Forests for Classification in Ecology.” Ecology 88 (11): 2783–2792. doi:10.1890/07-0539.1.
  • Dawson, E. Y. 1959. “Changes in Palmyra Atoll and Its Vegetation through the Activites of Man, 1913-1958.” Pacific Naturalist 1 (2): 1–51.
  • Evans, J. S., and S. A. Cushman. 2009. “Gradient Modeling of Conifer Species Using Random Forests.” Landscape Ecology 24 (5): 673–683. doi:10.1007/s10980-009-9341-0.
  • Fine, P. V. A. 2002. “The Invasibility of Tropical Forests by Exotic Plants.” Journal of Tropical Ecology 18 (05): 687–705. doi:10.1017/S0266467402002456.
  • Fordham, D. A., and B. W. Brook. 2010. “Why Tropical Island Endemics are Acutely Susceptible to Global Change.” Biodiversity and Conservation 19 (2): 329–342. doi:10.1007/s10531-008-9529-7.
  • Fosberg, F. R. 1957. “Description and Occurrence of Atoll Phosphate Rock in Micronesia.” American Journal of Science 255: 584–592. doi:10.2475/ajs.255.8.584.
  • Genuer, R., J. M. Poggi, and C. Tuleau-Malot. 2010. “Variable Selection Using Random Forests.” Pattern Recognition Letters 31 (14): 2225–2236. doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2010.03.014.
  • Goldberg, W. M. 2016. “Atolls of the World: Revisiting the Original Checklist.” Atoll Research Bulletin 610: 1–47. doi:10.5479/si.0077-5630.610.
  • Gordon, H. R., and M. Wang. 1992. “Surface-Roughness Considerations for Atmospheric Correction of Ocean Color Sensors. II: Error in the Retrieved Water-Leaving Radiance.” Applied Optics 31 (21): 4261–4267. doi:10.1364/AO.31.004261.
  • Gregorutti, B., B. Michel, and P. Saint-Pierre. 2017. “Correlation and Variable Importance in Random Forests.” Statistics and Computing 27 (3): 659–678. doi:10.1007/s11222-016-9646-1.
  • Hall-Beyer, M. 2017a. “Practical Guidelines for Choosing GLCM Textures to Use in Landscape Classification Tasks over a Range of Moderate Spatial Scales.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 38 (5): 1312–1338. doi:10.1080/01431161.2016.1278314.
  • Hall-Beyer, M. 2017b. GLCM Texture: A Tutorial. Version 3.0. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary. doi:10.11575/PRISM/33280.
  • Hammond, T. O., and D. L. Verbyla. 1996. “Optimistic Bias in Classification Accuracy Assessment.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 17 (6): 1261–1266. doi:10.1080/01431169608949085.
  • Han, H., X. Guo, and H. Yu. 2016. “Variable Selection Using Mean Decrease Accuracy and Mean Decrease Gini Based on Random Forest.” In 7th IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS), 219–224. Beijing, China: IEEE. doi:10.1109/ICSESS.2016.7883053.
  • Handler, A. T., D. S. Gruner, W. P. Haines, M. W. Lange, and K. Y. Kaneshiro. 2007. “Arthropod Surveys on Palmyra Atoll, Line Islands, and Insights into the Decline of the Native Tree Pisonia Grandis (Nyctaginaceae).” Pacific Science 61 (4): 485–502. doi:10.2984/1534-6188(2007)61[485:asopal]2.0.co;2.
  • Hansen, M. C., P. V. Potapov, R. Moore, M. Hancher, S. A. Turubanova, A. Tyukavina, D. Thau, et al. 2013. “High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change.” Science 342 (6160): 850–853. doi:10.1126/science.1244693.
  • Haralick, R. M., K. Shanmugan, and I. Dinstein. 1973. “Textural Features for Image Classification.” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics 3 (6): 610–621. doi:10.1109/TSMC.1973.4309314.
  • Hathaway, S. A., K. McEachern, and R. N. Fisher. 2011. Terrestrial Forest Management Plan for Palmyra Atoll: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011–1007.
  • Hijmans, R. J. 2017. Raster: Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling. R Package Version 2.6-7. https://cran.r-project.org/package=raster
  • Huang, C., and G. Asner. 2009. “Applications of Remote Sensing to Alien Invasive Plant Studies.” Sensors 9 (6): 4869–4889. doi:10.3390/s90604869.
  • Huang, X., X. Liu, and L. Zhang. 2014. “A Multichannel Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix for Multi/Hyperspectral Image Texture Representation.” Remote Sensing 6 (9): 8424–8445. doi:10.3390/rs6098424.
  • Immitzer, M., C. Atzberger, and T. Koukal. 2012. “Tree Species Classification with Random Forest Using Very High Spatial Resolution 8-Band WorldView-2 Satellite Data.” Remote Sensing 4 (9): 2661–2693. doi:10.3390/rs4092661.
  • Irons, J. R., and G. W. Petersen. 1981. “Texture Transforms of Remote Sensing Data.” Remote Sensing of Environment 11: 359–370. doi:10.1016/0034-4257(81)90033-X.
  • Janitza, S., and R. Hornung. 2018. “On the Overestimation of Random Forest’s out-Of-Bag Error.” PLOS ONE 13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201904.
  • Kaszta, Ż., R. Van De Kerchove, A. Ramoelo, M. A. Cho, S. Madonsela, R. Mathieu, and E. Wolff. 2016. “Seasonal Separation of African Savanna Components Using WorldView-2 Imagery: A Comparison of Pixeland Object-Based Approaches and Selected Classification Algorithms.” Remote Sensing 8 (9): 763. doi:10.3390/rs8090763.
  • Kepler, A. K., and C. B. Kepler. 1994. "The NaturalHistory of Caroline Atoll, Southern Line Islands: Part I. History,Physiography, Botany, and Isle Descriptions." Atoll ResearchBulletin 397: 1-225. doi:10.5479/si.00775630.397.1.
  • Koh, L. P., J. Miettinen, S. C. Liew, and J. Ghazoul. 2011. “Remotely Sensed Evidence of Tropical Peatland Conversion to Oil Palm.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (12): 5127–5132. doi:10.1073/pnas.1018776108.
  • Komba Mayossa, P. C., G. C. d’Eeckenbrugge, F. Borne, S. Gadal, and G. Viennois. 2015. “Developing a Method to Map Coconut Agrosystems from High-Resolution Satellite Images.” In 27th International Cartographic Conference, 16th General Assembly. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: International Cartographic Association. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4618.8244.
  • Krauss, B. 1979. “Palmyra: It’s a Pioneer Life at the Copra Plantation.” The Honolulu Advertiser, September 17.
  • Krauss, K. W., J. A. Duberstein, N. Cormier, H. S. Young, and S. A. Hathaway. 2015. “Proximity to Encroaching Coconut Palm Limits Native Forest Water Use and Persistence on a Pacific Atoll.” Ecohydrology 8: 1514–1524. doi:10.1002/eco.1601.
  • Lafferty, K. D., S. A. Hathaway, A. S. Wegmann, F. S. Shipley, A. R. Backlin, J. Helm, and R. N. Fisher. 2010. “Stomach Nematodes (Mastophorus Muris) in Rats (Rattus Rattus) are Associated with Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Habitat at Palmyra Atoll.” Journal of Parasitology 96 (1): 16–20. doi:10.1645/GE-2180.1.
  • Le Louarn, M., P. Clergeau, E. Briche, and M. Deschamps-Cottin. 2017. “‘Kill Two Birds with One Stone’: Urban Tree Species Classification Using Bi-Temporal Pléiades Images to Study Nesting Preferences of an Invasive Bird.” Remote Sensing 9 (9): 916. doi:10.3390/rs9090916.
  • Lee, J. S. H., S. Wich, A. Widayati, and L. P. Koh. 2016. “Detecting Industrial Oil Palm Plantations on Landsat Images with Google Earth Engine.” Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 4: 219–224. doi:10.1016/j.rsase.2016.11.003.
  • Lelong, C. C. D., C. D. J. Lesponne, N. Lamanda, G. Lainé, and E. Malézieux. 2004. “Understanding the Spatial Structure of Agroforestry Systems Using Very High Resolution Remote Sensing: An Application to Coconut-Based Systems in Melanesia.” In 1st World Congress of Agroforestry: Working Together for Sustainable Land Use Systems, edited by P. K. R. Nair, 191. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida.
  • Li, H., L. Jing, and Y. Tang. 2017. “Assessment of Pansharpening Methods Applied to WorldView-2 Imagery Fusion.” Sensors 17 (1): 89. doi:10.3390/s17010089.
  • Li, W., H. Fu, L. Yu, and A. Cracknell. 2016. “Deep Learning Based Oil Palm Tree Detection and Counting for High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images.” Remote Sensing 9 (1): 22. doi:10.3390/rs9010022.
  • Liaw, A., and M. Wiener. 2002. “Classification and Regression by RandomForest.” R News 2: 18–22.
  • Liu, D., and F. Xia. 2010. “Assessing Object-Based Classification: Advantages and Limitations.” Remote Sensing Letters 1 (4): 187–194. doi:10.1080/01431161003743173.
  • Ma, L., M. Li, X. Ma, L. Cheng, P. Du, and Y. Liu. 2017. “A Review of Supervised Object-Based Land-Cover Image Classification.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 130: 277–293. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.06.001.
  • Marceau, D. J., P. J. Howarth, J. M. Dubois, and D. J. Gratton. 1990. “Evaluation Of The Grey-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix Method For Land-Cover Classification Using Spot Imagery.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 28 (4): 513–519. doi:10.1109/TGRS.1990.572937.
  • McCauley, D. J., P. A. DeSalles, H. S. Young, R. B. Dunbar, R. Dirzo, M. M. Mills, and F. Micheli. 2012. “From Wing to Wing: The Persistence of Long Ecological Interaction Chains in Less-Disturbed Ecosystems.” Scientific Reports 2: 409. doi:10.1038/srep00409.
  • Millard, K., and M. Richardson. 2015. “On the Importance of Training Data Sample Selection in Random Forest Image Classification: A Case Study in Peatland Ecosystem Mapping.” Remote Sensing 7 (7): 8489–8515. doi:10.3390/rs70708489.
  • Mueller-Dombois, D., and F. R. Fosberg. 1998. “Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands.” In Ecological Studies, edited by M. M. Caldwell, G. Heldmaier, O. L. Lange, H. A. Mooney, E.-D. Schulze, and U. Sommer, 132. New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8686-3.
  • Murray, H., A. Lucieer, and R. Williams. 2010. “Texture-Based Classification of Sub-Antarctic Vegetation Communities on Heard Island.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 12 (3): 138–149. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2010.01.006.
  • Myint, S. W., N. S.-N. Lam, and J. M. Tyler. 2004. “Wavelets for Urban Spatial Feature Discrimination: Comparisons with Fractal, Spatial Autocorrelation, and Spatial Co-Occurrence Approaches.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 70 (7): 803–812. doi:10.14358/PERS.70.7.803.
  • Ozdemir, I., and A. Karnieli. 2011. “Predicting Forest Structural Parameters Using the Image Texture Derived from Worldview-2 Multispectral Imagery in a Dryland Forest, Israel.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 13 (5): 701–710. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2011.05.006.
  • Pacifici, F. 2016. “Validation of the DigitalGlobe Surface Reflectance Product.” In International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) 2016, 1973–1975. Beijing, China: IEEE. doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2016.7729508.
  • Pacifici, F., M. Chini, and W. J. Emery. 2009. “A Neural Network Approach Using Multi-Scale Textural Metrics from Very High-Resolution Panchromatic Imagery for Urban Land-Use Classification.” Remote Sensing of Environment 113 (6): 1276–1292. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2009.02.014.
  • Pal, M. 2005. “Random Forest Classifier for Remote Sensing Classification.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 26 (1): 217–222. doi:10.1080/01431160412331269698.
  • Pal, M., and P. M. Mather. 2003. “An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Decision Tree Methods for Land Cover Classification.” Remote Sensing of Environment 86 (4): 554–565. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00132-9.
  • Pratomo, J., M. Kuffer, J. Martinez, and D. Kohli. 2017. “Coupling Uncertainties with Accuracy Assessment in Object-Based Slum Detections, Case Study: Jakarta, Indonesia.” Remote Sensing 9 (11): 1164. doi:10.3390/rs9111164.
  • Puissant, A., J. Hirscha, and C. Webera. 2005. “The Utility of Texture Analysis to Improve Per-Pixel Classification for High to Very High Spatial Resolution Imagery.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 26 (4): 733–745. doi:10.1080/01431160512331316838.
  • QGIS Development Team. 2009. “QGIS Geographic Information System.” Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGEO). http://qgis.osgeo.org
  • R Core Team. 2016. “R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.” Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/
  • Rejmánek, M., and D. M. Richardson. 2013. “Trees and Shrubs as Invasive Alien Species - 2013 Update of the Global Database.” Diversity and Distributions 19 (8): 1093–1094. doi:10.1111/ddi.12075.
  • Rock, J. F. 1916. “Palmyra Island with a Description of Its Flora.” College of Hawaii Publications: Bulletin 4: 1–53.
  • Rodriguez-Galiano, V. F., M. Chica-Olmo, F. Abarca-Hernandez, P. M. Atkinson, and C. Jeganathan. 2012a. “Random Forest Classification of Mediterranean Land Cover Using Multi-Seasonal Imagery and Multi-Seasonal Texture.” Remote Sensing of Environment 121: 93–107. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2011.12.003.
  • Rodriguez-Galiano, V. F., B. Ghimire, J. Rogan, M. Chica-Olmo, and J. P. Rigol-Sanchez. 2012b. “An Assessment of the Effectiveness of a Random Forest Classifier for Land-Cover Classification.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 67 (1): 93–104. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2011.11.002.
  • Seddon, A. W. R., M. Macias-Fauria, P. R. Long, D. Benz, and K. J. Willis. 2016. “Sensitivity of Global Terrestrial Ecosystems to Climate Variability.” Nature 531 (7593): 229–232. doi:10.1038/nature16986.
  • Shiraishi, T., T. Motohka, R. B. Thapa, M. Watanabe, and M. Shimada. 2014. “Comparative Assessment of Supervised Classifiers for Land Use-Land Cover Classification in a Tropical Region Using Time-Series PALSAR Mosaic Data.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 7 (4): 1186–1199. doi:10.1109/jstars.2014.2313572.
  • Smith, M. J. 2015. “A Comparison of DG AComp, FLAASH and QUAC Atmospheric Compensation Algorithms Using WorldView-2 Imagery.” M.S. diss., University of Colorado.
  • Song, C., C. E. Woodcock, K. C. Seto, M. P. Lenney, and S. A. Macomber. 2001. “Classification and Change Detection Using Landsat TM Data: When and How to Correct Atmospheric Effects?” Remote Sensing of Environment 75 (2): 230–244. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00169-3.
  • Srestasathiern, P., and P. Rakwatin. 2014. “Oil Palm Tree Detection with High Resolution Multi-Spectral Satellite Imagery.” Remote Sensing 6 (10): 9749–9774. doi:10.3390/rs6109749.
  • Stehman, S. V. 2009. “Sampling Designs for Accuracy Assessment of Land Cover.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 30 (20): 5243–5272. doi:10.1080/01431160903131000.
  • Thenkabail, P. S., N. Stucky, B. W. Griscom, M. S. Ashton, J. Diels, B. Van der Meer, and E. Enclona. 2004. “Biomass Estimations and Carbon Stock Calculations in the Oil Palm Plantations of African Derived Savannas Using IKONOS Data.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 10 (23): 5447–5472. doi:10.1080/01431160412331291279.
  • Vergara, N. T., and P. K. R. Nair. 1985. “Agroforestry in the South Pacific Region — An Overview.” Agroforestry Systems 3 (4): 363–379. doi:10.1007/bf00055718.
  • Walker, T. A. 1991. “Pisonia Islands of the Great Barrier Reef. Part I. The Distribution, Abundance and Dispersal by Seabirds of Pisonia Grandis.” Atoll Research Bulletin 348–354 (350): 1–23. doi:10.5479/si.00775630.350-1.1.
  • Wang, T., H. Zhang, H. Lin, and C. Fang. 2016. “Textural-Spectral Feature-Based Species Classification of Mangroves in Mai Po Nature Reserve from Worldview-3 Imagery.” Remote Sensing 8 (1): 24. doi:10.3390/rs8010024.
  • Wegmann, A. S. 2005. Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Forest Type Map. Honolulu, HI: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
  • Wegmann, A. S. 2009. “Limitations to Tree Seedling Recruitment at Palmyra Atoll.” PhD diss., University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa.
  • Wester, L. 1985. “Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Northern Line Islands.” Atoll Research Bulletin 287: 1–38. doi:10.5479/si.00775630.287.1.
  • Young, H. S., D. J. McCauley, A. Pollock, and R. Dirzo. 2014. “Differential Plant Damage Due to Litterfall in Palm-Dominated Forest Stands in a Central Pacific Atoll.” Journal of Tropical Ecology 30 (3): 231–236. doi:10.1017/S026646741400008X.
  • Young, H. S., A. Miller-Ter Kuile, D. J. McCauley, and R. Dirzo. 2017. “Cascading Community and Ecosystem Consequences of Introduced Coconut Palms (Cocos Nucifera) in Tropical Islands.” Canadian Journal of Zoology 95 (3): 139–148. doi:10.1139/cjz-2016-0107.
  • Young, H. S., T. K. Raab, D. J. McCauley, A. A. Briggs, and R. Dirzo. 2010. “The Coconut Palm, Cocos Nucifera, Impacts Forest Composition and Soil Characteristics at Palmyra Atoll, Central Pacific.” Journal of Vegetation Science 21 (6): 1058–1068. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2010.01219.x.
  • Yu, Q., P. Gong, N. Clinton, G. Biging, M. Kelly, and D. Schirokauer. 2006. “Object-Based Detailed Vegetation Classification with Airborne High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 72 (7): 799–811. doi:10.14358/pers.72.7.799.
  • Zhen, Z., L. J. Quackenbush, S. V. Stehman, and L. Zhang. 2013. “Impact of Training and Validation Sample Selection on Classification Accuracy and Accuracy Assessment When Using Reference Polygons in Object-Based Classification.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 34 (19): 6914–6930. doi:10.1080/01431161.2013.810822.
  • Zvoleff, A. 2016. “Glcm: Calculate Textures from Grey-Level Co-Occurrence Matrices (Glcms).” R Package Version 1.6.1.. https://cran.r-project.org/package=glcm

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.