Identification of trees and their trunks from mobile laser scanning data of roadway scenes

References

• Alonzo, M., B. Bookhagen, and D. A. Roberts. 2014. “Urban Tree Species Mapping Using Hyperspectral and LiDAR Data Fusion.” Remote Sensing of Environment 148: 70–83. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2014.03.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arachchige, N. H. 2013. “Automatic Tree Stem Detection—A Geometric Feature Based Approach for MLS Point Clouds.” ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-5/W2: 109–114. doi:10.5194/isprsannals-II-5-W2-109-2013.
   Google Scholar
• Bentley, J. L. 1975. “Multidimensional Binary Search Trees Used for Associative Searching.” Communications of the ACM 18 (9): 509–517. doi:10.1145/361002.361007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucksch, A., R. Lindenbergh, M. Z. Abd Rahman, and M. Menenti. 2014. “Breast Height Diameter Estimation from High-density Airborne Lidar Data.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 11 (6): 1056–1060. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2013.2285471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabo, C., C. Ordoñez, C. A. López-Sánchez, and J. Armesto. 2018. “Automatic Dendrometry: Tree Detection, Tree Height and Diameter Estimation Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 69: 164–174. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2018.01.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabo, C., C. Ordoñez, S. García-Cortés, and J. Martínez. 2014. “An Algorithm for Automatic Detection of Pole-Like Street Furniture Objects from Mobile Laser Scanner Point Cloud.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 87: 47–56. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2013.10.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daszykowski, M., B. Walczak, and D. L. Massart. 2002. “Looking for Natural Patterns in Analytical Data. 2. Tracing Local Density with OPTICS.” Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 42 (3): 500–507. doi:10.1021/ci010384s.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edelsbrunner, H., D. Kirkpatrick, and R. Seidel. 1983. “On the Shape of a Set of Points in the Plane.” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 29 (4): 551–559. doi:10.1109/TIT.1983.1056714.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ester, M., H.-P. Kriegel, J. Sander, and X. Xu. 1996. “A Density-based Algorithm for Discovering Clusters in Large Spatial Databases with Noise.” In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD’96), 226–231. Portland.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, H., W. Yao, and L. Tang. 2014. “Identifying Man-made Objects along Urban Road Corridors from Mobile LiDAR Data.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 11 (5): 950–954. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2013.2283090.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, W., W. Chenglu, and L. Jonathan. 2016. “Automated Extraction of Urban Trees from Mobile LiDAR Point Clouds.” In Proceedings of the 2nd ISPRS International Conference on Computer Vision in Remote Sensing (CVRS 2015) 9901: 99010P (1-6). doi: 10.1117/12.2234795.
   Google Scholar
• Fang, C. F., and D. L. Ling. 2003. “Investigation of the Noise Reduction Provided by Tree Belts.” Landscape and Urban Planning 63 (4): 187–195. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00190-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, F., J. Im, J. Lee, and K. Kim. 2016. “An Improved Tree Crown Delineation Method Based on Live Crown Ratios from Airborne LiDAR Data.” GIScience& Remote Sensing 53 (3): 402–419. doi:10.1080/15481603.2016.1158774.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan, H., Y. Yu, J. Li, Z. Ji, and Q. Zhang. 2016. “Extraction of Power-Transmission Lines from Vehicle-Borne Lidar Data.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 37 (1): 229–247. doi:10.1080/01431161.2015.1125549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan, H., Y. Yu, Z. Ji, J. Li, and Q. Zhang. 2015. “Deep Learning-based Tree Classification Using Mobile LiDAR Data.” Remote Sensing Letters 6 (11): 864–873. doi:10.1080/2150704X.2015.1088668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, Q. H., W. K. Li, H. Yu, and O. Alvarez. 2010. “Effects of Topographic Variability and LiDAR Sampling Density on Several DEM Interpolation Methods.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 76 (6): 701–712. doi:10.14358/PERS.76.6.701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamraz, H., M. A. Contreras, and J. Zhang. 2016. “Robust Approach for Tree Segmentation in Deciduous Forests Using Small-footprint Airborne LiDAR Data.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 52: 532–541. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2016.07.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamraz, H., M. A. Contreras, and J. Zhang. 2017. “Vertical Stratification of Forest Canopy for Segmentation of Under-story Trees within Small-footprint Airborne LiDAR Point Clouds.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 130: 385–392. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.07.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höfle, B., M. Hollaus, and J. Hagenauer. 2012. “Urban Vegetation Detection Using Radiometrically Calibrated Small-footprint Full-waveform Airborne LiDAR Data.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 67: 134–147. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2011.12.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofton, M. A., J. B. Blair, J.-B. Minster, J. R. Ridgway, N. P. Williams, J. L. Bufton, and D. L. Rabine. 2000. “An Airborne Scanning Laser Altimetry Survey of Long Valley, California.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 21 (12): 2413–2437. doi:10.1080/01431160050030547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holopainen, M., V. Kankare, M. Vastaranta, X. Liang, Y. Lin, M. Vaaja, X. Yu, et al. 2013. “Tree Mapping Using Airborne, Terrestrial and Mobile Laser scanning—A Case Study in a Heterogeneous Urban Forest.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening12, no. 4: 546–553. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2013.06.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, B., J. Li, L. Jing, and A. Judah. 2014. “Improving the Efficiency and Accuracy of Individual Tree Crown Delineation from High-density Lidar Data.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 26: 145–155. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2013.06.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, X., X. Li, and Y. Zhang. 2013. “Fast Filtering of Lidar Point Cloud in Urban Areas Based on Scan Line Segmentation and GPU Acceleration.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 10 (2): 308–312. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2012.2205130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyyppä, J., H. Hyyppä, D. Leckie, F. Gougeon, X. Yu, and M. Maltamo. 2008. “Review of Methods of Small-footprint Airborne Laser Scanning for Extracting Forest Inventory Data in Boreal Forests.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 29 (5): 1339–1366. doi:10.1080/01431160701736489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaakkola, A., J. Hyyppä, A. Kukko, X. Yu, H. Kaartinen, M. Lehtomäki, and Y. Lin. 2010. “A Low-costmulti-sensoral Mobile Mapping System and Its Feasibility for Tree Measurements.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 65: 514–522. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2010.08.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaartinen, H., J. Hyyppä, A. Kukko, A. Jaakkola, and H. Hyyppä. 2012. “Benchmarking the Performance of Mobile Laser Scanning Systems Using a Permanent Test Field.” Sensors 12 (9): 12814–12835. doi:10.3390/s120912814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandare, K., H. O. Ørka, J. C.-W. Chan, and M. Dalponte. 2016. “Effects of Forest Structure and Airborne Laser Scanning Point Cloud Density on 3D Delineation of Individual Tree Crowns.” European Journal of Remote Sensing 49 (1): 337–359. doi:10.5721/EuJRS20164919.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korhonen, L., J. Vauhkonen, A. Virolainen, A. Hovi,and, and I. Korpela. 2013. “Estimation of Tree Crown Volume from Airborne Lidar Data Using Computational Geometry.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 34 (20): 7236–7248. doi:10.1080/01431161.2013.817715.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L., D. Li, H. Zhu, and Y. Li. 2016a. “A Dual Growing Method for the Automatic Extraction of Individual Trees from Mobile Laser Scanning Data.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 120: 37–52. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2016.07.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z., L. Zhang, X. Tong, B. Du, Y. Wang, L. Zhang, Z. Zhang, et al. 2016b. “A Three-step Approach for TLS Point Cloud Classification.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 54 (9): 5412–5424. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2016.2564501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, X., J. Hyyppa, A. Kukko, H. Kaartinen, A. Jaakkola, and X. Yu. 2014. “The Use of a Mobile Laser Scanning System for Mapping Large Forest Plots.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 11 (9): 1504–1508. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2013.2297418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Z. Xiao, Y. Chen, P. Huang, R. Wu, and J. Li. 2017. “Automated Extraction of Urban Roadside Trees from Mobile Laser Scanning Point Clouds Based on a Voxel Growing Method.” In Proceedings of IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1832–1835. Fort Worth.
   Google Scholar
• Lohani, B., and M. Yadav. 2018. “Mobile Lidar Systems Today and Tomorrow.” GIM International 32 (4): 19–21. July/August.
   Google Scholar
• Mak, H., and B. Hu, 2014. “Tree Species Identification and Subsequent Health Determination from Mobile LiDAR Data.” In Proceedings of IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1365–1368. Quebec City.
   Google Scholar
• Naderi, J. R., B. S. Kweon, and P. Maghelal. 2008 (February). “The Street Tree Effect and Driver Safety.” ITE Journal on the Web, 69–73.
   Google Scholar
• Ordóñez, C., C. Cabo, and E. Sanz-Ablanedo. 2017. “Automatic Detection and Classification of Pole-Like Objects for Urban Cartography Using Mobile Laser Scanning Data.” Sensors 17 (7): 1465 (1–10). doi:10.3390/s17071465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pu, S., M. Rutzinger, G. Vosselman, and S. O. Elberink. 2011. “Recognizing Basic Structures from Mobile Laser Scanning Data for Road Inventory Studies.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 66 (6): S28–S39. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2011.08.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puttonen, E., A. Jaakkola, P. Litkey, and J. Hyyppä. 2011. “Tree Classification with Fused Mobile Laser Scanning and Hyperspectral Data.” Sensors 11 (5): 5158–5182. doi:10.3390/s110505158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian, C., H. Liu, J. Tang, Y. Chen, H. Kaartinen, A. Kukko, L. Zhu, X. Liang, L. Chen, and J. Hyyppä. 2016. “An Integrated GNSS/INS/LiDAR-SLAM Positioning Method for Highly Accurate Forest Stem Mapping.” Remote Sensing 9 (3): 1–16. doi:10.3390/rs9010003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rautiainen, M., M. Mõttus, P. Stenberg, and S. Ervasti. 2008. “Crown Envelope Shape Measurements and Models.” Silva Fennica 42 (1): 19–33. doi:10.14214/sf.261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ries, K., and J. Eichhorn. 2001. “Simulation of Effects of Vegetation on the Dispersion of Pollutants in Street Canyons.” Meteorologische Zeitschrift 10: 229–233. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2001/0010-0229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Cuenca, B., S. Garcia-Cortes, C. Ordonez, and M. C. Alonso. 2015. “Automatic Detection and Classification of Pole-like Objects in Urban Point Cloud Data Using an Anomaly Detection Algorithm.” Remote Sensing 7 (10): 12680–12703. doi:10.3390/rs71012680.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutzinger, M., A. K. Pratihast, S. O. Elberink, and G. Vosselman. 2010. “Detection and Modelling of 3D Trees from Mobile Laser Scanning Data.” International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XXXVIII (5): 520–525.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, R., Z. Xu, R. Sugumaran, and S. Oliveira. 2016. “Parallel Landscape Driven Data Reduction & Spatial Interpolation Algorithm for Big LiDAR Data.” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 5 (97): 1–14. doi:10.3390/ijgi5060097.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stovin, V. R., A. Jorgensen, and A. Clayden. 2008. “Street Trees and Storm Water Management.” Arboricultural Journal 30 (4): 297–310. doi:10.1080/03071375.2008.9747509.
   Google Scholar
• StreetMapper 360. 2015. “Specifications.” Accessed 28 December 2015 .http://www.igi.eu/streetmapper.html
   Google Scholar
• Su, Z., S. Li, H. Liu, and Y. Liu. 2019. “Extracting Wood Point Cloud of Individual Trees Based on Geometric Features.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 16: 1294–1298. doi: 10.1109/LGRS.2019.2896613. in press.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, J., Y. Chen, A. Kukko, H. Kaartinen, A. Jaakkola, E. Khoramshahi, T. Hakala, J. Hyyppä, M. Holopainen, and H. Hyyppä. 2015. “SLAM-aided Stem Mapping for Forest Inventory with Small-footprint Mobile LiDAR.” Forests 6 (12): 4588–4606. doi:10.3390/f6124390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao, S., F. Wu, Q. Guo, Y. Wang, W. Li, B. Xue, X. Hu, et al. 2015. “Segmenting Tree Crowns from Terrestrial and Mobile LiDAR Data by Exploring Ecological Theories.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 110: 66–76. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo, T.-A., and C.-M. Chiu. 2015. “Pole-Like Road Object Detection from Mobile Lidar System Using a Coarse-to-Fine Approach.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 8 (10): 4805–4818. doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2467160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touya, G. 2010. “A Road Network Selection Process Based on Data Enrichment and Structure Detection.” Transactions in GIS 14 (5): 595–614. doi:10.1111/tgis.2010.14.issue-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, D. S., and E. R. Mansfield. 1990. “Urban Trees and Roadside Safety.” Journal of Transportation Engineering 116 (1): 90–104. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1990)116:1(90).
   Google Scholar
• Vega, C., A. Hamrouni, S. El Mokhtari, J. Morel, J. Bock, J.-P. Renaud, M. Bouvier, and S. Durrieu. 2014. “PTrees: A Point-based Approach to Forest Tree Extraction from Lidar Data.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 33: 98–108. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2014.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., C. Wang, H. Luo, P. Li, M. Cheng, C. Wen, and J. Li. 2014. “Object Detection in Terrestrial Laser Scanning Point Clouds Based on Hough Forest.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 11 (10): 1807–1811. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2014.2309965.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., W. Holger, and K. Barbara. 2008. “A Lidar Point Cloud Based Procedure for Vertical Canopy Structure Analysis and 3D Single Tree Modelling in Forest.” Sensors 8 (6): 3938–3951. doi:10.3390/s8063938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., L. Zhang, T. Fang, P. T. Mathiopoulos, X. Tong, H. Qu, Z. Xiao, F. Li, and D. Chen. 2015. “A Multiscale and Hierarchical Feature Extraction Method for Terrestrial Laser Scanning Point Cloud Classification.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 53 (3): 2409–2425. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2014.2359951.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., L. Zhang, T. Fang, X. Tong, P. T. Mathiopoulos, L. Zhang, and J. Mei. 2016. “A Local Structure and Direction-aware Optimization Approach for Three-dimensional Tree Modeling.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 54 (8): 4749–4757. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2016.2551286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, K. L. 2003. “Freeway Roadside Management: The Urban Forest beyond the White Line.” Journal of Arboriculture 29 (3): 127–136.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf, K. L., and N. Bratton. 2006. “Urban Trees and Traffic Safety: Considering U.S. Roadside Policy and Crash Data.” Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32 (4): 170–179.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, B., B. Yu, C. Huang, Q. Wu, and J. Wu. 2016a. “Automated Extraction of Ground Surface along Urban Roads from Mobile Laser Scanning Point Clouds.” Remote Sensing Letters 7 (2): 170–179. doi:10.1080/2150704X.2015.1117156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, B., B. Yu, Q. Wu, Y. Huang, Z. Chen, and J. Wu. 2016b. “Individual Tree Crown Delineation Using Localized Contour Tree Method and Airborne Lidar Data in Coniferous Forests.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 52: 82–94. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2016.06.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, B., B. Yu, W. Yue, S. Shu, W. Tan, C. Hu, Y. Huang, J. Wu, and H. Liu. 2013. “A Voxel-based Method for Automated Identification and Morphological Parameters Estimation of Individual Street Trees from Mobile Laser Scanning Data.” Remote Sensing 5 (2): 584–611. doi:10.3390/rs5020584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, W., S. Xu, S. O. Elberink, and G. Vosselman. 2016. “Individual Tree Crown Modeling and Change Detection from Airborne Lidar Data.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 9 (8): 3467–3477. doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2541780.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, S., S. Xu, N. Ye, and F. Zhu. 2018. “Individual Stem Detection in Residential Environments with MLS Data.” Remote Sensing Letters 9 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1080/2150704X.2017.1384588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, M., A. Husain, A. K. Singh, and B. Lohani. 2015. “Pole-Shaped Object Detection Using Mobile Lidar Data in Rural Road Environments.” ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-3/W5: 11–16. doi:10.5194/isprsannals-II-3-W5-11-2015.
   Google Scholar
• Yadav, M., and A. K. Singh. 2018. “Rural Road Surface Extraction Using Mobile Lidar Point Cloud Data.” Journal Of The Indian Society Of Remote Sensing 46 (4): 531–538. doi: 10.1007/s12524-017-0732-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, M., A. K. Singh, and B. Lohani. 2017. “Extraction of Road Surface from Mobile LiDAR Data of Complex Road Environment.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 38 (16): 4645–4672. doi:10.1080/01431161.2017.1320451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, M., B. Lohani, A. K. Singh, and A. Husain. 2016. “Identification of Pole-Like Structures from Mobile Lidar Data of Complex Road Environment.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 37 (20): 4748–4777. doi:10.1080/01431161.2016.1219462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, M., P. Khan, A. K. Singh, and B. Lohani. 2018. “Generating GIS Database of Street Trees Using Mobile LiDAR Data.” ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-5: 233–237. doi:10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-5-233-2018.
   Google Scholar
• Yadav, M., S. Goel, A. K. Singh, and B. Lohani. 2014. “Developing Basic Design and Mathematical Framework for a Mobile Mapping System—A Case Study Using Available Sensors.” Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 42 (2): 301–310. doi:10.1007/s12524-013-0340-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, W. Y., S. Morsy, A. Shaker, and M. Tulloch. 2016. “Automatic Extraction of Highway Light Poles and Towers from Mobile Lidar Data.” Optics & Laser Technology 77: 162–168. doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.09.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, B., Z. Wei, Q. Li, and J. Li. 2012. “Automated Extraction of Street-Scene Objects from Mobile Lidar Point Clouds.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 33 (18): 5839–5861. doi:10.1080/01431161.2012.674229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, B. S., Z. Dong, G. Zhao, and W. X. Dai. 2015. “Hierarchical Extraction of Urban Objects from Mobile Laser Scanning Data.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 99: 45–57. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.10.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, W., and Y. Wei. 2013. “Detection of 3-D Individual Trees in Urban Areas by Combining Airborne LiDAR Data and Imagery.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 10 (6): 1355–1359. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2013.2241390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Y., J. Li, H. Guan, C. Wang, and J. Yu. 2015a. “Semiautomated Extraction of Street Light Poles from Mobile Lidar Point-Clouds.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 53 (3): 1374–1386. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2014.2338915.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Y., J. Li, H. Guan, D. Zai, and C. Wang. 2014a. “Automated Extraction of 3D Trees from Mobile LiDAR Point Clouds.” International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5: 629–632. doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-5-629-2014.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, Y., J. Li, H. Guan, F. Jia, and C. Wang. 2015b. “Three-Dimensional Object Matching in Mobile Laser Scanning Point Clouds.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 12 (3): 492–496. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2014.2347347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Y., J. Li, J. Yu, H. Guan, and C. Wang. 2014b. “Pairwise Three-dimensional Shape Context for Partial Object Matching and Retrieval on Mobile Laser Scanning Data.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 11 (5): 1019–1023. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2013.2285237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue, G., R. Liu, H. Zhang, and M. Zhou. 2015. “A Method for Extracting Street Trees from Mobile LiDAR Point Clouds.” The Open Cybernetics & Systemics Journal 9: 204–209. doi:10.2174/1874110X01509010204.
   Google Scholar
• Zhong, L., L. Cheng, H. Xu, Y. Wu, Y. Chen, and M. Li. 2017. “Segmentation of Individual Trees from TLS and MLS Data.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 10 (2): 774–787. doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2565519.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, X., M. Cheng, C. Wang, Y. Xia, and J. Li. 2017. “Tree Classification in Complex Forest Point Clouds Based on Deep Learning.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 14 (12): 2360–2364. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2017.2764938.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar