SAR image classification using deep features and neighborhood heterogeneity confidence refined spatial constraints

References

• Anjun, Z., Yang, X., Jia, L., Ai, J, and Xia, J. (2019). SRAD-CNN for adaptive synthetic aperture radar image classification. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 40(9), 3461–3485. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2018.1547450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, Y., Y. Wu, P. Zhang, W. Liang, and M. Li. 2019. “Pixel-Wise PolSar Image Classification via a Novel Complex-Valued Deep Fully Convolutional Network.” Remote Sensing 11 (22): 2653. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11222653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapelle, O., P. Haffner, and V. N. Vapnik. 1999. “Support Vector Machines for Histogram-Based Image Classification.” IEEE Transaction on Neural Network 10 (5): 1055–1064. https://doi.org/10.1109/72.788646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekker, R. J. 2003. “Texture Analysis and Classification of ERS SAR Images for Map Updating of Urban Areas in the Netherlands.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 41 (9): 1950–1958. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.814628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan, Y., F. Liu, L. Jiao, P. Zhao, and L. Zhang. 2017. “SAR Image Segmentation Based on Convolutional-Wavelet Neural Network and Markov Random Field.” Pattern Recognition 64 (C): 255–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2016.11.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferro-Famil, L., E. Pottier, and J. S. Lee. 2000. “Unsupervised Classification of Multifrequency and Fully Polarimetric SAR Images Based on the H/a/alpha-Wishart Classifier.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 39 (11): 2332–2342. https://doi.org/10.1109/36.964969.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda, S., and H. Hirosawa. 1999. “A Wavelet-Based Texture Feature Set Applied to Classification of Multifrequency Polarimetric SAR Images.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 37 (5): 2282–2286. https://doi.org/10.1109/36.789624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, F., T. Huang, J. Wang, J. Sun, A. Hussain, and E. Yang. 2017. “Dual-branch deep convolution neural network for polarimetric SAR image classification.” Applied Sciences 7 (5): 447. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7050447.
   Google Scholar
• Geng, J., H. Wang, J. Fan, and X. Ma. 2017. “Deep Supervised and Contractive Neural Network for SAR Image Classification.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 55 (4): 2442–2459. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2016.2645226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, S., R. Lau, W. Liu, Z. Huang, and Q. Yang. 2015. “-SuperCNN: A Superpixelwise convolutional neural network for salient object detection.” International Journal of Computer Vision 115 (3): 330–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-015-0822-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, K., X. Zhang, S. Ren, and J. Sun 2016. Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 770–778).
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, Y., M. Li, P. Zhang, X. Tan, and W. Song. 2021. “Hierarchical Fusion Convolutional Neural Networks for Sar Image Segmentation.” Pattern Recognition Letters 174 (115–123): 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2021.04.005.
   Google Scholar
• Krizhevsky, A., I. Sutskever, and G. Hinton 2012 ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. (vol. 25, pp. 1097–1105). LakeTahoe, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Lécun, Y., L. Bottou, Y. Bengio, and P. Haffner. 1998. “Gradient-Based Learning Applied to Document Recognition.” Proceedings of the IEEE 86 (11): 2278–2324. https://doi.org/10.1109/5.726791.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, W., Y. Wu, M. Li, Y. Cao, and X. Hu. 2021. “High-Resolution SAR Image Classification Using Multi-Scale Deep Feature Fusion and Covariance Pooling Manifold Network.” Remote Sensing 13 (2): 328. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, H., S. Yang, S. Gou, D. Zhu, R. Wang, and L. Jiao. 2017. “Polarimetric SAR Feature Extraction with Neighbourhood Preservation-Based Deep Learning.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 10 (4): 1456–1466. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2618891.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv, Q., Y. Dou, X. Niu, J. Xu, and B. Li 2014. “Classification of Land Cover Based on Deep Belief Networks Using Polarimetric RADARSAT-2 Data. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (pp. 4679–4682). Quebec, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Maryam, I. 2022. “Two-Step Discriminant Analysis Based Multi-View Polarimetric SAR Image Classification with High Confidence.” Scientific Report 12 (1): 5984. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09871-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNairn, H., A. Kross, D. Lapen, R. Caves, and J. Shang. 2014. “Early Season Monitoring of Corn and Soybeans with TerraSAR-X and RADARSAT-2.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 28:252–259. 10.1016/j.jag.2013.12.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modava, M., G. Akbarizadeh, and M. Soroosh. 2019. “Hierarchical Coastline Detection in Sar Images Based on Spectral-Textural Features and Global-Local Information.” IET Radar Sonar & Navigation 13 (12): 2183–2195. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2019.0063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ressel, R., A. Frost, and S. Lehner. 2015. “A Neural Network-Based Classification for Sea Ice Types on X-Band SAR Images.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations & Remote Sensing 8 (7): 3672–3680. 10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2436993.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szegedy, C., W. Liu, Y. Jia, P. Sermanet, S. Reed, D. Anguelov, et al. 2015 Going Deeper with Convolutions. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2015.7298594.
   Google Scholar
• Tison, C., J. M. Nicolas, F. Tupin, and H. Maitre. 2004. “A New Statistical Model for Markovian Classification of Urban Areas in High-Resolution SAR Images.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 42 (10): 2046–2057. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.834630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzeng, Y. C., and K. S. Chen. 1998. “-A fuzzy neural network to SAR image classification.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 36 (1): 301–307. https://doi.org/10.1109/36.655339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang, D., T. Tang, C. Hu, Y. Li, and Y. Su. 2014. “A Kernel Clustering Algorithm with Fuzzy Factor: Application to SAR Image Segmentation.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 11 (7): 1290–1294. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2013.2292820.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, P., X. Tan, B. Li, Y. Jiang, W. Song, M. Li, and Y. Wu. 2021. “PolSar Image Classification Using Hybrid Conditional Random Fields Model Based on Complex-Valued 3-D CNN.” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 57 (3): 1713–1730. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2021.3050648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., H. Wang, F. Xu, and Y. Q. Jin. 2017. “Complex-Valued Convolutional Neural Network and Its Application in Polarimetric SAR Image Classification.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 55 (12): 7177–7188. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2017.2743222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, A., X. Yang, S. Fang, and J. Ai. 2020. “Region Level SAR Image Classification Using Deep Features and Spatial Constraints.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 163:36–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, A., X. Yang, L. Jia, J. Ai, and J. Xia. 2019. “SRAD-CNN for Adaptive Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Classification.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 40 (9): 3461–3485. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2018.1547450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, W., and S. Du. 2016. “Spectral–Spatial Feature Extraction for Hyperspectral Image Classification: A Dimension Reduction and Deep Learning Approach.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 54 (8): 4544–4554. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2016.2543748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Y., H. Wang, F. Xu, and Y. Jin. 2016. “Polarimetric SAR Image Classification Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 13 (12): 1935–1939. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2016.2618840.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar