Anomalous total electron content (TEC) and atmospheric refractivity prior to the very strong China earthquake of May 2008

References

• Depueva , A. and Rotanova , N. 2001 . Low-latitude ionospheric disturbances associated with earthquakes . Annali di Geofisica , 44 : 221 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Depueva , A.H. and Ruzhin , Y.Y. 1993 . The equatorial earthquake preparatory stage as a reason of ‘fountain’-effect in the ionosphere . Preprint IZMIRAN, N.82 , : 21
   Google Scholar
• Depueva , A.H. and Ruzhin , Y.Y. 1995 . Seismoionospheric fountain-effect as analogue of active space experiment . Advances in Space Research , 15 : (12)151 – (12)154 .
   Google Scholar
• Depueva , A. , Mikhailov , A. , Devi , M. and Barbara , A.K. 2007 . Spatial and time variations in critical frequencies of the ionospheric F region above the zone of equatorial earthquake preparation . Geomagnetism and Aeronomy , 47 : 129 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devi , M. , Barman , M.K. , Barbara , A.K. and Depueva , A.H. 2001 . Total electron content near anomaly crest as precursor of earthquake . Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics , 30 : 209 – 213 .
   Google Scholar
• Devi , M. , Barman , M.K. and Barbara , A.K. 2002 . Identification of quiet and disturbed days through TEC profile features over Anomaly Crest Station . Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics , 64 : 1413 – 1423 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devi , M. , Barbara , A.K. and Depueva , A.H. 2004a . Association of total electron content and fof2 variations with earthquake events at the anomaly crest region . Annals of Geophysics , 47 : 83 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devi , M. , Barbara , A.K. and Depueva , A.H. 2004b . “ Earthquake and upper atmospheric parameters: an analysis in the perspective of short term earthquake predictors ” . In IV International Workshop on Magnetic, Electric and Electromagnetic Methods in Seismology and Volcanology , 46 France : La Londe les Maures . andIn
   Google Scholar
• Devi , M. , Barbara , A.K. , Sarma , B. , Choudhary , D. , Depueva , A. and Ruzhin , Y.Y. 2006 . “ Perturbations at the lower and upper atmosphere observed prior to an earthquake at low latitude station through GPS and LIDAR ” . In International Workshop on Electromagnetic Studies Related to Earthquake and Volcanoes , 10 Agra, , India : IWEMSEV2006 .
   Google Scholar
• Devi, M., Barbara, A.K., Ruzhin, Y.Y. and Depueva, A.H., 2007, Beyond the horizon propagation of VHF signals: atmospheric features and earthquake. http://zhurnal.ape.relarn.ru/articles/2007/129e.pdf (http://zhurnal.ape.relarn.ru/articles/2007/129e.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Devi , M. , Barbara , A.K. , Depueva , A. and Depuev , V. 2008 . Preliminary results of TEC measurements in Guwahati, India . Advances in Space Research , 42 : 753 – 756 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobrovolsky , I.R. , Zubkov , S.I. and Myachkin , V.I. 1979 . Estimation of the size of earthquake preparation zones . Pure and Applied Geophysics , 117 : 1025 – 1044 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolukhanov , M. 1971 . “ Propagation of tropospheric waves ” . In Propagation of Radio Waves , 140 – 167 . Moscow, , Russia : Mir Publisher .
   Google Scholar
• Enomoto , Y. , Tsutumi , A. , Fujinawa , Y. , Kasahara , M. and Hashimoto , H. 1997 . Candidate precursor pulse-like geoelectric signals possibly related to recent seismic activity in Japan . Geophysical Journal International , 131 : 485 – 494 .
   Google Scholar
• Fukumoto , Y. , Hayakawa , M. and Yasuda , H. 2002 . “ Reception of over horizon FM signals associated with earthquakes ” . In Seismo Electromagnetics: Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling , Edited by: Hayakawa , M. and Molchanov , O.A. 263 Tokyo, , Japan : TERRAPUB .
   Google Scholar
• Gokhberg , M.B. , Morgounov , V.A. , Yoshino , T. and Tomizawa , I. 1982 . Experimental measurements of electromagnetic emission possibly related to earthquakes in Japan . Journal of Geophysical Research , 87 : 7824 – 7828 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , M.P and Bradley , P.A. 1998 . “ Troposphere and ionosphere, section 13 ” . In Telecommunications Engineer's Reference Book , 2nd , Edited by: Mazda , F. Oxford, , UK : Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Hayakawa , M. 2004 . Electromagnetic phenomena associated with earthquakes: a frontier in terrestrial electromagnetic noise environment . Recent Research Development in Geophysics , 6 : 81 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Hayakawa , M. , Molchanov , O.A. , Biagi , P. and Vallinatos , F. , eds. 2004 . “ Seismoelectromagnetics and related phenomena ” . In Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Vol. 29 , 287 – 657 .
   Google Scholar
• Iudin , D.I. , Korovkin , N.V. , Molchanov , O.A. , Surkov , V.V. and Hayakawa , M. 2002 . “ Model earthquake triggering due to gas-fluid ‘bubble’ upward migration. I. Physical rationale ” . In Seismo Electromagnetics: Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling , Edited by: Hayakawa , M. and Molchanov , O.A. 177 – 185 . Tokyo, , Japan : TERRAPUB .
   Google Scholar
• Larkina , V.I. , Nalivayko , A.V. , Gershenzon , N.I. , Gokhberg , M.B. , Liperovsky , V.A. and Shalimov , S.I. 1983 . Observations of VLF emissions related with seismic activity on the Interkosmos-19 satellite . Geomagnetism and Aeronomy , 23 : 684 – 687 .
   Google Scholar
• Larking , V.I. , Migulin , V.V. , Molchanov , O.A. , Kharkov , I.P. , Inchin , A.S. and Schvetsova , V.B. 1989 . Some statistical results of very low frequency radio wave emission in the upper ionosphere over earthquake zones . Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors , 57 : 100 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , J.Y. , Chen , Y.I. , Chou , Y.J. and Tsai , H.F. 2001 . Variations of ionospheric total electron content during the Chi-Chi earthquake . Geophysical Research Letters , 28 : 1383 – 1386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molchanov , O.A. 1991 . Transmission of electromagnetic fields of seismic origin on the ionosphere . Geomagnetism and Aeronomy , 31 : 80 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Parrot , M. 1995 . Use of satellite to detect seismo-electromagnetic effects . Advances in Space Research , 15 : (1)27 – (1)35 .
   Google Scholar
• Parrot , M. and Mogilevskii , M.M. 1989 . VLF emissions associated with earthquakes and observed in the ionosphere and magnetosphere . Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors , 57 : 86 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruzhin , Y.Y. and Nomicos , S.C. 2007 . Radio VHF precursors of earthquakes . Natural Hazards , 40 : 573 – 583 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , R.P. , Bhoi , S. and Sahoo , A.K. 2001a . Significant changes in the ocean parameters after the Gujarat earthquake . Current Science , 80 : 1376 – 1377 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , R.P. , Bhoi , S.A. , Sahoo , K. , Raj , U. and Ravindran , S. 2001b . Surface manifestations after the Gujarat earthquake . Current Science , 81 : 164 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streit , J.E. 1997 . Low frictional strength of upper crustal faults – a model . Journal of Geophysical Research , 102 : 24 619 – 24 624 .
   Google Scholar
• Tronin , A.A. 2002 . “ Atmosphere–lithosphere coupling. Thermal anomalies on the earth's surface in seismic process ” . In Seismo Electromagnetics: Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling , Edited by: Hayakawa , M. and Molchanov , O.A. 173 – 176 . Tokyo, , Japan : TERRAPUB .
   Google Scholar
• Warwick , J.W. , Stoker , C. and Meyer , T.R. 1982 . Radio emission associated with rock fracture: possible application the great Chilean earthquake of May 22, 1960 . Journal of Geophysical Research , 87 : 2851 – 2860 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar