Discourse patterns and fieldwork strategies in urban settings: Some methodological problems for researchers in bilingual communities

References

• Agar , M. 1980 . The Professional Stranger , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Auer , P. 1984a . Bilingual Conversation , Amsterdam : Benjamins .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1984b . “ On the meaning of conversational code‐switching ” . In Interpretive Sociolinguistics , Edited by: Auer , P. and Luzio , A. di . 87 – 108 . Tübingen : Narr .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . A discussion paper on ‘code alternation’ for the Workshop on Concepts, Methodology and Data organized by European Science Foundation Network on Code‐Switching and Language Contact . Strassbourg. The European Science Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Auer , P. and di Luzio , A. , eds. 1988 . Variation and Convergence: Studies in Social Dialectology , Berlin : de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , A. 1984 . Language style as audience design . Language in Society , 13 (2) : 145 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blom , J.‐P. and Gumperz , J. J. 1972 . “ Social meaning in linguistic structures: Code‐switching in Norway ” . In Directions in Sociolinguistics , Edited by: Gumperz , J. J. and Hymes , D. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Briggs , C. L. 1984 . Learning how to ask: Native meta‐communicative competence and the incompetence of fieldworkers . Language in Society , 13 (1) : 1 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , P. and Levinson , S. 1987 . Politeness , Cambridge : CUP .
   Google Scholar
• Dittmar , N. and Schlobinski , P. , eds. The Sociolinguistics of Urban Vernaculars: Case Studies and Their Evaluation , Berlin : de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Dittmar , N. , Schlobinski , P and Wachs , I. 1988 . “ Variation in a divided speech community: The urban vernacular of Berlin ” . Edited by: Dittmar and Schlobinski . 3 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Eades , D. 1982 . You gotta know how to talk: Information‐seeking in Southeast Queensland Aboriginal society . Australian Journal of Linguistics , 2 : 61 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Gal , S. 1979 . Language Shift , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1988 . “ The political economy of code choice ” . In Codeswitching , Edited by: Heller , M. Berlin : de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Giddens , A. 1984 . Constitution of Society , London : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goody , E. 1978 . Questions and Politeness , Cambridge : CUP .
   Google Scholar
• Gumperz , J. J. 1982 . Discourse Strategies , Cambridge : CUP .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1984 . “ Ethnography in urban communication ” . In Interpretive Sociolinguistics , Edited by: Auer , P. and di Luzio , A. 1 – 12 . Tübingen : Narr .
   Google Scholar
• Heller , M. The politics of codeswitching: Processes and consequences of ethnic mobilisation . Paper presented at the third workshop of the European Science Foundation Network on Code‐Switching and Language Contact . Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• Hymes , D. 1972 . “ On communicative competence ” . In Sociolinguistics , Edited by: Pride , J. and Holmes , J. Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Jorgensen , D. L. 1989 . Participant Observation: A Methodology for Human Studies , Newbury Park : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Kerswill , P. 1985 . “ A sociolinguistic study of rural immigrants in Bergen, Norway ” . University of Cambridge . Unpublished PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Labov , W. 1972a . Sociolinguistic Patterns , Philadelphia : Pennsylvania University Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1972b . “ The logic of nonstandard English ” . In Language and Social Context , Edited by: Giglioli , P. P. Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1981 . Field methods used by the project on linguistic change and variation , Sociolinguistic Working Paper 81 Austin, Texas : South Western Education Development Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Levinson , S. 1988 . “ Conceptual problems in the study of regional and cultural style ” . Edited by: Dittmar and Schlobinski . 161 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Linguistic Minorities Project . 1985 . The Other Languages of England , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Martin‐Jones , M. Code‐switching in the classroom: A discussion document . Paper presented at the third workshop of the European Science Foundation Network on Code‐switching and Language Contact . Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• _____ . in press . Sociolinguistic surveys as a source of evidence in the study of bilingualism: A critical assessment of survey work conducted among linguistic minorities in three British cities . International Journal of the Sociology of Language ,
   Google Scholar
• Milroy , L. 1987a . Observing and Analysing Natural Language , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1987b . Language and Social Networks , (2nd edn) , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Milroy , L. and Li , Wei . 1990a . A sociolinguistic investigation of language shift in Chinese communities in the North East of England , End of Award Report to the ESRC (R000 22 1074)
   Google Scholar
• _____ . Code‐switching and boundary marking in bilingual conversation . Paper presented at the International Pragmatics Conference . Barcelona, Spain.
   Google Scholar
• Moffatt , S. 1990 . “ Becoming bilingual: A sociolinguistic study of the communication of young mother‐tongue Punjabi‐speaking children ” . University of Newcastle upon Tyne . Unpublished PhD Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Myers‐Scotton , C. Intersections between social motivations and structural processing in code‐switching . Paper presented at the second workshop of the European Science Foundation Network on Code‐Switching and Language Contact . London.
   Google Scholar
• Poplack , S. 1988 . “ Contrasting patterns of code‐switching in two communities ” . In Codeswitching , Edited by: Heller , M. Berlin : de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Rampton , B. 1989 . Group affiliation and quantitative sociolinguistics , York Papers in Linguistics 13
   Google Scholar
• Romaine , S. 1989 . Bilingualism , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Wald , B. 1981 . Topic and situation as factors in language performance , NCBR Working Papers California : National Center for Bilingual Research .
   Google Scholar