Mother tongue versus Arabic: the post-independence Eritrean language policy debate

References

• Ab'arre, I. 2001. “The Mother Tongue Education Policy [in Arabic].” Eritrea al-Haddisa, 82: 4–5.
   Google Scholar
• Abbay, A. 1997. “The Trans-Mareb Past in the Present.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 35 (2): 321–334. doi: 10.1017/S0022278X97002462
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, N. 2003. “Language Education Policy, National and Sub-National Identities in South Africa.” Council of Europe, Reference Study.
   Google Scholar
• Araya, M. 1990. “The Eritrean Question. An Alternative Explanation.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 28 (1): 79–100. doi: 10.1017/S0022278X00054239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asfaha, Y. M. 2015. “Origin and Development of Multilingual Education in Eritrea.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 36 (2): 136–150. doi: 10.1080/01434632.2014.909440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babajide, G. A., and O. A. Idiat. 2013. “Contributions of Mother-Tongue Education in Early Childhood Education.” Paper presented at 1st Annual International Interdisciplinary Conference, AIIC 2013, 24–26 April, Azores, Portugal.
   Google Scholar
• Ball, J. 2010. Enhancing Learning of Children from Diverse Language Backgrounds: Mother-Tongue Based Bilingual or Multilingual Education in the Early Years. New York: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Banda, F. 2010. “The Dilemma of the Mother Tongue: Prospects for Bilingual Education in South Africa.” Language, Culture and Curriculum 13 (1): 51–66. doi: 10.1080/07908310008666589
   Google Scholar
• Bereketeab, R. 2010. “The Politics of Language in Eritrea: Equality of Languages vs. Bilingual Official Language Policy.” African and Asian Studies 9 (1–2): 149–190. doi: 10.1163/156921010X491308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Education. 1991. “Declaration of Policies on Education in Eritrea by the Provincial Government.” Legal Notice No. 2–1991, Asmara.
   Google Scholar
• Desai, Z. K. 2012. “A Case of Mother Tongue Education.” PhD diss., Faculty of Education, University of the Western Cape, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Dutcher, N. 1998. “Eritrea: Developing a Programme of Multilingual Education.” In Beyond Bilingualism: Multilingualism and Multilingual Education, edited by J. Cenoz and F. Genesee, 192–205. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Erlich, H. 1983. The Struggle over Eritrea, 1962–1978. War and Revolution in the Horn of Africa. Standford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gacheche, K. 2010. “Challenges in Implementing a Mother Tongue-Based Language in Education Policy: Policy and Practice in Kenya.” POLIS Journal 4 (Winter): 1–45.
   Google Scholar
• Garahtu, T. 1996. “Language Policy and Mother Tongue Instruction [in Tigrinya].” Unpublished paper presented at the First National Conference on Eritrean Languages, Asmara, August 16–18.
   Google Scholar
• Gottesman, L. 1998. To fight and Learn: The Praxis and Promise of Literacy in Eritrea's Independent War. Asmara: Red Sea Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grin, F. 2005. “Linguistic Human Rights as a Source of Policy Guidelines: A Critical Assessment.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 9 (3): 448–460. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-6441.2005.00300.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hailemariam, C. 2002. Language and Education in Eritrea: A Case Study of Language Diversity, Policy and Practice. Amsterdam: Aksant Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Hailemariam, C., S. Kroon, and J. Walters. 1999. “Multilingualism and Nation-Building: Language and Education in Eritrea.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 20 (6): 475–493. doi: 10.1080/01434639908666385
   Google Scholar
• Hastings, W. K. 1997. “International Law and Education in a Minority Language.” In Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Vol. 1: Language Policy and Political Issues in Education, edited by S. May and N. H. Hornberger, 67–76. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim al Mukhtar, A. O. 1954. “Hawadith” [Events, in Arabic]. Accessed March 14, 2014. http://www.mukhtar.ca/contentN.php?type=viewarticle&id=83&category=hawadith_mukhtar.
   Google Scholar
• Iyob, R. 1995. The Eritrean Struggle for Independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johar, Gadi S. 2011. “Language and Religion in Eritrean Politics.” Awate.com, June 29. http://awate.com/language-and-religion-in-eritrean-politics-2/
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, G. M. 1989. Peasants and Nationalism in Eritrea. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kibreab, G. 2008. Critical Reflections on the Eritrean War of Independence, Social Capital, Associational Life, Religion, Ethnicity and Sowing Seeds of Dictatorship. Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press.
   Google Scholar
• Killion, T. 1997. “Eritrean Workers’ Organization and Early Nationalist Mobilization: 1948–1958.” Eritrean Studies Review 2 (1): 1–58.
   Google Scholar
• Killion, T., and Dan Connell. 2011. Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. 2nd ed. Lanham, MA: Plymouth Scarecrow Press.
   Google Scholar
• Longrigg, S. H. 1974. A Short History of Eritrea. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marcus, Harold. 2002. A History of Ethiopia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Markakis, J. 1987. National and Class Conflict in the Horn of Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Markakis, J. 1988. “The Nationalist Revolution in Eritrea.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 26 (1): 51–70. doi: 10.1017/S0022278X00010326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, C. 2001. “Gender, Nationalism and Revolution: Re-Assessing Women's Relationship with the Eritrean Liberation Front.” Working Paper 274, Michigan State University.
   Google Scholar
• May, S. 2005. “Language Rights: Moving the Debate Forward.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 9 (3): 319–347. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-6441.2005.00295.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazrui, A. and M. A. Mazrui. 1998. The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience. Oxford: James Currey.
   Google Scholar
• Miran, J. 2005. “A Historical Overview of Islam in Eritrea.” Die Welt des Islams 45 (2): 177–215. doi: 10.1163/1570060054307534
   Google Scholar
• Miran, J. 2009. Red Sea Citizens. Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mohammed, A. 1996. Ethnicity, Politics, and the Society in Northeast Africa. Conflict and Social Change. Lanham: University Press of America.
   Google Scholar
• Mohammad, A. S. 2013. The Saho of Eritrea: Ethnic Identity and National Consciousness. Berlin: Lit-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Nawud, M. S. 1996. Harakat Tahrir Eritriya. Al haqiqa wal tarikh, [The Eritrean Liberation Movement, The Truth and the History, in Arabic]. No place of issue.
   Google Scholar
• Negash, T. 1997. Eritrea and Ethiopia. The Federal Experience. Uppsala: Nordiska.
   Google Scholar
• Negash, G. 1999. A History of Tigrinya Literature in Eritrea: The Oral and the Written 1890–1991. Leiden: Leiden University Publications-CNWS.
   Google Scholar
• Nur Ahmed, M. 1996. “Loqatuna wa Al-Taalim” [Our Language and Education, in Arabic]. Unpublished paper presented at the First National Conference on Eritrean Languages, Asmara, August 16–18.
   Google Scholar
• Orekan, G. 2010. “Language Policy and Educational Development in Africa: The Case of Nigeria.” Scottish Languages Review 21: 17–26.
   Google Scholar
• Orman, J. 2008. Language Policy and Nation-Building in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Vienna: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Pankhurst, R. 1997. The Ethiopian Borderlands. Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pollera, A. 1996. The Native Peoples of Eritrea. Translated by Linda Lappin. Asmara: University of Asmara.
   Google Scholar
• Pool, D. 2001. From Guerillas to Government. The Eritrean People's Liberation Front. Oxford: James Currey.
   Google Scholar
• Reid, R. 2011. Froniers of Violence in North-east Africa. Genealogies of Conflict since C. 800. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Trimingham, J. S. 1976. Islam in Ethiopia. London: Frank Class.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2012. “Executive Board 190th Session: World Arabic Language Day.” Paris: 190 EX/48.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. 1999. The State of the World's Children. New York: UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/sowc99/sowc99e.pdf I understand that the publisher is also UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• Venosa, J. L. 2007. “Faith in the Nation: Examining the Contributions of Eritrean Muslims in the Nationalist Movement, 1946–1961.” M.A. Thesis, Ohio University.
   Google Scholar
• Venosa, J. L. 2013. “Adapting to the New Path: Khatmiyya Sufi Authority, the al-Mirghani Family, and Eritrean Nationalism during British Occupation, 1941–1949.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 7 (3): 1–19. doi:10.1080/17531055.2013.770677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, V. 1996. “Language Planning and Politics in South Africa.” International Journal of Sociology of Language 118: 139–162. doi: 10.1515/ijsl.1996.118.139
   Google Scholar
• Woldemikael, T. 2003. “Language, Education, and Public Policy in Eritrea.” African Studies Review 46 (1): 117–136. doi: 10.2307/1514983
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 1994. “Eritrea: Options and Strategies for Growth.” Report No. 12930-ER, Washington DC.
   Google Scholar