Facework among L2 speakers: a close look at intercultural communication

References

• Arundale, R. B. 2006. “Face as Relational and Interactional: A Communication Framework for Research on Face, Facework, and Politeness.” Journal of Politeness Research 2: 193–216. doi: 10.1515/PR.2006.011
   Google Scholar
• Bardovi-Harlig, K., and R. Griffin. 2005. “L2 Pragmatic Awareness: Evidence from the ESL Classroom.” System 33: 401–415. doi: 10.1016/j.system.2005.06.004
   Google Scholar
• Bardovi-Harlig, K., and B. Hartford. 1991. “Saying ‘No’ in English: Native and Nonnative Rejections.” In Pragmatics and Language Learning, edited by Lawrence F. Bouton, and Yamuna Kachuru, 41–58. Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois, Division of English as an International Language.
   Google Scholar
• Beebe, L., T. Takahashi, and R. Uliss-Weltz. 1990. “Pragmatic Transfer in ESL Refusals.” In Developing Communicative Competence in a Second Language, edited by Robin C. Scarcella, Elaine S. Andersen, and Stephen D. Krashen, 55–73. Cambridge: Newbury House.
   Google Scholar
• Bravo, D. 2008. “The Implications of Studying Politeness in Spanish-Speaking Contexts: A Discussion.” Pragmatics 18 (4): 577–603. doi: 10.1075/prag.18.4.02bra
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, P., and S. Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carbaugh, D., ed. 1990. Cultural Communication and Intercultural Contact. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, Y.-F. 2009. “How to Say No: An Analysis of Cross-Cultural Difference and Pragmatic Transfer.” Language Sciences 31: 477–493. doi: 10.1016/j.langsci.2008.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, C. 1986. “The Concept of Face and its Confucian Roots.” Journal of Chinese Philosophy 13: 329–348. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6253.1986.tb00102.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocroft, B., and S. Ting-Toomey. 1994. “Facework in Japan and the United States.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 18 (4): 469–506. doi: 10.1016/0147-1767(94)90018-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cupach, W. R., and T. T. Imahori. 1993. “Managing Social Predicaments Created by Others: A Comparison of Japanese and American Facework.” Western Journal of Communication 57: 431–444. doi: 10.1080/10570319309374466
   Google Scholar
• Davies, C. 1991. “Exploring the Thesis of the Self-Deprecating Jewish Sense of Humor.” International Journal of Humor Research 4 (2): 189–210. doi: 10.1515/humr.1991.4.2.189
   Google Scholar
• Domenici, K., and S. W. Littlejohn. 2006. Facework: Bridging Theory and Practice. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Fillmore, C. 1979. “On Fluency.” In Individual Differences in Language Ability and Language Behavior, edited by Charles J. Fillmore, Daniel Kempler, and William S. Y. Wang, 85–102. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Firth, A. 1996. “The Discursive Accomplishment of Normality: On ‘Lingua Franca’ English and Conversation Analysis.” Journal of Pragmatics 26: 237–259. doi: 10.1016/0378-2166(96)00014-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitch, K. L. 2003. “Taken-for-Granteds in (an) Intercultural Communication.” In Studies in Language and Social Interaction, edited by Phillip Glenn, Curtis D. LeBaron, and Jenny Mandelbaum, 77–86. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Gee, J. P. 2004. Situated Language and Learning: A Critique of Traditional Schooling. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gee, J. P. 2005. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gee, J. P. 2008. Social Linguistics and Literacies: Ideology in Discourse. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. 1967. Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face to Face Behavior. Garden City: Anchor.
   Google Scholar
• Golato, A., and C. Taleghani-Nikazm. 2006. “Negotiation of Face in Web Chats.” Multilingua 25: 293–321. doi: 10.1515/MULTI.2006.017
   Google Scholar
• Grainger, K., S. Mills, and M. Sibanda. 2010. “‘Just Tell Us what to Do’: Southern African Face and Its Relevance to Intercultural Communication.” Journal of Pragmatics 42 (8): 2158–2171. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2009.12.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, Y. 1990. “Politeness Phenomena in Modern Chinese.” Journal of Pragmatics 14: 237–257. doi: 10.1016/0378-2166(90)90082-O
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gumperz, J., and D. Hymes, eds. 1972. Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Hahn, J.-W., and H. Hatfield. 2011. “Group Face in Korea and the United States: Taking Responsibility for the Individual and the Group.” Multilingua 30 (1): 25–70. doi: 10.1515/mult.2011.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatfield, H., and J.-W. Hahn. 2011. “What Korean Apologies Require of Politeness Theory.” Journal of Pragmatics 43: 1303–1317. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2010.10.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. 1991. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. London: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Holland, D., and N. Quinn, eds. 1987. Cultural Models in Language and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, P. 2006. “Problematising Intercultural Communication Competence in the Pluricultural Classroom: Chinese Students in a New Zealand University.” Language and Intercultural Communication 6 (1): 18–34. doi: 10.1080/14708470608668906
   Google Scholar
• Hopper, R. 1981. “How to Do Things Without Words: The Taken-for-Granted as Speech Action.” Communication Quarterly 29: 228–236. doi: 10.1080/01463378109369409
   Google Scholar
• Hu, H. C. 1944. “The Chinese Concept of ‘face’.” American Anthropologist 46: 45–64. doi: 10.1525/aa.1944.46.1.02a00040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferson, G. 1979. “A Technique for Inviting Laughter and Its Subsequent Acceptance Declination.” In Everyday Language: Studies in Ethnomethodology, edited by George Psathas, 79–96. New York: Irvington.
   Google Scholar
• Juni, S., and B. Katz. 2001. “Self-Effacing Wit as a Response to Oppression: Dynamics in the Ethnic Humor.” The Journal of General Psychology 128 (2): 119–142.
   Google Scholar
• Kádár, D. Z., M. Haugh, and W. M. Chang. 2013. “Aggression and Perceived National Face Threats in Mainland Chinese and Taiwanese CMC Discussion Boards.” Multilingua 32 (3): 343–372. doi: 10.1515/multi-2013-0016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper, G. 1992. “Pragmatic Transfer.” Second Language Research 8: 203–231.
   Google Scholar
• Kasper, G. 2001. “Classroom Research on Interlanguage Pragmatics.” In Pragmatics in Language Teaching, edited by Kenneth R. Rose and Gabriele Kasper, 33–60. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lakey, S. G., and D. J. Canary. 2002. “Actor Goal Achievement and Sensitivity to Partner as Critical Factors in Understanding Interpersonal Communication Competence and Conflict Strategies.” Communication Monographs 69 (3): 217–235. doi: 10.1080/03637750216542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence, S. M. 1997. “Beyond Race Awareness: White Racial Identity and Multicultural Teaching.” Journal of Teacher Education 48 (2): 108–117. doi: 10.1177/0022487197048002004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennon, P. 1990. “Investigating Fluency in EFL: A Quantitative Approach.” Language Learning 40: 387–417. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1990.tb00669.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, E. H., H. Min, R. W. Belk, J. Kimura, and S. Bahl. 2008. “Skin Lightening and Beauty in Four Asian Cultures.” Advances in Consumer Research 35: 444–449.
   Google Scholar
• Lim, T., and S. H. Choi. 1996. “Interpersonal Relationships in Korea.” In Communication in Personal Relationships Across Cultures, edited by William B. Gudykunst, Stella Ting-Toomey, and Tsukasa Nishida, 122–136. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, J. 2002. “Negotiating Silence in American Classrooms: Three Chinese Cases.” Language and Intercultural Communication 2 (1): 37–54. doi: 10.1080/14708470208668074
   Google Scholar
• Lyuh, I. 1992. “The Art of Refusal: Comparison of Korean and American Cultures.” PhD diss., Indiana University, Bloomington.
   Google Scholar
• Maeshiba, N., N. Yoshinaga, G. Kasper, and S. Ross. 1996. “Transfer and Proficiency in Interlanguage Apologizing.” In Speech Acts across Cultures, edited by Susan M. Gass, and Joyce Neu, 155–187. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Mao, L. M. 1994. “Beyond Politeness Theory: ‘Face’ Revisited and Renewed.” Journal of Pragmatics 21: 451–486. doi: 10.1016/0378-2166(94)90025-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, J. 1996. “Generating Qualitative Data: Observation, Documents and Visual Data.” In Qualitative Researching, edited by Jennifer Mason, 60–82. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, B., and K. Sylvester. 2014. “Learning to Get Drunk: The Importance of Drinking in Japanese University Sports Clubs.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 49 (3): 331–345. doi: 10.1177/1012690213506584
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, G., J. Carson, M. Al Batal, and W. El Bakary. 2002. “Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Strategy Use in Egyptian Arabic and American English Refusal.” Applied Linguistics 23 (2): 163–189. doi: 10.1093/applin/23.2.163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norrick, N. R., and A. Spitz. 2008. “Humor as a Resource for Mitigating Conflict in Interaction.” Journal of Pragmatics 40 (10): 1661–1686. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2007.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nwoye, O. 1992. “Linguistic Politeness and Socio-cultural Variation of the Notion of Face.” Journal of Pragmatics 18: 309–328. doi: 10.1016/0378-2166(92)90092-P
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oetzel, J. G., and S. Ting-Toomey. 2003. “Face Concerns in Interpersonal Conflict: A Cross-Cultural Empirical Test of the Face-Negotiation Theory.” Communication Research 30 (6): 599–624. doi: 10.1177/0093650203257841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oetzel, J. G., S. Ting-Toomey, T. Masumoto, Y. Yokochi, X. Pan, J. Takai, and R. Wilcox. 2001. “Face Behaviors in Interpersonal Conflicts: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Germany, Japan, China, and the United States.” Communication Monographs 68: 235–258. doi: 10.1080/03637750128061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, S. 2005. “Food Sharing Characteristics in Modern Korean Society.” Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture 20 (6): 683–687.
   Google Scholar
• Oh, S., C. Pian, T. Yamamoto, N. Takahashi, T. Sato, K. Takeo, S. Choi, and S. Kim. 2005. “Money and the Life Worlds of Children in Korea: Examining the Phenomenon of Ogori (Treating) from Cultural Psychological Perspectives.” Maebashi Kyoai Gakuen College Ronshu 5: 73–88.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, C. 1998. “Awareness in Intercultural Communication.” Language Awareness 7 (2): 109–127. doi: 10.1080/09658419808667104
   Google Scholar
• Rose, K., and C. Kwai-Fun. 2001. “Inductive and Deductive Teaching of Compliments and Compliment Responses.” In Pragmatics in Language Teaching, edited by Kenneth R. Rose and Gabriele Kasper, 145–170. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sajavaara, K. 1987. “Second Language Speech Production: Factors Affecting Fluency.” In Psycholinguistic Models of Production, edited by Hans W. Dechert and Manfred Raupach, 45–65. Norwood: Ablex.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, R. 1992. “Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Second Language Fluency.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 14: 357–385. doi: 10.1017/S0272263100011189
   Google Scholar
• Shah, S. 2004. “The Researcher/Interviewer in Intercultural Context: A Social Intruder!” British Educational Research Journal 30 (4): 549–575. doi: 10.1080/0141192042000237239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shishavan, H., and F. Sharifian. 2013. “Refusal Strategies in L1 and L2: A Study of Persian-Speaking Learners of English.” Multilingua 32 (6): 801–836.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sifianou, M., and A. Tzanne. 2010. “Conceptualizations of Politeness and Impoliteness in Greek.” Intercultural Pragmatics 7: 661–687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzberg, B. H. 2006. “Preliminary Development of a Model and Measure of Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) Competence.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 11 (2): 629–666. doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00030.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzberg, B. H., and W. R. Cupach. 1984. Interpersonal Communication Competence. Beverly Hills: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, C., and N. Quinn. 1998. A Cognitive Theory of Cultural Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tan, S. 2008. “Influences of Confucianism on Korean Corporate Culture.” Asian Profile 36 (1): 9–20.
   Google Scholar
• Ting-Toomey, S. 1985. “Toward a Theory of Conflict and Culture.” In Communication, Culture, and Organizational Processes, edited by William B. Gudykunst, Lea P. Stewart, and Stella Ting-Toomey, 71–86. Beverly Hills: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ting-Toomey, S. 1994a. “Managing Conflict in Intimate Intercultural Relationships.” In Intimate Conflict in Personal Relationships, edited by Dudley D. Cahn, 47–77. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Ting-Toomey, S. 1994b. “Face and Facework: An Introduction.” In The Challenge of Facework: Cross-Cultural and Interpersonal Issues, edited by Stella Ting-Toomey, 1–14. Albany: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ting-Toomey, S., and A. Kurogi. 1998. “Facework Competence in Intercultural Conflict: An Updated Face-Negotiation Theory.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 22: 187–225. doi: 10.1016/S0147-1767(98)00004-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting-Toomey, S., and J. G. Oetzel. 2001. Managing Intercultural Conflict Effectively. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ulichny, P. 1997. “The Mis-management of Misunderstandings in Cross-Cultural Communication.” International Journal of Pragmatics 27: 233–244. doi: 10.1016/S0378-2166(97)80959-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungar, S. 1984. “Self-Mockery: An Alternative Form of Self-Presentation.” Symbolic Interaction 7 (1): 121–133. doi: 10.1525/si.1984.7.1.121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, T., and N. Takahashi. 2007. “Money as a Cultural Tool Mediating Personal Relationships: Child Development of Exchange and Possession.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology, edited by Jaan Valsiner and Alberto Rosa, 508–523. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, M. 2003. “On the Universality of Face: Evidence from Chinese Compliment Response Behavior.” Journal of Pragmatics 35: 1679–1710. doi: 10.1016/S0378-2166(03)00074-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar