Trait emotional intelligence and second language performance: a case study of Chinese EFL learners

References

• Abdolrezapour, P. 2016. “Improving Learners’ Oral Fluency through Computer-Mediated Emotional Intelligence Activities.” ReCALL 29 (1): 80–98. doi:10.1017/S0958344016000069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdolrezapour, P. 2018. “The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in EFL Learners’ Oral Performance.” Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences 13 (3): 310–318. doi:10.18844/cjes.v13i3.3452.
   Google Scholar
• Abdolrezapour, P., and M. Tavakoli. 2012. “The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and EFL Learners’ Achievement in Reading Comprehension.” Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching 6 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1080/17501229.2010.550686.
   Google Scholar
• Aki, O. 2006. “Is Emotional Intelligence or Mental Intelligence More Important in Language Learning?” Journal of Applied Sciences 6 (1): 66–70. doi:10.3923/jas.2006.66.70.
   Google Scholar
• Aliakbari, M., and R. Abol-Nejadian. 2015. “Trait Emotional Intelligence and Learning Styles: The Case of Iranian English for Academic Purposes Learners.” Educational Psychology 35 (7): 779–793. doi:10.1080/01443410.2013.819071.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqarni, N., and J.-M. Dewaele. 2018. “A Bilingual Emotional Advantage? An Investigation into the Effects of Psychological Factors in Emotion Perception in Arabic and in English of Arabic-English Bilinguals and Arabic/English Monolinguals.” International Journal of Bilingualism. doi:10.1177/1367006918813597. Advance online publication.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrei, F., A. B. Siegling, A. M. Aloe, B. Baldaro, and K. V. Petrides. 2016. “The Incremental Validity of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Personality Assessment 98 (3): 261–276. doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1084630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold, J., ed. 1999. Affect in Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Balasubramanian, C., and R. Al-Mahrooqi. 2016. “Emotional Intelligence in Language Instruction in Oman: The Missing Link?” RELC Journal 47 (2): 145–160. doi:10.1177/0033688216645471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirumbolo, A., L. Picconi, M. Morelli, and K. V. Petrides. 2019. “The Assessment of Trait Emotional Intelligence: Psychometric Characteristics of the TEIQue-Full Form in a Large Italian Adult Sample.” Frontiers in Psychology 9: 2786. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, A., and L. Faria. 2015. “The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Academic Achievement: A Longitudinal Study in Portuguese Secondary School.” Learning and Individual Differences 37: 38–47. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.11.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, S. K., and N. Humphrey. 2014. “Ability Versus Trait Emotional Intelligence: Dual Influences on Adolescent Psychological Adaptation.” Journal of Individual Differences 35 (1): 54–62. doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewaele, J.-M. 2005. “Investigating the Psychological and The Emotional Dimensions in Instructed Language Learning: Obstacles and Possibilities.” The Modern Language Journal 89 (3): 367–380. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2005.00311.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewaele, J.-M. 2011. “Reflections on the Emotional and Psychological Aspects of Foreign Language Learning and Use.” Anglistik: International Journal of English Studies 22 (1): 23–42.
   Google Scholar
• Dewaele, J.-M. 2018. “The Relationship between Trait Emotional Intelligence and Experienced ESL/EFL Teachers’ Love of English, Attitudes Towards Their Students and Institution, Self-Reported Classroom Practices, Enjoyment and Creativity.” Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 41 (4): 468–487. doi:10.1515/cjal-2018-0034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewaele, J.-M., C. Gkonou, and S. Mercer. 2018. “Do ESL/EFL Teachers’ Emotional Intelligence, Teaching Experience, Proficiency and Gender Affect Their Classroom Practice?” In Emotions in Second Language Teaching, edited by J. de Dios Martínez Agudo, 125–141. Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75438-3_8.
   Google Scholar
• Dewaele, J.-M., and C. Li. 2018. “Editorial of the Special Issue ‘Emotions in SLA’.” Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 8 (1): 15–19. doi:10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.1.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewaele, J. M., P. Lorette, and K. V. Petrides. 2019. “The Effects of Linguistic Proficiency, Trait Emotional Intelligence and In-group Advantage on Emotion Recognition by British and American English L1 User.” In Emotion in Discourse, edited by L. Alba Juez and J. L. Mackenzie, 279–300. Amsterdam: John Benjaminsdoi:10.1075/pbns.302.11dew.
   Google Scholar
• Dewaele, J. M., K. V. Petrides, and A. Furnham. 2008. “Effects of Trait Emotional Intelligence and Sociobiographical Variables on Communicative Anxiety and Foreign Language Anxiety among Adult Multilinguals: A Review and Empirical Investigation.” Language Learning 58 (4): 911–960. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2008.00482.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dörnyei, Z., and S. Ryan. 2015. The Psychology of the Language Learner Revisited. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315779553.
   Google Scholar
• Fiori, M., and A. K. Vesely-Maillefer. 2018. “Emotional Intelligence as an Ability: Theory, Challenges, and New Directions.” In Emotional Intelligence in Education. The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality, edited by K. Keefer, J. Parker, and D. Saklofske, 23–47. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90633-1_2.
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. 2001. “The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology: The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions.” American Psychologist 56 (3): 218–226. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.56.3.218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, K. J., and P. Qualter. 2010. “Concurrent and Incremental Validity of Three Trait Emotional Intelligence Measures.” Australian Journal of Psychology 62 (1): 5–13. doi:10.1080/00049530903312857.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khooei, S. 2014. “Emotional Intelligence and Its Relation to Oral Task Fluency, Accuracy, and Complexity among Iranian EFL Learners.” International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World 6 (2): 76–93.
   Google Scholar
• Kluckhohn, C., and H. A. Murray, eds. 1948. Personality in Nature, Society and Culture. New York: Knopf.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen-Freeman, D. 2015. “Ten ‘Lessons’ from Complex Dynamic Systems Theory: What is on Offer.” In Motivational Dynamics in Language Learning, edited by Z. Dörnyei, P. MacIntyre, and A. Henry, 11–19. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters. doi:10.21832/9781783092574-004.
   Google Scholar
• Li, C. 2019. “A Positive Psychology Perspective on Chinese EFL Students’ Trait Emotional Intelligence, Foreign Language Enjoyment and EFL Learning Achievement.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1–18. doi:10.1080/01434632.2019.1614187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M., P. A. Pérez-Díaz, Y. Maoand, and K. V. Petrides. 2018. “A Multilevel Model of Teachers’ Job Performance: Understanding the Effects of Trait Emotional Intelligence, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Trust [Special Issue on Trait Emotional Intelligence].” Frontiers in Psychology 9: 2420. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C., and J. Xu. 2019. “Trait Emotional Intelligence and Classroom Emotions: A Positive Psychology Investigation and Intervention among Chinese EFL Learners.” Frontiers in Psychology 10: 2453. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lightbown, P. M., and N. Spada. 2013. How Languages are Learned (4th Edition)-Oxford Handbooks for Language Teachers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• MacIntyre, P. D., and T. Gregersen. 2012. “Emotions That Facilitate Language Learning: The Positive-Broadening Power of the Imagination.” Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 2 (2): 193–213. doi:10.14746/ssllt.2012.2.2.4.
   Google Scholar
• MacIntyre, P. D., T. Gregersen, and S. Mercer, eds. 2016. Positive Psychology in SLA. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Malouff, J. M., N. S. Schutte, and E. B. Thorsteinsson. 2014. “Trait Emotional Intelligence and Romantic Relationship Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis.” The American Journal of Family Therapy 42 (1): 53–66. doi:10.1080/01926187.2012.748549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins, A., N. Ramalho, and E. Morin. 2010. “A Comprehensive Meta-analysis of the Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Health.” Personality and Individual Differences 49 (6): 554–564. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mavrou, I., and J.-M. Dewaele. 2019. “Emotionality and Pleasantness of Mixed-emotion Stimuli: The Role of Language, Modality,and Emotional Intelligence.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics. doi:10.1111/ijal.12285. Advance online publication.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, J. D., D. R. Caruso, and P. Salovey. 2016. “The Ability Model of Emotional Intelligence: Principles and Updates.” Emotion Review 8 (4): 290–300. doi:10.1177/1754073916639667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, J. D., P. Salovey, and D. R. Caruso. 2004. “Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Findings, and Implications.” Psychological Inquiry 15 (3): 197–215. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1503_02.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer, S., and C. Gkonou. 2017. “Teaching with Heart and Soul.” In Innovative Practices in Language Teacher Education, edited by T. S. Gregersen and P. D. MacIntyre, 103–124. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51789-6_6.
   Google Scholar
• Miao, C., R. H. Humphrey, and S. Qian. 2017. “A Meta-Analysis of Emotional Intelligence and Work Attitudes.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 90 (2): 177–202. doi:10.1111/joop.12167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mousapour, G., and A. Khorram. 2015. “The Relationship between Iranian EFL Teachers’ Emotional Intelligence and Their Teaching Styles.” International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning 4: 3–14. doi:10.5861/ijrsll.2015.1019.
   Google Scholar
• Naimi, B. 2015. “USDM: Uncertainty Analysis for Species Distribution Models. R Package Version 1.1-15.” Accessed October 10, 2019. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package5usdm.
   Google Scholar
• O’Boyle, E. H., R. H. Humphrey, J. M. Pollack, T. H. Hawver, and P. A. Story. 2011. “The Relation between Emotional Intelligence and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 32: 788–818. doi:10.1002/job.714.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlenko, A. 2013. “The Affective Turn in SLA: From ‘Affective Factors’ to ‘Language Desire’ and ‘Commodification of Affect’.” In The Affective Dimension in Second Language Acquisition (Vol. 68), edited by D. Gabryś-Barker, and J. Bielska, 3–28. Bristol, UK: Multilingual matters.
   Google Scholar
• Perera, H. N., and M. DiGiacomo. 2013. “The Relationship of Trait Emotional Intelligence with Academic Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Learning and Individual Differences 28: 20–33. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.08.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrides, K. V. 2009a. “Psychometric Properties of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue).” In Assessing Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Research, and Applications, edited by C. Stough, D. H. Saklofske, and J. D. A. Parker, 85–101. New York, N.Y.: Springer Science. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-88370-0_5.
   Google Scholar
• Petrides, K. V. 2009b. Technical Manual for the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue). London, England: London Psychometric Laboratory.
   Google Scholar
• Petrides, K. V. 2017. “Intelligence, Emotional.” Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, 1–6. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.05601-7.
   Google Scholar
• Petrides, K. V., and A. Furnham. 2001. “Trait Emotional Intelligence: Psychometric Investigation with Reference to Established Trait Taxonomies.” European Journal of Personality 15 (6): 425–448. doi:10.1002/per.416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrides, K. V., and S. Mavroveli. 2018. “Theory and Applications of Trait Emotional Intelligence.” Psychology 23 (1): 24–36.
   Google Scholar
• Petrides, K. V., M. Mikolajczak, S. Mavroveli, M.-J. Sánchez-Ruiz, A. Furnham, and J.-C. Pérez-González. 2016. “Developments in Trait Emotional Intelligence Research.” Emotion Review 8 (4): 335–341. doi:10.1177/1754073916650493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrides, K. V., J. C. Pérez-González, and A. Furnham. 2007. “On the Criterion and Incremental Validity of Trait Emotional Intelligence.” Cognition and Emotion 21 (1): 26–55. doi:10.1080/02699930601038912.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrides, K. V., R. Pita, and F. Kokkinaki. 2007. “The Location of Trait Emotional Intelligence in Personality Factor Space.” Journal of Psychology 98: 273–289. doi:10.1348/000712606X120618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrides, K. V., M . J. Sanchez-Ruiz, A. B. Siegling, D. H. Saklofske, and S. Mavroveli. 2018. “Emotional Intelligence as Personality:Measurement and Effects of Trait Emotional Intelligence in Educational Contexts.” In Handbook of Emotional Intelligence in Education, edited by K. V. Keefer, J. D. A. Parker, and D. H. Saklofske, 49–81. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Plonsky, L., and H. Ghanbar. 2018. “Multiple Regression in L2 Research: A Methodological Synthesis and Guide to Interpreting R2 Values.” The Modern Language Journal 102 (4): 713–731. doi:10.1111/modl.12509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plonsky, L., and F. L. Oswald. 2017. “Multiple Regression as a Flexible Alternative to ANOVA in L2 Research.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 39 (3): 579–592. doi:10.1017/S0272263116000231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qualter, P., K. J. Gardner, D. J. Pope, J. M. Hutchinson, and H. E. Whiteley. 2012. “Ability Emotional Intelligence, Trait Emotional Intelligence, and Academic Success in British Secondary Schools: A 5 Year Longitudinal Study.” Learning and Individual Differences 22 (1): 83–91. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.11.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2016. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Accessed October 10, 2019. https://www.R-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Rintell, E. M. 1984. “But How did You Feel About That?: The Learner’s Perception of Emotion in Speech.” Applied Linguistics 5 (3): 255–264. doi:10.1093/applin/5.3.255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Ruiz, M. J., S. Mavroveli, and J. Poullis. 2013. “Trait Emotional Intelligence and Its Links to University Performance: An Examination.” Personality and Individual Differences 54: 658–662. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, K., W. Yu, and Z. Ji. 2013a. “An Exploration of Chinese EFL Students’ Emotional Intelligence and Foreign Language Anxiety.” The Modern Language Journal 97 (4): 917–929. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2013.12042.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, K., W. Yu, and Z. Ji. 2013b. “The Relationship between EFL Students’ Emotional Intelligence and Writing Achievement.” Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching 7 (2): 107–124. doi:10.1080/17501229.2012.725730.
   Google Scholar
• Siegling, A. B., K. V. Petrides, and K. Martskvishvili. 2015. “An Examination of a New Psychometric Method for Optimizing Multi-Faceted Assessment Instruments in the Context of Trait Emotional Intelligence.” European Journal of Personality 29 (1): 42–54. doi:10.1002/per.1976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegling, A. B., D. H. Saklofske, and K. V. Petrides. 2015. “Measures of Ability and Trait Emotional Intelligence.” In Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs, edited by G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske, and G. Matthews, 381–414. San Diego: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00014-0.
   Google Scholar
• Whittingham, M. J., P. A. Stephens, R. B. Bradbury, and R. P. Freckleton. 2006. “Why do We Still Use Stepwise Modelling in Ecology and Behaviour?” Journal of Animal Ecology 75 (5): 1182–1189. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01141.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickham, H. 2016. Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. Accessed October 10, 2019. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org.
   Google Scholar